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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. South Sudan: BRICS Active Mediator or Bystander to Conflict?

Author : Malte Brosig

Published in: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Abstract

The conflict in South Sudan, unlike the other conflicts, does not touch upon issues of state sovereignty or regime change. It is predominately a civil war with a regional dimension. The BRICS response to this crisis is mostly cooperative and multilateral aiming to seek a negotiated peace agreement. Of the BRICS group China has been the most pro-active actor facilitating peace talks and sending peacekeepers to the country. This follows directly from its multibillion-dollar investments in the oil sector and experience of asset loss during the war in Libya. Other BRICS countries are also engaged. India deploys the largest contingent of troops to the UN mission and South Africa supported peace talks through regional organizations. Russia and Brazil remained mostly passive bystanders.

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previous chapter Ukraine: Moving Borders Changing Orders?

next chapter Conclusion: The BRICS Order in the Making

Data drawn from: https://www.acleddata.com/data/ accessed 13 August 2018.

Checchi, Francesco et al. (2018) Estimates of crisis-attributable mortality in South Sudan, December 2013–April 2018: A statistical analysis. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. https://crises.lshtm.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/LSHTM_mortality_South_Sudan_report.pdf accessed 5 October 2018.

Data drawn from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/southsudan accessed 13 August 2013.

Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan, 14 June 2018, para. 25.

De Waal, Alex (2015) The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge, Malden: Polity, p. 102.

See the full text of the CPA at: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/comprehensive-peace-agreement-between-government-republic-sudan-and-sudan-peoples

Patey, Luke (2014) The New Kings of Crude China, India, and the Global Struggle for Oil in Sudan and South Sudan. London: C. Hurst & Co, p. 210.

De Waal, Alex (2014) “When Cleptocracy becomes Insolvent: Brute Causes of the Civil War in South Sudan” African Affairs 113/452, p. 355.

Data drawn from: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ssd/ accessed 13 August 2018.

De Waal, Alex (2014).

Johnson, Douglas (2014) “Briefing: The Crisis in South Sudan” African Affairs 113/451, pp. 300–309.

Motsamai, Dimpho (2017) “Assessing AU mediation envoys The case of South Sudan” Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, East Africa Report, Issue 10, February 2017, p. 6.

BBC News, “South Sudan rivals Kiir and Machar agree peace deal” 10 May 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27352902 accessed 14 August 2018.

See UN Security Council Resolutions, 2132, 2155, 2252.

Motsamai, p. 7.

Areas of Agreement on the Establishment of the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU) in the Republic of South Sudan. http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/1_feb_2015_agreement.pdf accessed 14 August 2018.

UN Security Council resolution 2206, 3 March 2015.

IGAD, Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, Addis Ababa 17 August 2015 http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/final_proposed_compromise_agreement_for_south_sudan_conflict.pdf accessed 14 August 2018.

Knopf, Kate Almquist (2016) Ending South Sudan’s Civil War. Council on Foreign Relations, Council Special Report No. 77 November 2016, p. 5.

Machier, Tor Madira (2017) “Who detains Machar in South Africa?” Sudan Tribune 29 December 2017. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article64371 accessed 14 August 2018.

Allison, Simon (2017) “Riek Machar’s lonely ‘ exile’ in SA” Mail & Guardian 21 July 2017. https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-00-riek-machars-lonely-exile-in-sa accessed 14 August 2018.

UN Security Council, 8166th Meeting (PM)Cessation of Hostilities Agreement Violations Persist in South Sudan, Under-Secretary-General Tells Security Council, 24 January 2018. https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13176.doc.htm accessed 14 August 2018.

UN Security Council, Letter dated 12 April 2018 from the Panel of Experts on South Sudan addressed to the President of the Security Council, para. 29.

UN Security Council 8310th meeting 13 July 2018.

BBC News, South Sudanese celebrate peace deal signed by Kiir and Machar, 6 August 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45077389 accessed 14 August 2018.

BRICS Fortaleza Declaration, 2014, para. 33.

Ibid.

BRICS Ufa Declaration 2015, para. 45.

Final Report of the African Union Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan, 15 October 2014. http://peaceau.org/uploads/auciss.final.report.pdf accessed 16 August 2018.

Oduha, Joseph (2018) “South Sudan army chief defies UN travel ban with visit to China” The East African. http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/South-Sudan-army-chief-defies-UN-ban-with-China-visit/4552908-4715152-m84ct/ accessed 16 August 2018.

Data drawn from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors accessed 17 August 2018.

Large, Daniel (2018) “Sudan and South Sudan: A Testing Ground for Beijing’s Peace and Security Engagement” in Alden et al. (eds) China and Africa Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 163–178.

Patey, p. 118.

Data drawn from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/crude-oil-imports accessed 17 August 2018.

“South Sudan oil production to resume in September: minister” Sudan Tribune 30 July 2018. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article65949 accessed 17 August 2018.

Patey, p. 119.

Patey, p. 111.

Crisis Group International (2017) China’s Foreign Policy Experiment in South Sudan, Asia Report No. 288, 10 July 2017, p. 8.

Xuejun, Wang (2018) “Developmental Peace: Understanding China’s Africa Policy in Peace and Security” in Alden et al. (eds) China and Africa Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 83–100.

Alden, Chris and Yixiao, Zheng (2018) “China’s Changing Role in Peace and Security in Africa” in Alden et al. (eds) China and Africa Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39–66.

Patey, p. 229.

UN Security Council, Resolution 2155, 27 May 2014, para. 21

Hodzi, Obert (2019) The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 191.

Ibid., p. 190.

Data drawn from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors accessed 17 August 2018.

Martina, Michael (2014) “South Sudan marks new foreign policy chapter for China: official” 11 February 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-southsudan/south-sudan-marks-new-foreign-policy-chapter-for-china-official-idUSBREA1A0HO20140211 accessed 17 August 2018.

UN Security Council 7396th meeting 3 March 2015. Liu Jieyi.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peoples Republic of China, Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press, 8 March 2015. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1243662.shtml accessed 20 August 2018.

UN Security Council, Resolution 2241, 9 October 2015, para. 34.

Interim report of the Panel of Experts on South Sudan established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2206 (2015), 21 August 2015, para. 70.

Large, Daniel (2016) “China and South Sudan’s Civil War, 2013–2015” African Studies Quarterly 16(3–4), p. 41.

For an overview of reports please see: https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/2206/panel-of-experts/work-mandate

China’s Arms Sales to Sudan, Fact Sheet (2007) Human Rights First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080311-cah-arms-sales-fact-sheet.pdf accessed 20 August 2018.

Zhixoing, Shen (2018) “On China’s Military Diplomacy in Africa” in Alden et al. (eds) China and Africa Building Peace and Security Cooperation on the Continent. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–122.

Chun, Zhang and Kemple-Hardy, Mariam (2015) From conflict resolution to conflict prevention: China in South Sudan. Saferworld https://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/from-conflict-resolution-to-conflict-prevention%2D%2D-china-and-south-sudan.pdf accessed 20 August 2018.

UN Security Council 8210th meeting, 13 July 2018, Ma Zhaoxu.

US Department of State, “U.S. Arms Restrictions on South Sudan” 2 February 2018. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/02/277849.htm accessed 20 August 2018.

Motsamai, Dimpho (2017) “Assessing AU mediation envoys: The case of South Sudan” Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, East Africa Report, Issue 10, February 2017.

Khadiagala, Gilbert (2018) “South Africa in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan/South Sudan” in Adebajo, A and Virk, K (eds) Foreign Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa Security, Diplomacy and Trade. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, p. 228.

Curtis, Devon (2018) “South Africa’s Peacemaking Efforts in Africa: Ideas, Interests and Influence” in Adebajo, A and Virk, K (eds) Foreign Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa Security, Diplomacy and Trade. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, 69–92.

South Africa: Department: International relations and Cooperation, Media Statement, Mr. Ramaphosa visits South Sudan, 05 March 2014. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2014/south-suda0305.html accessed 20 August 2018.

Nathan. Lauri (2010) “Interests, ideas and ideology: South Africa’s Policy on Darfur” African Affairs, 110, 438 (1), p. 59.

Cheryl Hendricks and Amanda Lucey (2013) “South Africa and South Sudan Lessons for post-conflict development and peacebuilding partnerships” ISS Policy Brief 49, December 2013.

Khadiagala, p. 228.

Data drawn from: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors accessed 20 August 2018.

Ferrie, Jared (2016) “Would an arms embargo on South Sudan work?” IRIN 12 July 2016. https://www.irinnews.org/news/2016/07/12/would-arms-embargo-south-sudan-work accessed 20 August 2018.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php accessed 20 August 2018.

Khadiagala, p. 229.

Martin, Guy (2018) “More detail on SA’s defence agreement with South Sudan” DefenceWeb, 24 April 2018. http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51462:more-detail-on-sas-defence-agreement-with-south-sudan&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111 accessed 20 August 2018.

Pedneault, Jonathan (2018) “There are better ways for SA to assist South Sudan than military cooperation” Mail & Guardian 5 February 2018. https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-05-there-are-better-ways-for-sa-to-assist-south-sudan-than-military-cooperation accessed 20 August 2018.

Xavier, Constantino (2015) “Unbreakable Bond Africa in India’s Foreign Policy” in Malone, D. et al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 566–578.

Narlikar, Amrita (2010) “India’s rise to power: where does East Africa fit in?”, Review of African Political Economy, 37(126), pp. 451–464.

Data drawn from: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/5_mission_and_country_4.pdf accessed 21 August 2018.

Destradi, Sandra (2017) “Reluctance in international politics: A conceptualization” European Journal of International Relations 23(2), p. 329.

Patey, p. 132.

Ibid., p. 144.

Ibid., p. 153.

Parachar, Sachin (2012) “Indian envoy in South Sudan on oil mission” The Economic Times 2 April 2012. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/Indian-envoy-in-South-Sudan-on-oil-mission/articleshow/12500931.cms accessed 21 August 2018.

Data drawn from: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ind/show/2709/2010/ accessed 21 August 2018.

Parachar, 2012.

India, Ministry of External Affairs, “Consulate General of India in Juba, South Sudan upgraded to Embassy level” March 13, 2012. https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/19108/Consulate_General_of_India_in_Juba_South_Sudan_upgraded_to_Embassy_level accessed 21 August 2018.

India, Ministry of External Affairs, “Visit of Special Envoy of India for Sudan and South Sudan, Shri P.S. Raghavan to South Sudan” 8–9 August, 2013. https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22059/Visit_of_Special_Envoy_of_India_for_Sudan_and_South_Sudan_Shri_PS_Raghavan_to_South_Sudan_89_August_2013 accessed 21 August 2018.

India, Ministry of External Affairs, “Official Spokesperson’s response to a question on the evolving security situation in South Sudan” 24 December 2013. https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/22688/Official_Spokespersons_response_to_a_question_on_the_evolving_security_situation_in_South_Sudan accessed 21 August 2018.

This view is expressed by India’s former Foreign Minister Yashwant Sinha at a keynote address. India, Ministry of External Affairs, “Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping,” New Delhi. Keynote Address by Foreign Secretary, August 21, 2003. https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/4704/Centre_for_United_Nations_Peacekeeping_New_Delhi_Keynote_Address_by_Foreign_Secretary accessed 21 August 2018.

Oğultürk, Mehmet Cem (2017) “Russia’s Renewed Interests in the Horn of Africa As a Traditional and Rising Power” Rising Powers Quarterly 2(1), p. 122.

Oliver, Gerrit and Suchkov, Dimtry (2015) “Russia is Back in Africa” Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 37(2), p. 159.

Data drawn from: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/5_mission_and_country_4.pdf accessed 21 August 2018.

UN Security Council, 7396th meeting, 3 March 2015.

UN Security Council 8310th meeting 13 July 2018.

Brazil, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Situation in South Sudan”, Nota 436, 21 December 2013. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/3626-situation-in-south-sudan accessed 21 August 2019.

Brazil, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “South Sudan Peace Process”, Nota 167 27 April 2016. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/13943-south-sudan-peace-process accessed 21 August 2018.

Data drawn from: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/5_mission_and_country_4.pdf accessed 21 August 2018.

Title: South Sudan: BRICS Active Mediator or Bystander to Conflict?
Author: Malte Brosig
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18536-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-18537-4

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4_6

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