We introduce and investigate the strong p-semisimple property for some generalizations of BCI algebras. For BCI algebras, the strong p-semisimple property is equivalent to the p-semisimple property. We describe the connections of strongly p-semisimple algebras and various generalizations of groups (such as, for example, involutive moons and goops). Moreover, we present some examples of proper strongly p-semisimple algebras.
Notes
Communicated by A. Di Nola.
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1 Introduction
Iséki (1966) introduced BCI algebras as algebraic models of BCI-logic. Hu and Li (1983) defined BCH algebras, which are a generalization of BCI algebras. Later on, Ye (1991) introduced the notion of BZ algebras. It is known that BCI algebras are contained in the class of BZ algebras. Next, the new class of algebras called BH algebras was introduced by Jun et al. (1998). These algebras are a common generalization of BCH and BZ algebras (hence also a generalization of BCI algebras). Recently, Iorgulescu (2016) introduced new generalizations of BCI algebras such as aRM**, *aRM**, BCH** algebras, and many others. All of the algebras mentioned above are contained in the class of RM algebras (a RM algebra is an algebra \(\left( A;\rightarrow ,1\right) \) of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \) satisfying the equations: \(x\rightarrow x=1\) and \(1\rightarrow x=x\)). The implicative and commutative properties for some subclasses of the class of RM algebras were studied by Walendziak (2018, (2019). Lei and Xi (1985) defined p-semisimple BCI algebras and proved that p-semisimple BCI algebras are equivalent with abelian groups. The p-semisimple BCI algebras have been extensively investigated in many papers (for example Meng (1987), Hoo (1990), Aslam and Thaheem (1991), Zhang (1991), Kim and Park (2005)). Zhang and Ye (1995) showed that p-semisimple BZ algebras are equivalent with groups.
In this paper, we introduce the notion of strongly p-semisimple RM algebra. For BZ and BCI algebras, the strong p-semisimple property is equivalent to the p-semisimple property. We describe the connections of strongly p-semisimple algebras and various generalizations of groups (such as, for example, involutive moons and goops, which were introduced by Iorgulescu (2018)). In particular, we prove that strongly p-semisimple RM algebras are equivalent with involutive moons. Moreover, we give some examples of proper strongly p-semisimple algebras.
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2 Preliminaries
2.1 Generalizations of BCI algebras
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \). We consider the following list of properties (cf. Iorgulescu 2016) that can be satisfied by \({\mathcal {A}}\):
(Iorgulescu 2016) Let \({\mathcal {A}} =(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \) . Then the following hold:
(i)
(Re) + (Ex) + (An) imply (M),
(ii)
(M) + (B) imply (*) and (**),
(iii)
(M) + (*) imply (Tr),
(iv)
(M) + (**) imply (Tr),
(v)
(M) + (BB) imply (B),
(vi)
(Re) + (Ex) imply (D),
(vii)
(Re) + (Ex) + (*) imply (BB),
(viii)
(M) + (BB) + (An) imply (Ex).
(ix)
(Ex) + (B) imply (BB).
An algebra \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a BCH algebra if (Re), (Ex) and (An) are fulfilled, instead a BCH algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\) is a BCI algebra if (B) holds. Additionally, an algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\) is a RM algebra if (Re) and (M) hold. By Lemma 2.1(i), BCH and BCI algebras are particular cases of RM algebras.
Following Iorgulescu (2016), we say that a RM algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\) is an aRM algebra if it satisfies (An). We note that aRM algebras are also called BH algebras [see, for example, Yu et al. (1999), Zhang et al. (2001), Jun et al. (2004)].
Now, we will define the following algebras (Iorgulescu 2016):
An aRM** algebra is an aRM algebra satisfying (**).
A BCH** algebra is a BCH algebra satisfying (**).
An *aRM** algebra is an aRM** algebra satisfying (*).
An aRM**(D1) algebra (resp. *aRM**(D1) algebra ) is an aRM** algebra (resp. *aRM** algebra) satisfying (D1).
A BZ algebra is an aRM algebra satisfying (B).
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \). We define the binary relation \(\leqslant \) by: for all \(x,y\in A\),
In RM algebras, \(\leqslant \) is a reflexive relation; in aRM algebras, it is reflexive and antisymmetric. If \({\mathcal {A}}\) is an aRM** algebra, then \(\leqslant \) is also transitive by Lemma 2.1(iv). Therefore, \(\leqslant \) is an order relation in aRM** algebras (hence also in aRM** (D1), *aRM**, *aRM**(D1), BZ, BCH**, and BCI algebras).
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Lemma 2.2
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \). Then the following hold:
Denote by RM, aRM, aRM**, aRM**(D1), *aRM**, *aRM**(D1), BZ, BCH**, and BCI the classes of RM, aRM, aRM**, aRM**(D1), *aRM**, *aRM**(D1), BZ, BCH**, and BCI algebras, respectively. From the definitions and Lemmas 2.1(ii) and 2.2(ii) it follows that
By Lemma 2.2(i), BCH**\(\subset \)aRM**(D1). The interrelationships between the classes of algebras mentioned before are visualized in Figure 1. (An arrow indicates proper inclusion, that is, if X and Y are classes of algebras, then \(\mathbf { X}\longrightarrow \,{\mathbf {Y}}\) means \(\mathbf {X}\,{\subset \,} {\mathbf {Y}}\).)
Fig. 1
The hierarchy between BCI and RM
×
2.2 Generalizations of groups
Iorgulescu (2018) introduced and studied new generalizations of groups such as moons, goops, and many others.
Definition 2.3
A moon is an algebra \({\mathcal {G}}=(G;\cdot ,^{-1},1)\) of type (2, 1, 0) satisfying
(U)
\(x\cdot 1=x=1\cdot x\),
(Iv)
\(x\cdot x^{-1}=1=x^{-1}\cdot x\).
A moon is involutive if it satisfies
(DN)
\((x^{-1})^{-1}=x\).
A moon is associative if it satisfies
(Ass)
\(x\cdot (y\cdot z)=(x\cdot y)\cdot z\).
A moon is commutative if it satisfies
(Com)
\(x\cdot y=y\cdot x\).
Note that the associative moon is just the group.
Definition 2.4
(Iorgulescu 2018) A goop is an algebra \((G;\cdot ,^{-1},1)\) of type (2, 1, 0) satisfying (U) and the following conditions:
Therefore, (Iv) holds. By (Iv), \((x^{-1})^{-1}\cdot x^{-1}=1\). From (GP2) we conclude that \((x^{-1})^{-1}=x\). Thus \({\mathcal {G}}\) is an involutive moon. By (GP2), it satisfies (GP).
Conversely, let \({\mathcal {G}}\) satisfy (U), (Iv), (DN) and (GP). Let \(x,y\in G \). To prove (GP1), we first assume that \(y\cdot x^{-1}=1\). By (GP), \(x=y\). Then \(x^{-1}\cdot y=x^{-1}\cdot x\overset{\text {(Iv)}}{=}1\). Now suppose that \(x^{-1}\cdot y=1\). Therefore, \(1=x^{-1}\cdot y\overset{\text {(DN)}}{=} x^{-1}\cdot (y^{-1})^{-1}\). Applying (GP), we see that \(x^{-1}=y^{-1}\). Hence \(y\cdot x^{-1}=y\cdot y^{-1}=1\). Consequently, (GP1) holds. Using (GP) and (Iv), we have (GP2). Thus, \({\mathcal {G}}\) is a goop. \(\square \)
Definition 2.6
We say that an algebra \((G;\cdot ,^{-1},1)\) of type (2, 1, 0) is a weakly goop if it is an involutive moon satisfying
The algebra \({\mathcal {G}}=(\{a,b,1\};\cdot ,^{-1},1)\) , with
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{l|lll} \cdot &{} a &{} b &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} a &{} a \\ b &{} 1 &{} 1 &{} b \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} 1 \end{array} \end{aligned}$$
and \(x^{-1}=x\) for \(x\in \{a,b,1\}\) , is a weakly goop. Since \(b\cdot a^{-1}=b\cdot a=1\) and \(a^{-1}\cdot b=a\cdot b=a\ne 1\) , \({\mathcal {G}}\) does not satisfy (GP1). Therefore, it is not a goop.
Let involutive moon, weakly goop, goop, group, and abelian group denote the class of all involutive moons, weakly goops, goops, groups, and abelian groups, respectively. From the definitions we obtain
3.1 p-semisimple and strongly p-semisimple algebras
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \). Consider the following properties that can be satisfied by \( {\mathcal {A}}\):
Thus (D1=) is in fact the double negation property (DN) and (PS) is the property (pDNeg2), in the commutative case, from the book Iorgulescu (2018).
Remark that RM algebras satisfying (PS) were studied in Walendziak (2020).
First we present connections between the conditions in the above list.
Lemma 3.1
If an algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\) verifies (Re) or (M), then (D1=) implies (p-s1).
Proof
The proof is immediate. \(\square \)
Proposition 3.2
If \({\mathcal {A}}\) is an aRM** algebra, then (p-s1)\(\Longleftrightarrow \)(p-s).
Proof
Let \({\mathcal {A}}\) be an aRM** algebra. Suppose that (p-s1) holds in \( {\mathcal {A}}\). Let \(x,y\in A\) and \(x\leqslant y\). By (**), \(y\rightarrow x\leqslant x\rightarrow x=1\). Hence, using (p-s1), we have \(y\rightarrow x=1\) , that is, \(y\leqslant x\). From (An) we conclude that \(x=y\). Thus (p-s) is satisfied. The converse is obvious. \(\square \)
Proposition 3.3
Let \({\mathcal {A}}\) be an aRM**(D1) algebra. Then
From Proposition 3.2 we see that (p-s1) \(\Longleftrightarrow \) (p-s). Let (p-s) hold and \(x\in A\). By (D1), \(x\leqslant (x\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow 1\). Applying (p-s), we obtain (D1=). Suppose now that (D1=) holds. Let \(x\leqslant 1\). Then \(x\rightarrow 1=1\), and hence \( x=(x\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow 1=1\rightarrow 1=1\). We thus get (p-s1). \(\square \)
(PS) \(\Longrightarrow \) (D1=): Putting \(y=1\) in (PS), and using (M), we obtain (D1=). \(\square \)
Definition 3.5
A RM algebra is called p-semisimple (strongly p-semisimple ) if it satisfies (p-s1) (resp. (D1=)).
Note that from Lemma 3.1 it follows that every strongly p-semisimple RM algebra is p-semisimple.
Example 3.6
(Iorgulescu 2016) Consider the set \( A=\{a,b,c,1\}\) with the following table of \(\rightarrow \):
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c|cccc} \rightarrow &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} a &{} a &{} a \\ b &{} a &{} 1 &{} a &{} a \\ c &{} a &{} a &{} 1 &{} a \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \end{array} \end{aligned}$$
Properties (Re), (M), (An), (*), (**) (hence (Tr)), and (p-s) are satisfied. The algebra \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) does not satisfy (D1=). Therefore, \({\mathcal {A}}\) is a p-semisimple *aRM** algebra that is not strongly p-semisimple.
For aRM**(D1) algebras (hence also for *aRM**(D1), BZ, BCH**, and BCI algebras), the strong p-semisimple property is equivalent to the p-semisimple property.
Proposition 3.8
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \( \left( 2,0\right) \). The following are equivalent:
(i)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra,
(ii)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a p-semisimple aRM**(D1) algebra,
(iii)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a strongly p-semisimple *aRM** algebra,
(iv)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a p-semisimple *aRM**(D1) algebra.
Proof
(i) \(\Longrightarrow \) (ii) and (iii) \(\Longrightarrow \) (iv) are obvious.
(ii) \(\Longrightarrow \) (iii): From Proposition 3.3 we conclude that \( {\mathcal {A}}\) verifies (p-s) and (D1=). Hence \({\mathcal {A}}\) also verifies (*), and consequently it is a strongly p-semisimple *aRM** algebra.
(iv) \(\Longrightarrow \) (i): This follows from Proposition 3.3. \(\square \)
Denote by strongly p-s-aRM** the class of all strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebras (= the class of all p-semisimple aRM**(D1) algebras = the class of all strongly p-semisimple *aRM** algebras = class of all p-semisimple *aRM**(D1) algebras).
Proposition 3.9
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \( \left( 2,0\right) \). The following are equivalent:
(i)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a p-semisimple BCH** algebra,
(ii)
\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a p-semisimple BCI algebra.
Proof
Let \({\mathcal {A}}\) be a p-semisimple BCH** algebra. By Proposition 3.2, \({\mathcal {A}}\) satisfies (p-s). From (p-s) we deduce that \({\mathcal {A}}\) also satisfies (*). Applying Lemma 2.1(vii) and (v) we see that (B) holds in \({\mathcal {A}}\). Consequently, \({\mathcal {A}}\) is a BCI algebra. The converse is obvious. \(\square \)
Denote by p-s-BCI the class of all p-semisimple BCI algebras (= the class of all p-semisimple BCH** algebras). Let p-s-BZ (resp. strongly p-s-RM, strongly p-s-aRM) denote the class of all p-semisimple BZ algebras (resp. strongly p-semisimple RM algebras, strongly p-semisimple aRM algebras).
3.2 Connections between RM algebras, moons and goops
In this subsection, we establish the connections between:
strongly p-semisimple RM algebras and involutive moons,
strongly p-semisimple aRM algebras and weakly goops,
strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebras and goops.
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be an algebra of type \(\left( 2,0\right) \). Define \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) by: for all \(x,y\in A\), \(x\cdot y=(y\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow x\) and \( x^{-1}=x\rightarrow 1\).
Let \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) be an algebra of type \( \left( 2,1,0\right) \). Define \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) by: for all \(x,y\in G\), \(x\rightarrow y=y\cdot x^{-1}\).
Theorem 3.10
(i)
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) textitbe a strongly p-semisimple RM algebra. Then \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is an involutive moon.
(ii)
Let \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) be an involutive moon. Then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a strongly p-semisimple RM algebra.
(iii)
Given \({\mathcal {A}}\) and \({\mathcal {G}}\) as above we have \(\Psi \Phi ({\mathcal {A}})={\mathcal {A}}\) and \(\Phi \Psi ( {\mathcal {G}})={\mathcal {G}}\).
Proof
(i)
Let \(x\in A\). By (M), \(x\cdot 1=(1\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow x=x\). Applying (D1=), we get \(1\cdot x=(x\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow 1=x\). Therefore, \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\) satisfies (U). From (D1=) and (Re) we obtain
i.e., \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\) satisfies (M). Thus \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\) is a RM algebra. Since, by (U) and (DN), \((x\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow 1=1\cdot (1\cdot x^{-1})^{-1}=x\), it is strongly p-semisimple.
(iii)
Suppose \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a strongly p-semisimple RM algebra and \(x\in A\). Then with \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) we have \(x^{-1}=x\rightarrow 1\) and \(y\cdot x^{-1}=y\cdot (x\rightarrow 1)=((x\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow y=x\rightarrow y\) . Thus \(\Psi \Phi ({\mathcal {A}})={\mathcal {A}}\).
Next suppose \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is an involutive moon. Then with \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) and \(x,y\in G\), \( x\rightarrow 1=1\cdot x^{-1}=x^{-1}\) and \((y\rightarrow 1)\rightarrow x=y^{-1}\rightarrow x=x\cdot (y^{-1})^{-1}=x\cdot y\). Thus \(\Phi \Psi ( {\mathcal {G}})={\mathcal {G}}\). \(\square \)
Hence, by above Theorem 3.10, we have the equivalence
that is, the strongly p-semisimple RM algebras are term equivalent to the involutive moons.
Theorem 3.11
(i)
Let \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) be a strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra (aRM** algebra). Then \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a weakly goop (goop, respectively).
(ii)
Let \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) be a weakly goop (goop). Then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra (aRM** algebra, respectively).
(iii)
Given \({\mathcal {A}}\) and \({\mathcal {G}}\) as above we have \(\Psi \Phi ({\mathcal {A}})={\mathcal {A}}\) and \(\Phi \Psi ({\mathcal {G}})={\mathcal {G}}\).
Proof
(i)
Let \({\mathcal {A}}\) be a strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra. By Theorem 3.10, \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\) is an involutive moon. Let \(x,y\in A\) and suppose that \(y\cdot x^{-1}=1=x\cdot y^{-1}\). Hence \(x\leqslant y\) and \( y\leqslant x\). Therefore \(x=y\) by (An). Then (wGP) holds in \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\), that is, \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\) is a weakly goop.
Let now \({\mathcal {A}}\) be a strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra. Then \( {\mathcal {A}}\) satisfies (p-s1), and also (p-s) by Proposition 3.2. Let \( y\cdot x^{-1}=1\), and hence \(x\leqslant y\). From (p-s) it follows that \(x=y\) . Consequently, (GP) holds in \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\), that is, \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})\) is a goop by Proposition 2.5.
(ii)
Let \({\mathcal {G}}\) be a weakly goop. By Theorem 3.10, \(\Psi ( {\mathcal {G}})\) is a strongly p-semisimple RM algebra. From (wGP) we deduce that (An) holds in \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\). Thus \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\) is a strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra.
Let now \({\mathcal {G}}\) be a goop. From (GP) it follows that (p-s) holds in \( \Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\). Hence, obviously, \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\) satisfies (**). Thus \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})\) is a strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra.
that is, the strongly p-semisimple aRM algebras are term equivalent to the weakly goops and the strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebras are term equivalent to the goops.
Theorem 3.12
(Walendziak 2020) If \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a RM algebra satisfying (PS), then \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}} )=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a commutative involutive moon. Conversely, if \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a commutative involutive moon, then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a RM algebra with (PS).
Theorem 3.13
(Walendziak 2020) If \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is an aRM algebra (*aRM** algebra) satisfying (PS), then \( \Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a commutative weakly goop (commutative goop, respectively). If \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a commutative weakly goop (commutative goop), then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is an aRM algebra (*aRM** algebra, respectively) with (PS).
From Theorems 3.12 and 3.13 it follows that the RM algebras with (PS) are term equivalent to the commutative involutive moons, the aRM algebras with (PS) are term equivalent to the commutative weakly goops, and the *aRM** algebras with (PS) are term equivalent to the commutative goops.
Theorem 3.14
(Zhang and Ye 1995) If \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a p-semisimple BZ algebra, then \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a group. Conversely, if \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is a group, then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a p-semisimple BZ algebra.
Theorem 3.15
(Lei and Xi 1985) If \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1) \) is a p-semisimple BCI algebra (or, equivalently, p-semisimple BCH** algebra), then \(\Phi ({\mathcal {A}})=\left( A;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is an abelian group. Conversely, if \({\mathcal {G}}=\left( G;\cdot ,^{-1},1\right) \) is an abelian group, then \(\Psi ({\mathcal {G}})=(G;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a p-semisimple BCI algebra.
that is, the p-semisimple BZ algebras are term equivalent to the groups and the p-semisimple BCI algebras are term equivalent to the abelian groups.
4 Examples of proper strongly p-semisimple algebras
Definition 4.1
P1.
A proper strongly p-semisimple RM algebra is a strongly p-semisimple RM algebra (i.e., verifying (Re), (M), (D1=)) not verifying (An), (Ex), (Tr) (hence not (B), (BB), (*), (**), by Lemma 2.1(ii)–(v)).
P2.
A proper strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra is a strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra (i.e., verifying (An), (Re), (M), (D1=)) not verifying (Ex), (Tr) (hence not (B), (BB), (*), (**)).
P3.
A proper strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra is a strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra (i.e., verifying (An), (Re), (M), (**), (*), (Tr), (D1=)) not verifying (B), (Ex) (hence not (BB), by Lemma 2.1 (viii)).
P4.
A proper p-semisimple BZ algebra is a p-semisimple BZ algebra (i.e., verifying (An), (Re), (M), (B), (*), (**), (Tr), (D1=)) not verifying (BB) (hence not (Ex), by Lemma 2.1(ix)).
Example 4.2
Consider the set \(A=\{a,b,c,1\}\) and the operation \( \rightarrow \) given by the following table:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c|cccc} \rightarrow &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} 1 &{} b &{} a \\ b &{} 1 &{} 1 &{} c &{} b \\ c &{} 1 &{} b &{} 1 &{} c \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \end{array} \text {.} \end{aligned}$$
We can observe that the properties (Re), (M), and (D1=) (hence (p-s1)) are satisfied; (An) is not satisfied for \(\left( x,y\right) =(a,b)\); (Ex) and (Tr) are not satisfied for \(\left( x,y,z\right) =(c,a,b)\). Hence, \((A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a proper strongly p-semisimple RM algebra.
Example 4.3
Consider the set \(A=\{a,b,c,1\}\) with the following table of \(\rightarrow \):
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c|cccc} \rightarrow &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} 1 &{} b &{} a \\ b &{} c &{} 1 &{} c &{} b \\ c &{} 1 &{} b &{} 1 &{} c \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} 1 \end{array} \text {.} \end{aligned}$$
The algebra \({\mathcal {A}}=(A;\rightarrow ,1)\) satisfies properties (An), (Re), (M), and (D1=) (hence (p-s1)). It does not satisfy (Ex) and (Tr) for \(\left( x,y,z\right) =(c,a,b)\). Then \({\mathcal {A}}\) is a proper strongly p-semisimple aRM algebra.
Example 4.4
Let \(A=\{a,b,1\}\) and \(\rightarrow \) be defined as follows:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{l|lll} \rightarrow &{} a &{} b &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} a &{} a \\ b &{} b &{} 1 &{} b \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} 1 \end{array} \text {.} \end{aligned}$$
It is easy to see that the properties (An), (Re), (M), (*), (**), (Tr), and (D1=) (hence (p-s1) and (p-s)) are satisfied; (B) and (Ex) are not satisfied for \(\left( x,y,z\right) =(a,b,1)\). Hence, \((A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a proper strongly p-semisimple aRM** algebra.
Example 4.5
Consider the set \(A=\{a,b,c,d,e,1\}\) and the operation \(\rightarrow \) given by the following table:
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{c|cccccc} \rightarrow &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} d &{} e &{} 1 \\ \hline a &{} 1 &{} d &{} e &{} b &{} c &{} a \\ b &{} e &{} 1 &{} d &{} c &{} a &{} b \\ c &{} d &{} e &{} 1 &{} a &{} b &{} c \\ d &{} b &{} c &{} a &{} 1 &{} d &{} e \\ e &{} c &{} a &{} b &{} e &{} 1 &{} d \\ 1 &{} a &{} b &{} c &{} d &{} e &{} 1 \end{array} \text {.} \end{aligned}$$
Then the properties (An), (Re), (M), (B) (hence (*), (**), (Tr)), (p-s1) (hence (p-s), (D1=)) are satisfied. (BB) is not satisfied for \( (x,y,z)=(a,d,c)\). Therefore, \((A;\rightarrow ,1)\) is a proper p-semisimple BZ algebra.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the referee for the valuable suggestions and comments.
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