Top

Published in:

2010 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Sources of the Geomagnetic Field and the Modern Data That EnableTheir Investigation

Authors : Nils Olsen, Gauthier Hulot, Terence J. Sabaka

Published in: Handbook of Geomathematics

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The geomagnetic field one can measure at the Earth’s surface or on board satellites is the sum of contributions from many different sources. These sources have different physical origins and can be found both below (in the form of electrical currents and magnetized material) and above (only in the form of electrical currents) the Earth’s surface. Each source happens to produce a contribution with rather specific spatiotemporal properties. This fortunate situation is what makes the identification and investigation of the contribution of each source possible, provided appropriate observational data sets are available and analyzed in an adequate way, to produce the so-called geomagnetic field models. Here a general overview of the various sources that contribute to the observed geomagnetic field, and of the modern data that enable their investigation via such procedures is provided.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter GOCE: Gravitational Gradiometry in a Satellite

next chapter Classical Physical Geodesy

Actually the satellite revisits that region already after about 12 h, but this will be for a different local time. Because of external field contributions—which heavily depend on local time—it is safer to rely on data taken at similar local time conditions, which results in the above-stated sampling recurrence of 24 h.

Alexandrescu MM, Gibert D, Le Mouël JL, Hulot G, Saracco G (1999) An estimate of average lower mantle conductivity by wavelet analysis of geomagnetic jerks. J Geophys Res 104: 17735–17745CrossRef

Cain JC (2007) POGO (OGO-2, -4 and -6 spacecraft). In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Campbell WH (1989) The regular geomagnetic field variations during quiet solar conditions. In: Jacobs JA (ed) Geomagnetism, vol 3. Academic, London, pp 385–460

Constable S (2007) Geomagnetic induction studies. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 237–276CrossRef

Cowling TG (1957) Magnetohydrodynamics. Wiley Interscience, New York

Dunlop D, Özdemir Ö (2007) Magnetizations in rocks and minerals. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 277–336CrossRef

Friis-Christensen E, Lühr H, Hulot G (2006) Swarm: a constellation to study the Earth’s magnetic field. Earth Planets Space 58:351–358

Friis-Christensen E, Lühr H, Hulot G, Haagmans R, Purucker M (2009) Geomagnetic research from space. Eos 90:25

Gubbins D, Zhang K (1993) Symmetry properties of the dynamo equations for paleomagnetism and geomagnetism. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior 75:225–241CrossRef

Hemant K, Maus S (2005) Geological modeling of the new CHAMP magnetic anomaly maps using a geographical information system technique. J Geophys Res 110:B12103. doi:10.1029/2005JB003837CrossRef

Hulot G, Le Mouël JL (1994) A statistical approach to the Earth’s main magnetic field. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior 82:167–183. DOI10.1016/0031-9201(94)90070-1CrossRef

Hulot G, Sabaka TJ, Olsen N (2007) The present field. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Hulot G, Finlay C, Constable C, Olsen N, Mandea M (2010) The magnetic field of planet Earth. Space Sci Rev (in press), doi:10.1007/s11214-010-9644-0

Hulot G, Olsen N, Thebault E, Hemant K (2009) Crustal concealing of small-scale core-field secular variation. Geophys J Int 177(2): 361–366CrossRef

Jackson A, Finlay CC (2007) Geomagnetic secular variation and its application to the core. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Jacobs JA (1953) The earth’s inner core. Nature 172:297–300CrossRef

Jankowski J, Sucksdorff C (1996) IAGA guide for magnetic measurements and observatory practice. IAGA, Warszawa

Kivelson MG, Russell CT (1995) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Kuvshinov A (2008) 3-D global induction in the oceans and solid earth: recent progress in modeling magnetic and electric fields from sources of magnetospheric, ionospheric and oceanic origin. Surv Geophys 29(2): 139–186CrossRef

Kuvshinov AV, Olsen N (2005) 3D modelling of the magnetic field due to ocean flow. In: Reigber C, Lühr H, Schwintzer P, Wickert J (eds) Earth observation with CHAMP, results from three years in orbit. Springer, Berlin

Kuvshinov AV, Olsen N (2006) A global model of mantle conductivity derived from 5 years of CHAMP, Ørsted, and SAC-C magnetic data. Geophys Res Lett 33:L18301. DOI10.1029/2006GL027083CrossRef

Kuvshinov AV, Sabaka TJ, Olsen N (2006) 3-D electromagnetic induction at Swarm constellation. Mapping the conductivity anomalies in the mantle. Earth Planets Space 58(4): 417–427

Langel RA, Hinze WJ (1998) The magnetic field of the Earth’s lithosphere: the satellite perspective. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Langel RA, Estes RH, Mead GD (1982) Some new methods in geomagnetic field modelling applied to the 1960–1980 epoch. J Geomagn Geoelectr 34: 327–349

Lesur V, Jackson A (2000) Exact solution for internally induced magnetization in a shell. Geophys J Int 140:453–459CrossRef

Lesur V, Wardinski I, Rother M, Mandea M (2008) GRIMM: the GFZ reference internal magnetic model based on vector satellite and observatory data. Geophys J Int 173:382–294CrossRef

Lowes FJ (1966) Mean-square values on sphere of spherical harmonic vector fields. J Geophys Res 71:2179

Lühr H, Maus S (2006) Direct observation of the F region dynamo currents and the spatial structure of the EEJ by CHAMP. Geophys Res Lett 33:L24102. DOI10.1029/2006GL028374CrossRef

Lühr H, Maus S, Rother M (2002) First in-situ observation of night-time F region currents with the CHAMP satellite. Geophys Res Lett 29(10):1489. doi:10.1029/2001 GL 013845CrossRef

Maus S (2007a) CHAMP magnetic mission. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Maus S (2007b) Electromagnetic ocean effects. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Maus S, Haak V (2003) Magnetic field annihilators: invisible magnetization at the magnetic equator. Geophys J Int 155:509–513CrossRef

Maus S, Lühr H (2005) Signature of the quiet-time magnetospheric magnetic field and its electromagnetic induction in the rotating Earth. Geophys J Int 162:755–763CrossRef

Maus S, Lühr H (2006) A gravity-driven electric current in the earth’s ionosphere identified in CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements. Geophys Res Lett 33:L02812. doi:10.1029/2005GL024436CrossRef

Maus S, Yin F, Lühr H, Manoj C, Rother M, Rauberg J, Michaelis I, Stolle C, Müller R (2008) Resolution of direction of oceanic magnetic lineations by the sixth-generation lithospheric magnetic field model from CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 9(7):Q07021CrossRef

Merrill R, McFadden P, McElhinny M (1998) The magnetic field of the Earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Academic, San Diego

Newitt LR, Barton CE, Bitterly J (1996) Guide for magnetic repeat station surveys. International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Boulder

Nimmo F (2007) Energetics of the core. In Treatise on geophysics, vol 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 31–65CrossRef

Olsen N (1997a) Ionospheric F region currents at middle and low latitudes estimated from Magsat data. J Geophys Res 102(A3):4563–4576CrossRef

Olsen N (1997b) Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena. In: Wilhelm H, Zürn W, Wenzel HG (eds) Tidal phenomena. Lecture notes in Earth sciences, vol 66. Springer, Berlin

Olsen N (2007a) Ørsted. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Olsen N (2007a) Natural sources for electromagnetic induction studies. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Olsen N, Lühr H, Sabaka TJ, Mandea M, Rother M, Tøffner-Clausen L, Choi S (2006) CHAOS—a model of Earth’s magnetic field derived from CHAMP, Ørsted, and SAC-C magnetic satellite data. Geophys J Int 166: 67–75. DOI10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02959.xCrossRef

Olsen N, Mandea M, Sabaka TJ, Tøffner-Clausen L (2009) CHAOS-2—A geomagnetic field model derived from one decade of continuous satellite data. Geophys J Int 179:1477–1487. DOIdoi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04386.xCrossRef

Parkinson WD, Hutton VRS (1989) The electrical conductivity of the earth. In: Jacobs JA (ed) Geomagnetism, vol 3. Academic, London, pp 261–321

Purucker M, Whaler K (2007) Crustal magnetism. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 195–235CrossRef

Purucker M, Langlais B, Olsen N, Hulot G, Mandea M (2002) The southern edge of cratonic north america: evidence from new stallite magnetometer observations. Geophys Res Lett 29(15):8000. DOI10.1029/2001GL013645CrossRef

Purucker ME (2007) Magsat. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E (eds) Encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. Springer, Heidelberg

Rastogi RG (1989) The equatorial electrojet: magnetic and ionospheric effects. In: Jacobs JA (ed) Geomagnetism, vol 3. Academic, London, pp 461–525

Richmond AD (2002) Modeling the geomagnetic perturbations produced by ionospheric currents, above and below the ionosphere. J Geodynamics 33: 143–156CrossRef

Richmond AD (1989) Modeling the ionospheric wind dynamo: a review. In: Campbell WH (ed) Quiet daily geomagnetic fields. Birkhäuser, Basel

Roberts PH (2007) Theory of the geodynamo. In: Treatise on geophysics, vol 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 67–106CrossRef

Runcorn SK (1975) On the interpretation of lunar magnetism. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior 10:327–335CrossRef

Sabaka TJ, Olsen N (2006) Enhancing comprehensive inversions using the Swarm constellation. Earth Planets Space 58:371–395

Sabaka TJ, Olsen N, Langel RA (2002) A comprehensive model of the quiet-time near-Earth magnetic field: phase 3. Geophys J Int 151:32–68CrossRef

Sabaka TJ, Olsen N, Purucker ME (2004) Extending comprehensive models of the Earth’s magnetic field with Ørsted and CHAMP data. Geophys J Int 159:521–547. doi:10.1111/j.1365–246X.2004.02421.xCrossRef

Schmucker U (1985) Magnetic and electric fields due to electromagnetic induction by external sources. In Landolt–Börnstein, new-series, 5/2b. Springer, Berlin–Heidelberg, pp 100–125

Thebault E, Hemant K, Hulot G, Olsen N (2009) On the geographical distribution of induced time-varying crustal magnetic fields. Geophys Res Lett 36:L01307. DOI10.1029/2008GL036416CrossRef

Thomson AWP, Lesur V (2007) An improved geomagnetic data selection algorithm for global geomagnetic field modelling. Geophys J Int 169(3): 951–963CrossRef

Turner GM, Rasson JL, Reeves CV (2007) Observation and measurement techniques. In: Kono M (ed) Treatise on geophysics, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Tyler RH, Maus S, Lühr H (2003) Satellite observations of magnetic fields due to ocean tidal flow. Science 299:239–241CrossRef

Voorhies CV, Sabaka TJ, Purucker M (2002) On magnetic spectra of Earth and Mars. J Geophys Res 107(E6):5034CrossRef

Title: Sources of the Geomagnetic Field and the Modern Data That EnableTheir Investigation
Authors: Nils Olsen
Gauthier Hulot
Terence J. Sabaka
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book: Handbook of Geomathematics
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-01545-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-01546-5

Copyright Year: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01546-5_5

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner