12. Soil Erosion Estimation Using the E.P.M Model in the Ouaouizeght River Basin—Morocco

Recent advancements in assessing water erosion, both qualitatively and quantitatively, have prompted the evolution of methodologies leveraging geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. Focusing on the Ouaouizeght basin in Morocco, nestled within the middle high Atlas and feeding into the prominent Bin Ouidane dam, this study zone presents distinctive features. It grapples with a semi-arid climate, rugged topography, and human-induced pressures, culminating in significant annual soil loss, notably affecting vital agricultural hydraulic infrastructures like dams. The essence of this research lies in pinpointing the areas most vulnerable to water erosion within this watershed. The aim is to safeguard these zones using a comprehensive approach integrating GIS and the Erosion Potential Model (E.P.M), which employs the Gavrilovic equation. This equation factors in rainfall erosivity, vegetation cover, soil erodibility, slope length, and soil usage patterns to estimate the extent of soil loss. By elucidating these vulnerable zones, this study strives to inform strategies for effective protection and preservation. By utilizing this model, the Ouaouizeght area experiences an annual loss of 52 tons per hectare, particularly in the low-lying and northeastern regions. The study recommends several strategies to combat water erosion in the Ouaouizeght area of Morocco. These include raising community awareness through training and educational programs, protecting and expanding forest cover with strict monitoring and penalties for deforestation, and promoting alternative income-generating activities such as beekeeping and cooperatives to reduce grazing. Additionally, the study suggests restoring degraded lands, planting protective trees like doum palms, and providing feed to local populations to alleviate pressure on natural resources.