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2022 | Book

Solid Waste Engineering and Management

Volume 3

Editors: Dr. Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Yung-Tse Hung

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Handbook of Environmental Engineering

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About this book

This book is the third volume in a three-volume set on Solid Waste Engineering and Management. It focuses on tourism industry waste, rubber tire recycling, electrical and electronic wastes, health-care waste, landfill leachate, bioreactor landfill, energy recovery, innovative composting, biodrying, and health and safety considerations pertaining to solid waste management.. The volumes comprehensively discuss various contemporary issues associated with solid waste pollution management, impacts on theenvironmental and vulnerable human populations, and solutions to these problems.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Solid Waste Management in the Tourism Industry
Abstract
Tourism can generate a lot of opportunities and income, but it also has a lot of negative environmental and health consequences. The production of municipal solid waste and wastewater is one of the most significant impacts on the environment, economy, and finances. A variety of waste sources have been identified, and it is important to understand waste generation and its compositions. However, due to climatic conditions, geography, financial constraints, planning challenges, shifting consumption habits, transient population, and seasonal variations in waste quantity and composition, waste management in tourism destinations is particularly difficult. Furthermore, because parties involved in the design, development, and administration of tourist resorts have conflicts of interest, there is sometimes a lack of enthusiasm to implement new ideas and programs. Waste minimization, recycling, mitigation, best practices, and education should be further implemented to enhance sustainability.
Mohd Suffian Yusoff, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Mohamad Haziq Mohd Hanif, Faris Aiman Norashiddin, Abdubaki Mohamed Hussen Shadi, Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Chapter 2. Rubber Tire Recycling and Disposal
Abstract
Waste management is an important indicator for creating sustainable and livable cities, but it remains a challenge for many countries around the world. Millions of rubber tire waste pollute the environment due to improper disposal methods, creating a global environmental crisis. The number of rubber tire waste piles continues to grow, posing greater environmental, safety, and aesthetic issues due to a lack of clear disposal options. This chapter gives a general overview of rubber tire waste recycling and disposal worldwide. A brief history of natural and synthetic rubber and global rubber production and consumption was first discussed. Next, various rubber tire recycling and disposal technologies were elaborated. This is followed by discussing the issues involved in recycling and disposal.
Noor Ainee Zainol, Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 3. Electronic and Electrical Equipment Waste Disposal
Abstract
The disposal of the Wastes of Electronic and Electric Equipment (WEEE) is an emerging stream of waste that has been increasing drastically recently. The intensifying of the quantity of WEEE is due to rapid technological advancement, thus reducing the End-of-Life (EOL) and hastening the obsolescence of Electronic and Electric Equipment (EEE). The approach of handling WEEE determines the fate of contaminant substance either recycling, disposed to landfill or being incinerated, releasing toxic and hazardous chemical to environment. Nevertheless, WEEE is also known as the urban mine where it can be the source of rare earth metal (REM) and precious metal such as gold and platinum. The most important element in managing the WEEE is the enforcement of the legislation/law with initiatives from stakeholders. The option of recycling for a particular material is summarized in this book chapter. Lastly, the hazard associated with recycling is being briefly discussed at the end of a chapter.
Puganeshwary Palaniandy, Mohd Suffian Yusoff, Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Chapter 4. Health-Care Waste Management
Abstract
Health-care waste (HCW) is the term used to describe all waste generated by health-care facilities, laboratories, and research facilities. HCW is largely non-hazardous, with an 85% recycling rate comparable to household waste. The remaining 15% is considered a hazardous material, which can be infectious, chemical, or radioactive. Measures to ensure safe and environmentally sound management of HCW must be implemented to avoid the release of chemical or biological hazards, including drug-resistant microorganisms that could harm patients and health-care workers and the general public. When HCW is not properly handled and disposed of, there is a serious risk of secondary disease transmission to waste pickers, waste workers, health-care workers, patients, and the community as a whole. Sources, generation, compositions, and risk factors for HCW are addressed in this chapter. Discussions on appropriate treatment technologies and their applications in selected countries follow the introduction of the concept of 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle). HCW management’s legal framework, regulations, and code of conduct are also highlighted. At the end of the chapter, the Covid-19 pandemic’s effects on HCW management are also discussed.
Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Fatehah Mohd Omar, Herni Abdul Halim, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 5. Energy Recovery from Solid Waste
Abstract
The growing amount of solid waste (SW) and the related waste disposal problems urge the development of a more sustainable waste management practice. The organic wastes that are generated include food scraps, yard debris, paper, wood, and textile byproducts. According to most studies, almost all landfill gas is created by the breakdown of organic waste in combination with the naturally occurring bacteria in the soil that is used to cover the landfill. They are inevitably linked to the treatment and disposal of solid waste. In this instance, treatment is utilized to restore or recover important materials or energy, control waste generation, or manage trash disposal before it is deposited or discarded in landfills. A disposal site where solid trash, such as paper, glass, and metal, is buried between layers of dirt and other materials, such that land around the site is less contaminated. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies are being developed globally. The essential concepts of available technologies and several specific technologies’ processes are summarized. Technologically sophisticated processes (e.g., plasma gasification) gain increased attention, with an emphasis on energy and material recovery potential. This chapter ends with a comparison of the various technologies, highlighting variables impacting their application and operational suitability. More budgetary allocation for technical support by the government is also recommended in this chapter. This will help to promote solid waste management by reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. It will also help to retain employees by providing a good wage, benefits, and training. As a result, WtE technologies have the potential to make a significant contribution to the growth of renewable energy while also reducing landfilling expenses and the associated environmental implications. However, deciding between the two options necessitates further financial, technological, and environmental examination using a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology.
Rosnani Alkarimiah, Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, P. Aarne Vesilind, Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 6. Composting by Black Soldier Fly
Abstract
Solid waste generation around the world is rising and expected to achieve 3.40 billion tons by 2050. The waste generated must have proper waste management to reduce the effect on human health and environmental pollution. Developing countries with large populations such as India and China have produced a large amount of solid waste. Organic waste has the highest proportion in solid waste generation, which consists of food waste and animal manure. There are various methods that can be carried out to manage solid waste; one of the methods is composting where the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) can be used as a composting agent to decompose the organic waste into biomass without generating any odor and pollution to the surrounding environment. The current organic waste management and practice adopted for composting organic waste are reviewed. The design and performance of the black soldier fly are also reviewed in this chapter. A landfill is not recommended to manage the waste due to the need of large land use and leachate production. Incineration is also not suitable to manage the waste due to the high emission of toxic gases although it can reduce the waste effectively. However, both the methods are still adopted in many countries especially developing countries due to easy to operate and low cost. Composting is limited to organic waste, and fewer countries utilize this method for waste management. There are various types of composting to manage organic waste and co-composting methods to enhance the degradation of organic waste. Black soldier fly has the potential to decompose the organic waste into biomass through composting. However, rearing the black soldier fly is challenging because the growth of the black soldier fly is affected by various factors such as pH, relative humidity, light intensity, temperature, moisture content, and nutrient of the substrates. Nutrients such as protein and fat are essential for black soldier fly for growth. The substrates can undergo mixing or fermentation to enhance the nutrients to allow the black soldier fly has better growth performance. The compost materials can be used as fertilizer and soil amendment to improve the yield of the plants. The black soldier fly larvae can act as animal feed where the animal consumes the nutrients from the larvae for growth. The biodiesel can be produced by extracting the lipids from the larvae. Many countries had conducted various studies on the black soldier fly technology; however, still there are some challenges when conducting the study, especially the greenhouse gas emissions, and iterative researches must be carried out to identify the gaps and enhance the knowledge on the technology.
Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Wen Si Lee, Hadura Abu Hasan, Hasnuri Mat Hassan, Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 7. Biodrying of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study in Malaysia
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia contains excessive moisture, which complicates recycling segregation and makes the use of advanced technology, such as solid waste combustion, inappropriate and harmful. Furthermore, MSW pre-treatment to reduce moisture content is uncommon in Malaysia. Biodrying is a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial technology since the fundamental principle relies on internal energy generated by the decomposition of organic waste. The process of biodrying could be a useful alternative for MSW management, allowing for the production of derived fuel. This chapter focuses on the potential of biodrying to reduce excessive moisture content for MSW, particularly in Malaysia. Through nine sub-chapters, this book chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of solid waste biodrying as well as the potential of solid waste biodrying systems in Malaysia. The first chapter provides a succinct overview of the concerns and challenges of solid waste management in the world and Malaysia. In Chap. 2, a concise explanation of the drying technology is described. The solid waste biodrying treatment system is covered in Chap. 3, followed by the design of the biodrying reactor in Chap. 4. In Chap. 4, there is also a more detailed description of the case study that is being conducted at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The factors that influence the biodrying process are discussed in Chap. 5. Chapter 6 presents the direct observation of fieldwork at solid waste biodrying plants in Malaysia and abroad. The importance of biodrying from various perspectives is elaborated in Chap. 7, and the potential use of solid waste biodrying in solid waste management in Malaysia is discussed in Chap. 8. Finally, Chap. 9 concludes the importance of a solid waste biodrying system in the future.
Nurul’Ain Ab Jalil, Irfana Kabir Ahmad, Hassan Basri, Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 8. Landfill Leachate Treatment
Abstract
Disposal of municipal solid waste is an environmental burden worldwide, and landfilling is still the widely applied solution for the management of discarded solid waste because of its cost-effectiveness and simpler operational mechanism. Due to the complex reactions inside, landfills generate severely polluted wastewater streams recognized as leachate. Leachate is concentrated wastewater with extreme pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), organic refractory compounds, inorganic salts and toxicity. It is a typical dilemma of a landfill system and a potential threat for environmental elements, which must be treated before discharge into water bodies. Because of the variability in waste composition depending on the landfilling practice, local climatic conditions, landfill’s physicochemical conditions, bio geochemistry and landfill age, treatment of leachate becomes more critical than municipal wastewater. Numerous biological, physicochemical treatment methods are being practised worldwide for landfill leachate. This chapter aims to summarize an overview of the different innovative options applied for landfill leachate treatment and the way forward.
Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari, Zaber Ahmed, Shahrul Ismail, Izan Jaafar, Mohd Suffian Yusoff, Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Chapter 9. Health and Safety Considerations in Waste Management
Abstract
Waste management is an essential element whether it is in developed or developing countries since each country needs to deal with waste products that involve the collection, treatment and disposal of the refuse/garbage. A part of effective management would include safety and health requirements since it will provide protection for the workers while reducing costs in terms of accidental and work-related diseases. Henceforth, health and safety scope play a crucial role for industries associated with high risk and accidental issues such as mining and construction, as would be available in most literature. However, it rarely includes the waste sector even though the workers are exposed towards various high-risk factors not just from the ergonomic aspect but also in the physical and mechanical element as well as biological and chemical risks. The so-called safety concern is revolved around the physical hazard during the whole management step of waste, whereas the health risk is particularly due to the bioaerosol elements (dust, bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, etc.) Even more, these health and safety issues in waste management are considered more obvious in developing countries than in developed countries since most of the waste is handled by hand/manually, and there is also a lack of awareness or consideration regarding the risk. Obviously, each country dealt differently depending on the technological advancement in which developed countries would have a wider scope involving waste risk, such as for technological waste treatment (e.g. composting and incineration) and management of quite riskier waste materials (hazardous or radioactive waste). Nonetheless, the health risk related to waste management needs to be assessed for both the exposure pathway (workers and public) and also on the health effect from the exposure, with the need to consider the confounding factors.
M. Shahrir M. Zahari, Izan Jaafar, Shahrul Ismail, Noor Zaitun Yahaya, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Yung-Tse Hung
Chapter 10. Innovative Bioreactor Landfill and Its Leachate and Landfill Gas Management
Abstract
This publication introduces (a) the excellent leadership (XL) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and its newly developed bioreactor landfill technology under Project XL; and (b) the special partnership of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the USEPA for transferring new US technologies (such as bioreactor landfill) to the developing countries and disseminating the technical information to the entire world. The entire bioreactor landfill is operated as a totally controlled engineering process reactor in which the solid waste is processed biologically, the emitted greenhouse gas (GHG) from anaerobic bioreactor landfill or hybrid bioreactor landfill is collected, treated, and reused, and the generated leachate from any type of the bioreactor landfill is recycled to the landfill for reprocessing. Not only the air pollution problem of landfill gas (LFG) and the water pollution problem of leachate are solved, but also the detention time for processing solid waste is shortened, so the landfill’s useful life is almost doubled. The bioreactor landfill topics covered in this publication include (a) the three types of bioreactor landfills: aerobic bioreactor landfill, anaerobic bioreactor landfill, and hybrid bioreactor landfill; (b) biochemical theory of bioreactor landfills; (c) design and operation considerations of bioreactor landfills; (d) potential advantages of bioreactor landfills; (e) bioreactor landfill performance reports; (f) revision to the US current municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) rules and regulations; (g) design criteria of Project XL bioreactor landfill projects; and (h) the US regulatory overview on Project XL concerning the newly developed bioreactor landfill.
Lawrence K. Wang, Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Solid Waste Engineering and Management
Editors
Dr. Lawrence K. Wang
Mu-Hao Sung Wang
Yung-Tse Hung
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-96989-9
Print ISBN
978-3-030-96988-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9