Smart Innovation in Mechanical Engineering
Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023, 30–31 August, Bali, Indonesia
- 2025
- Book
- Editors
- Abdel El Kharbachi
- Ika Dewi Wijayanti
- Putu Suwarta
- Ivan Tolj
- Book Series
- Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Singapore
About this book
This book presents the select proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICOME) held from 30 to 31 August, in Bali, Indonesia. ICOME is a series of international conferences in mechanical engineering held every two years in Indonesia. The covered topics include aerodynamics and fluid mechanics, air conditioning and cooling systems, turbomachinery and alternative fuels, modeling, simulation and optimization, thermodynamics and heat transfer, and combustion systems. This book also covers advanced topics in materials for medical devices, defense, industrial independence, and mechanical science and technology advances. Given the contents, the book is useful for students, researchers, and professionals in the area of mechanical engineering and materials.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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The Tensile Stress Enhancement of Corner-Lap Joint 45° (C-L45) USING Friction Stir Welding
Felixtianus Eko Wismo Winarto, Widia Setiawan, Nugroho Santoso, Surojo, Harjono, Stephanus Danny KurniawanThis chapter investigates the enhancement of tensile stress in corner-lap joints using Friction Stir Welding (FSW), with a specific focus on the 45° configuration. The study delves into the intricacies of the FSW process, highlighting the critical role of process parameters such as feedrate speed, rotational speed, and tool design in determining joint quality. The experimental results reveal that a feedrate speed of 10 mm/min yields the best visual, microstructural, and mechanical properties, including a peak tensile strength of 154.67 MPa. The chapter also explores the microstructural evolution during FSW, emphasizing the formation of a homogenous plastic state and the influence of alloying elements like silicon and magnesium. Additionally, the chapter discusses the challenges and solutions related to creating a fillet in corner welds, offering insights into the use of a stationary shoulder and wire feeding to achieve high rigidity. The detailed analysis of temperature distribution and its impact on joint quality provides a comprehensive understanding of the FSW process, making this chapter an essential read for those interested in optimizing welding techniques for enhanced mechanical performance.AI Generated
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AbstractThis research used aluminum 6061 with the dimension of 150 mm length, 50 mm wide, and 10 mm thick, milled to form 45° edge angle for joining process. The shoulder probe was simply designed and made from hardened EMS 45 Probe treatment is carried out, heated to a temperature of 900 degrees Celsius, hold for 5 h to get the austenite phase, then cooled quickly with water to get the martensite phase to get a hardness of 62 Hrc. The micro structure and temperature distribution were observed and the MgO substance was measured using X-Ray Diffraction. Using a scanning electron microscope, the micro hardness and tensile strength tests were performed. This experiment sought for the correlation of the material’s micro structure, temperature, and tensile stress. In this experiment a simple milling machine was used, the feedrate speed can be adjusted automatically, a JIG Pixture was used so that it remained strong and did not move. The adjusted parameters were the feedrate speeds that ranged from 10 mm/min, 15 mm/min, and 30 mm/min and the spindle rotation speed set constantly on 2000 rpm. 6061 aluminum is used at both ends, 150 mm is made at a 45° angle so that solid welding can be carried out with good results, then a hole with a diameter of 2 mm is made for the data logger thermocouple. 24 thermocouples were installed on the material to measure the temperature distribution. The result, of the research can be carried out well the tensile stress score was 154.67 MPa, acquired from 10 mm/mnt feedrate speed. The highest temperature distribution recorded on such feedrate speed was around 223–484.9 °C and the lowest one was 242–311 °C with the a tensile test score at 125 Mpa. Those results were clarified by the a micro and macro structure formed. -
Tool Life Simulation of Femoral Stem Hip Arthroplasty Hot Forging Dies
Dinny Harnany, Fahmi Mubarok, Felix Rajaim B. MuntheThis chapter presents a comprehensive simulation study on the tool life of hot forging dies used in the production of femoral stem hip arthroplasty components. The research focuses on the wear and deformation of dies during the forging process, utilizing ANSYS LS Dyna for simulation and the Archard Wear Equation for wear calculation. The study investigates the total deformation and maximum equivalent stress of the workpiece, providing critical insights into the critical areas during forging. The results reveal that smaller workpiece dimensions lead to higher tool life due to reduced flashing area and lower friction time. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of die closure tolerance as per ASTM A521 standards in determining the tool life of forging dies. By offering a detailed analysis of the forging process and the factors affecting tool life, this chapter provides valuable information for optimizing forging processes and extending the lifespan of forging dies.AI Generated
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AbstractThe femoral stem is part of an artificial hip joint arthroplasty that is installed through surgical procedures to replace the problematic hip in the patient. The femoral stem part was manufactured using a hot forging process. Even though the forging die material was selected from hot working tool steel, the changes in the die geometry outside die closure tolerance may have occurred after numerous forging cycles. This can lead to defective femoral stem products. A simulation using ANSYS LS Dyna was performed in this research to determine the tool's life. The simulated forging pressure of 250 tons and loading speed of 300 mm/s were applied on two different workpieces of AISI 316L plates and Ti6Al4V bar. The simulation provides maximum equivalent stress and total deformation of the workpieces. Archard Wear Equation was then utilized to calculate the total wear per cycle of the forging dies based on those data. This tool’s life in terms of the maximum number of cycles of the dies was determined by dividing the die closure tolerance database in the ASTM-A521 standard by the total wear per cycle. The results show that the tool life of 6210 cycles was found for AISI 316L plate workpieces of 12 mm thickness and 3899 forging cycles for Ti6Al4V bar of 24 mm diameter. This condition happened because a lower flashing area was being generated, which led to less wear on the die trim line with the smallest plate thickness or bar diameter. Meanwhile, for other dimensions of plates and bars, a lower tool life was estimated before the dies were unusable. -
Stress Analysis of API 5L X80 Pipe with Dent Defect Caused by Indenter Ripper Bucket Teeth
Ricko Kusuma Putra, Rachmat SriwijayaDent defects in pipeline systems are a critical issue that can significantly reduce the strength and service life of pipes. This chapter presents a meticulous finite element analysis of API 5L X80 pipes with dent defects caused by indenter ripper bucket teeth. The study explores the effects of indenter displacement and radius on the stress, strain, and deformation in the dent zone, providing a detailed understanding of the forces influencing permanent deformation. The research employs an elastic–plastic zone approach and finite element analysis to observe the stress and strain distributions, offering valuable insights into the behavior of dented pipes under varying conditions. The findings reveal that the geometry of the indenter, particularly the variation in bucket teeth, plays a crucial role in determining the values of permanent deformation, plastic strain, and residual stress. The chapter also discusses the impact of strain hardening on these parameters, making it an essential read for those seeking to enhance the durability and safety of pipeline systems.AI Generated
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AbstractDent defects are typical damage in subsea and land pipelines. Such damage threatens the safety of pipeline networks and reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of fluid transportation. Consequently, planned pipeline development must adhere to the Association of Adhering to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards, particularly ASME B31.8. This study employs the finite element method to analyze failures in pipeline networks caused by dent defects in pipe segments, explicitly focusing on the API 5L X80 pipe. The API 5L X80 pipe segment design, created using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, is further analyzed using Ansys software. This analysis includes variations in the displacement and the number of indenters. The outputs of this study are Von-Mises Stress, deflection, and plastic strain. Analysis of dent defects, considering displacement variations at a specified depth for the indenter, revealed that the most significant stress occurs in the impact area between the indenter and the pipe. This stress value can be a reference for analyzing real-world pipe failures, especially in predicting the location of the most significant failure in pipeline construction. -
The Role of Circular Cylinders in Improving the Performance of the Savonius Wind Turbine
Gusti Rusydi Furqon Syahrillah, Triyogi Yuwono, D. Vivien Suphandani, Anas Tawakkal, M. Rafi Athaillah Putra, Sergio Devourt Paris Saragih, M. Daffa Nur Fadilla, Thoriq Putra, Anthomy Purba, Muhammad Ichwanul Hakim, Rhyzalaita Adhi Sangadji, Nadiah Fadilah HasanThis chapter investigates the pivotal role of circular cylinders in enhancing the performance of Savonius wind turbines, a critical area of research in the quest for sustainable energy solutions. The study delves into three distinct configurations of circular cylinder placement, each designed to optimize the turbine's power coefficient and moment coefficient. Configuration-A involves placing a circular cylinder in front of the returning blade, Configuration-B places it beside the advancing blade, and Configuration-C combines both approaches. The experimental setup, featuring a polyvinyl chloride Savonius turbine and a meticulously controlled wind source, reveals significant improvements in turbine performance. Notably, Configuration-C, which combines the optimal distances of S/D = 1.4 and Y/D = 1.61, achieves the highest increase in the power coefficient, reaching 27.8% at a Tip Speed Ratio of 0.63. The chapter also explores the intricate fluid dynamics at play, including the nozzle effect and pressure differentials, providing a comprehensive understanding of how these factors influence turbine efficiency. The results underscore the potential of strategic cylinder placement in maximizing the performance of Savonius wind turbines, offering valuable insights for future research and practical applications in renewable energy.AI Generated
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AbstractThe important role of circular cylinders in improving the Savonius wind turbine performance was demonstrated experimentally in this study. This was carried out by placing circular cylinders in 3 (three) configurations, namely configuration-A: circular cylinder is placed in front of the returning blade with a constant distance S/D = 1.4; configuration-B: a circular cylinder is placed beside the advancing blade at various distances Y/D = 1.27, 1.42, 1.61, 1.82 and 2.00, and configuration-C: is a combination of the two configurations. The Savonius wind turbine used in this study is made of PVC pipe, which is split into two with a diameter of D = 165.2 mm and a height of H = 294.4 mm equipped with a shaft having a diameter (b) = 19 mm. In this experiment, the turbine torque is measured using a rope break dynamometer to obtain the power coefficient (CoP) and moment coefficient (Cm) as a function of the tip speed ratio (TSR). For a wind speed operated at 5 m/s, the results show that for configuration- A, the presence of a circular cylinder effectively improves the turbine performance, where the CoP of the turbine increases by about 19% at a TSR of close to 0.6 relative to a conventional turbine. As for configuration B, not all Y/D distances can improve turbine performance, but only at Y/D = 1.42 and 1.61. The highest increase in CoP was obtained at a distance of Y/D = 1.61, with an increase of more than 25% at TSR = 0.69 compared to a conventional turbine. On configuration-C, the circular cylinder installed at Y/D = 1.61 and 1.82 caused the improvement of the turbine performance, where Y/D = 1.61 gave an increase in CoP of about 27.8% at TSR of about 0.63 relative to the conventional turbine.. -
Green Hydrometallurgy Process Using Organic Solutions (Citric and Glutamate) for Ferronickel’s by Products: Preliminary
Fathan Bahfie, Azwar Manaf, Widi Astuti, Fajar Nurjaman, Diah Susanti, Erik Prasetyo, Wahyu Solafide Sipahutar, Haposan L. H. SihombingThe chapter delves into the innovative use of organic solutions, namely citric acid and monosodium glutamate, in a hydrometallurgy process to extract nickel from laterite ores. It begins by examining the significance of selective reduction in the direct reduction roasting process, where controlling the reduction of iron is crucial for achieving a high nickel content. The study reveals that citric acid facilitates a stable and gradual dissolution of iron, achieving a recovery rate of up to 77.2% at 90°C for 120 minutes. In contrast, monosodium glutamate, when combined with hydrogen peroxide, accelerates the leaching reaction, resulting in an 11.5% recovery rate under the same conditions. The chapter also explores the potential applications of iron-rich by-products, which can be utilized as precursors for manufacturing iron nanoparticles with diverse applications in food technology, biomedicine, energy, and fuel production. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the formation of various phases, such as magnesioferrite, olivine, and wuestite, during the leaching process, providing insights into the chemical transformations that occur. The use of organic reagents in hydrometallurgy offers a greener alternative to traditional methods, reducing the consumption of inorganic acids and minimizing environmental impact. The chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of the surface morphology and elemental distribution of the leached samples, highlighting the effectiveness of the organic reagents in the extraction process.AI Generated
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AbstractLaterite processing is experiencing very rapid development through pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. This development is also followed by the issue of green processing, so research on green laterite processing is more focused. In connection with related issues, this research is the beginning of the development of mineral processing with organic solutions, such as citric acid and monosodium glutamate, in hydrometallurgical processes from ferronickel processing by-products. Based on ICP, XRD, and SEM–EDS data, the use of organic solutions is very effective in mineral processing. Still, it needs development for organic acid solutions that dissolve almost all elements. In contrast, organic base solutions still require expansion to increase the recovery value, but this solution is more selective in reduction. -
Isotropic Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Lattice Structure Design
Ahmad Anas Arifin, I. Made Londen Batan, Michele Bici, Arif Wahjudi, Agus Sigit PramonoThis chapter explores the design and optimization of lattice structures, with a particular focus on achieving isotropic behavior. It investigates the combination of Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) and Crossing Cylinder (CC) lattice structures, which exhibit favorable characteristics in shear and normal Young's modulus, respectively. The study employs advanced numerical methods to analyze the mechanical properties of these lattice structures, including the 3D representation of Young’s modulus and the Zener anisotropy index. By varying the diameters of the CC and BCC components, the research identifies optimal ratios that lead to enhanced isotropic behavior. The chapter also delves into the role of additive manufacturing in producing intricate lattice geometries, enabling the exploration of innovative lattice configurations tailored to specific applications. Through detailed analysis and experimental data, the chapter provides insights into the control of anisotropy in lattice structures, paving the way for the creation of highly functional lattice configurations with improved mechanical properties. The findings offer a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge, highlighting the potential of lattice structures in diverse engineering applications.AI Generated
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AbstractAdditive manufacturing technology has made remarkable advancements, enabling the development of innovative structures by leveraging existing constraints. A notable area of exploration lies in lattice structures, which offer a promising alternative to solid components. Among the various lattice designs, the body-centered cubic (BCC) structure has gained popularity. Typically, BCC structures comprise diagonal struts, with equal diameters. In this study we propose a control anisotropic strategy by combining BCC and Crossing Cylinder (CC) structure in order to improve characteristics regarding shear and normal Young's modulus. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying the diameters of the center struts of CC and diagonal struts of BCC on two key parameters: the effective Young's modulus and the Zener anisotropic index A. To achieve this, a homogenization technique is employed, allowing the derivation of a stiffness matrix that characterizes the lattice. Subsequently, the Zener anisotropic index A and effective Young's modulus are computed based on the stiffness matrix. To establish a controlled comparison, a specific control strategy is implemented by systematically altering the ratio between the diameters of the center and diagonal struts. This ratio is maintained at values greater than 1 and less than 1 to ensure diverse structural configurations. The results of this research demonstrate that a ratio of 2.5 between the center and diagonal strut diameters yields the most favorable outcome, as evidenced by an obtained Zener anisotropic index A value of 1.08. -
Experimental Study of Anti Friction Bearing Failure Based on Characteristic of Machine Frequency Defect
Herman Budi Harja, Risky Ayu Febriani, Reika Shani Indriyani, Novi Saksono Brodjo Muhadi, Addonis CandraThis chapter presents a comprehensive experimental study on the failure mechanisms of anti-friction bearings, focusing on the characteristic frequencies of machine defects. The research employs the Taguchi method to design experiments, considering factors such as bearing type, rotation speed, scratching depth, and scratching location. The study reveals that bearing defects, including fatigue and scratches, significantly influence machine performance by generating unusual vibrations and noise. The experimental setup involves a testing rig equipped with an inverter-driven electric motor, allowing for precise control of rotation speeds. Vibration analysis is conducted using a VibXpert analyzer and Omnitrend software, capturing the frequency spectrum of machine defects. The results demonstrate that the amplitude values of bearing defect frequencies, such as BPFI, BPFO, and BSF, are significantly influenced by scratching depth and bearing properties. The chapter also explores the progressive nature of bearing fatigue and the impact of scratches on bearing performance, providing valuable insights into the early identification of bearing defects and the prevention of machine breakdowns. The detailed analysis and experimental methodology make this chapter a crucial resource for understanding the complex interplay between bearing defects and machine frequency characteristics.AI Generated
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AbstractBearing are machine elements that function as support elements in rotating motion in machine construction. Bearing failure will significantly affect machine performance, therefore it is necessary to monitor the failure growth. This research conducted an experimental study of bearing failure that considered 4 types of experiment variables as factors affecting the natural frequency of bearings, namely bearing type, rotation speed, scratching depth, and scratching location. The scratching shape is deliberately given to the bearing part using laser cutting machine as the failure representation. Scratching was machined on the inner ring raceway, outer ring raceway, or roller element part of the bearing. The Design of Experiment (DOE) used the Taguchi method which aims to get smaller number of trials but could get optimum results. Its experiment was designed with 4 variables and 3 levels and was properly tested on rig testing. The frequency spectrum of machine defect characteristics was measured using a vibration analyzer. The interpreting process and mapping of the frequency characteristics of bearing failure for BPFI, BPFO, BSF, and FTF are using omnitrend software. The resulting research shows that the greater scratching depth causes an increase in the amplitude value of the defect frequency characteristic. The bearing shaft rotation value affects frequency value of the measured bearing defect characteristics. -
Strength Analysis of MEvITS (Multi-purpose Electric Vehicle ITS) Ladder Frame Type Due to Static and Dynamic Loads on Life Fatigue
Harys Herawan, Harus Laksana GunturThe chapter presents a thorough strength analysis of the MEvITS electric vehicle chassis, designed for commercial applications. It explores the critical role of the chassis in maintaining structural integrity under various load conditions, including static loads from vehicle components and dynamic excitations from road roughness. The analysis employs finite element methods (FEM) to determine critical stress points and deformation, ensuring the chassis's safety and durability. The study also delves into torsional stiffness, a crucial factor in vehicle stability and handling, and evaluates the chassis's performance under random vibrations mimicking real-world road conditions. The results reveal the chassis's ability to withstand significant stresses and vibrations, providing a safety factor of 73 against fatigue. This chapter offers valuable insights into the design and performance of electric vehicle chassis, emphasizing the importance of structural analysis in ensuring vehicle safety and longevity.AI Generated
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AbstractThe strength of the vehicle chassis structure is designed to be able to withstand the load that is applied to all sub- components of the vehicle and its cargo. Therefore, there is a need to select the use of the appropriate chassis structure. This study aims to analyze the performance and safety under static and dynamic load parameters that affect the fatigue life of the MEvITS ladder frame chassis structure. The static load analysis is done by applying the load of all vehicle component weights and also the torsional load. Loading of vehicle weight components is carried out to determine areas that experience maximum stress and a small critical point of safety factor. The torsional load is applied to determine the torsional stiffness by applying equal force values to the two front suspension brackets in the reverse direction, the positive and negative vertical axes. The dynamic loads are performed by applying random excitation to the chassis from road roughness according to ISO 8606. Random vibrations are performed to analyze the response of the chassis from random excitation to determine the fatigue factor of the chassis. Modal analysis is also carried out as input in the random vibration of the natural frequency and the shape of the chassis modes. 3D modeling design of the MEvITS chassis is using Solidworks. The static structural analysis, torsional load, modal analysis, and random vibration are performed in Ansys software. The MEvITS chassis has a safe condition under static loads with a safety factor of 1.3038. Besides that, the MEVITS ladder frame chassis also has low torsional rigidity with a value of 985.488 Nm/deg. then dynamic loading, the chassis shows good performance to resist random excitation. The factor of safety from fatigue due to random excitation is 73. -
The Effect of Various Structure Mass to the Dynamic Response and User Convenience in 3D Printed Articulated and Non-articulated Ankle Foot Orthosis
Novita Nur Wulandari, Harus Laksana Guntur, Achmad SyaifudinThis chapter investigates the critical factors influencing the design and performance of 3D printed ankle foot orthoses (AFOs), focusing on the dynamic response and user comfort. It begins by highlighting the significant energy expenditure and gait limitations experienced by individuals with lower limb disorders, such as hemiplegic disease and joint injuries. The study delves into the design and material selection processes, utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and Indonesian body anthropometry to create AFOs that meet user expectations and provide comfort during walking. The chapter explores the biomechanical analysis of articulated and non-articulated AFOs, emphasizing the importance of contact definitions and meshing processes in simulation. It presents detailed results of stress and deformation patterns under various loading scenarios, including gait cycle forces and hinge loads. The findings reveal that increasing the thickness of AFOs can enhance strength and reduce deformation, but also affect the overall weight and user comfort. The chapter concludes with recommendations for optimal AFO thickness based on stress, deformation, and weight considerations, providing valuable insights for the development of effective and user-friendly AFO prototypes.AI Generated
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AbstractOne of the highest components of disability is difficulty in walking, which is caused by disorders of the lower limbs due to disease and joint injuries that occur in athletes. Ankle Foot Orthosis is a tool used to overcome this limitation. Therefore, designing the orthosis with biomechanical aspects and user comfort is very important. This research has been done by examining the effects of changes in structural mass on articulated and non-articulated AFO types, and this simulation is used to determine the dynamic response that occurred. ANSYS Workbench software was used in the simulation, and a dynamic load of a walking human with a gait cycle was used. Finally, the AFO prototype uses the 3D printing method based on the optimum design for user convenience. The results showed that Articulate AFO has higher stresses and deformations than non-articulated. Still, for each system, the stresses tend to decrease from 2 to 5 mm thick, but paying attention to heavy aspects is necessary. The final design for non-articulated is 3 mm, while for Articulated, it is 4 mm. -
Design of Toilet Pressure Control System Based on PLC for Train Carriages Implementation
Manuntun Jaya Mulia Simangunsong, Dwi Nur Fitriyanah, I. Putu Eka Widya Pratama, Nabiilah Aziizah TjandraThe chapter delves into the critical role of train toilets in enhancing passenger satisfaction and the challenges posed by conventional designs, such as high water consumption and maintenance issues. It introduces a vacuum toilet system as a sustainable solution, detailing the design and implementation process using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and pressure transmitter sensor. The study emphasizes the importance of optimal working pressure and minimal water usage, showcasing a laboratory-scale prototype that achieves an 80% reduction in water consumption. The research includes a thorough analysis of water consumption feasibility, sensor validation, and system testing, providing valuable insights into the performance and efficiency of the vacuum toilet system. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the sustainability and long-term viability of the control system, making it a compelling read for those interested in innovative solutions for train carriage toilets.AI Generated
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AbstractThe implementation of a control system for vacuum toilets in train carriages is essential to address the drawbacks associated with conventional toilets, including high water consumption and complex maintenance requirements. This research focuses on developing a design of PLC-based Control System for Vacuum Toilets, utilizing a pressure transmitter and a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The pressure transmitter, with a scale ranging from −1 to 0 Bar, generates a signal between 0.5 and 4.5 V. This signal is processed by the PLC, which analyzes the data and generates output signals for the actuator. The actuator, a solenoid valve, controls the flow of water, air, and waste by opening and closing accordingly. The target pressure value of −70 cmHg is maintained to ensure efficient operation of the vacuum toilets. By implementing this PLC-based control system, water conservation is enhanced, and the challenges associated with complex piping systems and excessive water consumption in conventional toilets are overcome. The system aims to improve sustainability, efficiency, and maintenance ease in train carriage sanitation. -
Colloidal ZnO-Prepared Using Ethanol as Solvent in Its Future Application to Produce ZnO-SiO2 Nanoparticles Using Electrospray Method
Nurdiana Ratna Puri, Kusdianto, Lailatul Qomariyah, Sugeng WinardiThis chapter delves into the fabrication of colloidal ZnO using ethanol as a solvent, emphasizing the sol-gel method and the critical role of process parameters in achieving stable and high-yield ZnO sol. The study explores the impact of sonication time and alkali concentration on the stability of ZnO sol, as measured by zeta potential and conductivity. The chapter also discusses the advantages of the electrospray method for producing ZnO-SiO2 nanoparticles, highlighting its lower evaporation temperature and high product yield. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the reaction mechanisms involved in ZnO sol formation, including the hydrolysis of zinc acetate and the role of LiOH in accelerating the release of OH- ions. The findings offer valuable insights into optimizing the fabrication process for enhanced stability and yield, paving the way for future applications in various fields such as wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and nano-catalytic converters.AI Generated
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AbstractZnO nanoparticles gathered so much attention from researchers in the past few years due to their advantages in many fields, such as photocatalytic activity and medicine. However, producing ZnO nanoparticles has still been challenging due to its natural agglomeration behavior. One of the methods that can be used is electrospray. This method offers a low evaporation temperature and produces a high-yield material. Regarding the process used, electrospray, several parameters must be considered; one essential thing is the colloidal precursor solution. The high stability of ZnO colloids made from zinc acetate dihydrate dispersed in ethanol as a solvent is rarely discussed. The ZnO-colloid was prepared using distillation equipment and lithium hydroxide as the source of alkali. The effects of operation parameters (sonication time) and alkali concentration added in producing the ZnO colloid were investigated in this study. ZnO Colloid with a good stability agreement comes with 0.1 M zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnAc) concentration and 0.14 M lithium hydroxide ratios, which has a zeta potential of -14.4 mV and 0.324 mS/cm conductivity. -
PID Control for Radial Active Magnetic Bearings
Rizqa Ruviana, Agus Sigit PramonoThis chapter explores the intricate dynamics of high-speed rotating machines, particularly the challenges posed by rotor mass irregularities that lead to harmonic vibrations. It delves into the use of Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) to counteract these vibrations through controllable electromagnetic forces, ensuring stable rotor suspension. The chapter highlights the inherent instability of AMBs in open-loop configurations, necessitating advanced feedback control mechanisms. A key focus is the implementation of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) control variations, which offer advantages such as transparent design, simple implementation, and enhanced closed-loop damping and stiffness. The chapter provides a comprehensive mathematical model of AMBs, detailing the equations governing the system's dynamics and the linearization process for control design. Simulation results using MATLAB™ Simulink are presented, showcasing the system's response to various disturbances and the effectiveness of the PID controller in maintaining stability. The Nyquist stability criterion is employed to analyze the system's stability across a range of rotor speeds, ensuring robust performance. The chapter concludes with a thorough discussion on the system's load-bearing capacity and the critical role of initial conditions in achieving stable operation, making it an essential read for those interested in advanced control strategies for AMB systems.AI Generated
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AbstractThe development of Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) technology for gas turbines has made significant strides. Initiatives like the Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE) program, in collaboration with DARPA and NASA, aim to enhance gas turbine engineering for efficiency, cleanliness, intelligence, versatility, and durability. AMBs have emerged as superior to rolling element and foil bearings due to their temperature, speed, shaft thickness limitations, and shorter lifespan under heavy loads. AMBs are more suitable for large machines operating under high loads and relatively lower speeds than foil bearings. The research introduces a two-degrees-of-freedom model for AMB systems. The modelling involves two identical electromagnets and simplified equations. The model also considers external forces, including sinusoidal forces from motor vibrations, centrifugal forces from shaft unbalanced assumptions and static forces. The system output is represented by eccentricity. The AMB design adheres to SKF standards for conventional bearings. The rotor model is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINKTM, and the Automatic PID Tuner App is used to find control values based on the created transfer function. System stability is analyzed using the Nyquist stability criteria, focusing on the input rotation speed range of 100 RPM–459 k RPM. Higher motor rotation rates contribute favorably to the rotor's ability to remain centred within the stator. Higher motor rotation rates contribute favorably to the rotor's ability to remain centred within the stator. Specifically, the PID controller exhibits excellent resistance to various external forces. Static tests assessed the system's ability to bear loads, where forces ranging from 100 to 400 N were applied to the rotor. However, adding a 400N load to the rotor has exceeded the value of \(\text{1,5}\times {10}^{-3}\) m as the maximum eccentricity threshold. As a result, the maximum load that can be applied to this design is 388 N, with the resulting eccentricity being \(\text{1,48}\times {10}^{-3}\) m. -
Numerical Study of the Effect of the Upstream Installation of the D-Type Cylinders on the Performance of the Savonius Wind Turbine
Kunti Dhiwaniati Sudda, Tri Yogi YuwonoThis chapter delves into the critical need for renewable energy sources, highlighting the potential of wind energy and the specific advantages of Savonius wind turbines, which operate efficiently at low wind speeds. The study investigates the impact of installing D-type cylinders with varying cut angles (0°, 53°, and 65°) upstream of the returning blade of a Savonius wind turbine. Through meticulous numerical simulations, the research reveals that the D-53° cylinder significantly reduces drag and enhances turbine performance by up to 24.56% at a Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of 0.6. The findings are supported by detailed velocity and pressure contour analyses, demonstrating how the D-53° cylinder optimizes flow dynamics and pressure distribution. Conversely, the D-65° cylinder, while reducing drag, negatively impacts the advancing blade, leading to a performance decline. The chapter underscores the importance of precise cylinder placement and angle optimization for maximizing turbine efficiency, offering valuable insights for future research and practical applications in wind energy technology.AI Generated
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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate how the performance of the Savonius wind turbine, characterized by blade diameter (D) of 165.2 mm, end plate diameter (Do) of 320 mm, and shaft diameter (b) of 19 mm, is influenced by the introduction of D-type cylinders as disturbances. These cylinders were added with various cutting angles (θs) of 0°, 53°, and 65°. The research was conducted using a 2D simulation using FLUENT 2021 R2, operated at a wind speed of 7 m/s or equivalent to the Reynolds number (Re) = 1.5 × 105. A circular cylinder is placed ahead of the turbine at a distance where S/D = 1.25 and y/D = 0. The outcomes indicated that incorporating a cylinder with specific cutting angles can lead to an augmentation in the maximum power coefficient value of the turbine. The maximum power coefficient value of the turbine (Cpmax) with D-53° type disturbance is 0.18737at tip speed ratio (λ) = 0.6. This value is 1.025 times greater than that of a conventional turbine. But unfortunately, the placement of the D-0 type and D-65° type cylinder in front of the turbine makes the maximum power coefficient of the turbine only 0.17363 and 0.16259, which is 5 and 11.06% lower than the conventional turbine one. -
Optimization of Tensile and Impact Strength on Injection Molding Process Parameters of Biocomposite Material (Banana Fiber and Polypropylene) Using Taguchi Grey Fuzzy Method
Rahmat Basya Shahrys Tsany, I. Made Londen BatanThis chapter presents a groundbreaking study on the optimization of tensile and impact strength in injection molding of biocomposites made from banana fiber and polypropylene. The research leverages the Taguchi Grey Fuzzy method to fine-tune process parameters, including barrel temperature, injection pressure, holding pressure, and injection velocity. By conducting a series of experiments and simulations, the study identifies the optimal combination of these parameters to significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the biocomposite. The findings reveal that a barrel temperature of 205°C, injection pressure of 50 bar, holding pressure of 35 bar, and injection velocity of 75 mm/s yield the best results. The chapter also explores the environmental advantages of utilizing banana fiber, a byproduct of banana production, as a sustainable reinforcing material. The comprehensive analysis and innovative optimization technique make this chapter a must-read for those seeking to advance the field of biocomposite materials and injection molding processes.AI Generated
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AbstractPolymer Matrix Composite is a composite material with synthetic fibers that is widely used in industry. Polymer matrix composites reinforced with natural fibers are called biocomposites. Biocomposites can be used as the best alternative because they are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, corrosion resistant, non-toxic and have high mechanical properties. The biocomposites to be used for this research are banana fiber, melaic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) with a composition of 10 Wt% banana fiber, 5 Wt% MAPP and 85 Wt% polypropylene. All these materials were mixed and extruded to form pellets. The biocomposite pellets were injected using an injection molding machine. The molded products were subjected to tensile test with ASTM D 638-03 type V standard, and impact test with ASTM D 256-04 standard. This study will optimize the process parameters of the injection molding machine to find the optimum tensile strength and impact strength using the Taguchi grey fuzzy method with an orthogonal matrix L27(34). The process parameters that are varied include barrel temprature, injection pressure, holding pressure, and injection velocity, each of which has three parameter levels. From this research, a combination of injection molding process parameters that can significantly increase tensile and impact strength is obtained, with Barrel temperature 205 °C, Injection pressure 50 bar, Holding pressure 40 bar, and Injection velocity 75 mm/s. -
Mold Design of Helmet Shell from Biocomposite Banana Fiber and Polypropylene
Taqiyyuddin Muhammad Jauharul Wafi, Batan I. Made LondenThe chapter delves into the innovative use of banana fiber and polypropylene biocomposites for designing helmet shells that meet stringent safety standards. It begins by highlighting the advantages of polymers over metals, particularly their ease of formation, low cost, and environmental benefits. The study focuses on the mechanical properties of banana fiber, which exhibits impressive tensile strength and Young’s modulus, making it an ideal reinforcing material. The research involves designing a helmet shell mold that adheres to the national SNI 1811-2007 standard, ensuring optimal impact and penetration resistance. Through finite element analysis and experimental validation, the study determines the optimal thickness of the helmet shell, which is crucial for passing impact and penetration tests. The chapter also explores the injection molding process, providing detailed calculations for clamping force and cycle time, and simulating the injection process to ensure a flawless fill. The findings confirm that biocomposite materials can serve as viable alternatives for producing high-quality, sustainable helmet shells, offering a promising solution for reducing waste and enhancing safety.AI Generated
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AbstractThe mold was designed for helmet shell made from biocomposite with a material composition of 10% banana fiber, 10% Maleic Anhydrite Polypropylene (MAPP) and 80% polypropylene. Based on SNI 1811-2007 Mold components are prepared with dimensions according to the SNI standards. Based on the requirements set out in the standards, the helmet shell must meet the impact and penetration tests. The design is intended to determine the thickness of the helmet shell. An impact simulation is carried out with the help of Ansys software with thickness variations from 2 to 6 mm. The simulation results show that the thickness of the shell from 4 to 6 mm meets the requirements, which is indicated by an acceleration drop that does not exceed 300 g. Furthermore, to determine the resistance of the helmet shell against the indenter weighing 3 kg, which is suspended from a height of 1.6 m. The thickness of the helmet cover that complied was 5 and 6 mm, which was shown by the thickness of the shell not being penetrated by the indenter. Next, a helmet shell mold with a thickness of 5 mm was designed, starting from the manual calculation of the required clamping force of 1367.96 kN. And with a melting temperature of 163 °C bicomposite material, the required cycle time is calculated as 129.38 s. The design is tested with the Autodesk Moldflow simulation, the required injection time of 12.43 s, with a filling confidence level of 100%, and the injection pressure is 8.789 MPa. -
Model-Based Systems Engineering Applicability Study for Indonesian Technology Industry
Muhammad Fikri Zulkarnain, Hisar Manongam Pasaribu, Taufiq Mulyanto, Ignatius Pulung NurprasetioThe chapter delves into the increasing complexity of technological products, particularly in the automotive, aerospace, and defense sectors, and the consequent challenges in product development. It introduces Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) as a framework that utilizes modeling formalization to support systems requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation activities throughout the development lifecycle. The study presents a preliminary effort to understand and map the current position and potential future research of MBSE in Indonesia, including a literature study and a survey of technological product developers. The survey results reveal the current conditions and needs for future MBSE implementation, highlighting the importance of technical management processes such as planning, control, and monitoring. The chapter also identifies key research potentials in MBSE, including model-based trade-off analysis, verification and validation, and the integration of MBSE in downstream system development stages. The findings provide a roadmap for future research and development of MBSE frameworks, tool-chain integration, and case studies, offering a compelling case for the adoption of MBSE in technological product development.AI Generated
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AbstractThe ever-increasing of complexity of a product or systems development has given rise to a development framework such as Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE). To be able to understand the potential of MBSE implementation in Indonesia, several research studies have been conducted in ITB. An initial literature study has been performed to map the potential of future research on MBSE. A survey on the development of technological products is performed to map the existing conditions and the needs for the future. -
Optimization of PID Control Parameters for Quarter-Vehicle Model Active Suspension System Using Back Propagation Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm Methods
M. K. Effendi, D. M. R. Pande, D. Harnany, W. HendrowatiThis chapter addresses the critical role of vehicle suspension systems in mitigating vibrations and enhancing passenger comfort. It introduces a quarter-vehicle model to simplify the analysis of active suspension systems, focusing on the optimization of PID control parameters. Traditional methods like the Ziegler-Nichols approach are discussed, highlighting their limitations in handling random and unpredictable road vibrations. The chapter then presents an innovative solution using Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to fine-tune PID parameters, aiming to minimize errors, overshoot, settling time, and oscillation. The BPNN algorithm predicts the correlation between PID parameters and ITAE values, while GA is employed to determine the optimal network configuration and controller parameters. The performance of the optimized suspension system is evaluated using MATLAB simulations, demonstrating significant improvements in settling time and peak overshoot compared to traditional methods. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the proposed method with existing research, underscoring its effectiveness in achieving superior vehicle comfort and safety standards.AI Generated
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AbstractA suspension system is designed to attenuate vibrations and enhance passengers’ comfort levels when a vehicle traverses uneven road contours. With additional power to control the actuators’ force, the active suspension system produces better ride quality than passive suspension systems. System modeling will be carried out using a quarter-vehicle model with a disturbance input form of a step input of 0.1 m. In this study, the control system used is the PID controller, with the parameters of the controller being tuned using the Back Propagation Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (BPNN-GA) metaheuristic method employing MATLAB R2022b software. In this method, BPNN is used to produce a network that represents the correlation between controller parameters (i.e., Kp, Ki, and Kd) and system response (i.e., Integral Times Absolute Error (ITAE)). The ITAE value represents the value of Settling Time (Ts) and Peak Overshoot (PO) in a damping system. Next, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to determine the best BPNN's network with a minimum MSE (Mean Squared Error) value. The performance of BPNN-GA is then compared with Ziegler Nichols method. The best BPNN’s network is obtained with five hidden layers, ten nodes in each hidden layer, and the satlin activation function achieving an MSE training value of 1.6477 × 10–8. The most optimum Kp, Ki, and Kd values are identified through the BPNN-GA method, namely 809193, 621978, and 243984, with a settling time (TS) value of 1.33 s and a peak overshoot of −0.00834 m, along with a Root Mean Square (RMS) value of 0.5747 m/s2. Moreover, in accordance with the ISO 2631 standard, the active suspension system model is classified as slightly uncomfortable.
- Title
- Smart Innovation in Mechanical Engineering
- Editors
-
Abdel El Kharbachi
Ika Dewi Wijayanti
Putu Suwarta
Ivan Tolj
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Singapore
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-981-9778-98-0
- Print ISBN
- 978-981-9778-97-3
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7898-0
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