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2022 | Book

Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance

Authors: Vladislav Demyanov, Yury Yasyukevich, Maria A. Sergeeva, Artem Vesnin

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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About this book

This book addresses problems of GNSS performance support under geomagnetic storms and solar radio bursts. It analyses both physical and radio-engineering sources of GNSS performance deterioration caused by geomagnetic storms, solar radio bursts and peculiarities of the polar and equatorial ionosphere. The book takes into consideration both standalone GNSS and differential GNSS. Based on experimental data analysis, it presents a systematic approach to maintaining reliable GNSS performance despite the Space Weather impacts.
Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for GNSS users and equipment developers, as well as researchers and students whose work involves GNSS remote sensing, surveying, navigation, and related disciplines.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The up-to-date strategy in developing international organizations and communities (RTCA, ICAO, etc.) is evolutional transition to global navigational satellite system (GNSS) as a basic means to solve numerous diverse problems of navigation, geodesy, surveying, etc.
Vladislav Demyanov
Chapter 2. GNSS Overview
Abstract
The general structure of Global Positioning Systems and features of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou segments are considered. GNSS performance is discussed in both standalone and differential modes at the standpoint its reliability and quality depending on a navigation receiver software and hardware features. Sources of code- and phase- ranging errors and their correlation characteristics are analyzed. Special focus made on the locally-dependent ranging errors such as ionospheric, tropospheric and multipath errors. Main problems and trends in up-to-date modernization of Global Positioning Systems are discussed.
Vladislav Demyanov
Chapter 3. Space Weather General Concepts
Abstract
Space Weather (SW) unites a combination of the near-Earth space phenomena that can affect modern technology. This chapter provides an introduction to physical phenomena important in this regard (solar activity cycle, active regions, coronal holes, solar flares, Solar Energetic particle events, CME, etc.). Quiet and disturbed SW conditions are defined. In particular, we mention solar flares, solar radio bursts and geomagnetic storms features and list the main SW and geomagnetic field parameters. The ionosphere principles, characteristic structures of the ionosphere at different latitudes (auroral, subauroral and polar cap regions, MIT, EIA, plasma bubbles, TIDs) and an overview of ionospheric indices are given. Intense SW events can seriously affect five strategic sectors: power generation and distribution, aviation, satellites, GNSS (timing and positioning) and communications. Critical infrastructure vulnerability is illustrated with the historical evidence (Carrington, Halloween and September, 2017 events). A reliable diagnostics of the near-Earth space is critical to mitigate the deleterious effects. Different programs aimed at being ready for strong events are developed. We illustrate current SW initiatives and describe the operation of National SW Services. Forecasts, warnings, alerts and environmental data are provided to government and private-industry by ISES members. The UNCOPUOS, COSPAR, SCOSTEP, WMO and ICAO SW initiatives are presented. Current state of the art for operational service that provides the real-time and worldwide SW information is described.
Maria A. Sergeeva
Chapter 4. Methodology for GNSS Capability Analysis
Abstract
The chapter describes methodology of ionospheric TEC reconstruction based on double frequency and single-frequency measurements of carrier phase and code delay of GNSS signals. Typical ionospheric scintillation indices such as ROTI, S4 and σφ are considered and its computation procedures described. New ionospheric scintillation index which is the second order derivative of the carrier phase (d2φ index) is introduced. The problem of the scintillation indices sensitivity is discussed depending on the primary data time. We demonstrate that 10 Hz data time rate is necessary at least to detect weak small scale ionospheric disturbances.
Yury Yasyukevich, Vladislav Demyanov
Chapter 5. Experimental Results of GNSS/SBAS Performance Under Space Weather Impacts
Abstract
GNSS performance is examined under both extreme and dangerous solar radio bursts and strong magnetic storms during the period from 2001 till 2020. Our experimental observations corroborate a negative effect of space weather factors on GNSS operation in the stand-alone and differential navigation modes. It was proved that the main causes of that are: (1) GNSS signal direct suppression from solar L-band radio bursts with a >103 s.f.u.; (2) signal ionospheric scintillations in the regions and time when higher values for the electron density gradients are registered (auroral oval south border, equatorial super-bubbles distribution area, main phase of magnetic storm at mid latitudes).
Vladislav Demyanov, Yury Yasyukevich
Chapter 6. Real-Time Data Assimilation for Space Weather Effects Mitigation on GNSS/SBAS
Abstract
Ionospheric variability falls into various scales. It has diurnal, seasonal, annual and slower trends. Ionospheric models account for the variability faster than diurnal variation of plasma concentration. Empirical models a built to capture trends and variations that are persistent over time. They reproduce climatology: the patterns that we see in average if we consider big dataset. We understand difference between climate and weather. Measurements could be fed into the model in order to make it better fit current state on the environment. Different applications require different specification of the environment. This chapter discusses structures in the propagation environment that could affect GNSS signals, the structures that could be captured using GNSS signals, and how the latter could be used to mitigate the first. We consider global instruments which data are used to feed global models and which are to be simulated locally. We also consider how measurements from different instruments can contribute to the environment specification in order to improve GNSS positioning accuracy.
Artem Vesnin
Chapter 7. How to Improve GNSS/SBAS Reliability Under Space Weather Impacts: Analysis
Abstract
To provide GNSS/SBAS reliable performance under Space Weather impacts several solutions are considered. The system of technical-organizing measures that will enable to improve the GNSS performance quality with allowance for current helio-geophysical conditions is proposed. Exact fore- and nowcasting positioning quality under geomagnetic disturbances is out of modern state of technologies. Nevertheless, the forecasting may be proposed as a general measure to alert GNSS\SBAS users for the probable abnormal state of the positioning in advance and in the nearly-real time. Real-time alert of users to a geomagnetic disturbance in the signal propagation medium is considered as enhancement of RAIM solutions. A complex system of differential correction, prediction, and monitoring of the GNSS positioning quality under unfavorable helio-geophysical conditions is proposed. The system is considered as a basis for a perspective service of global monitoring and forecasting of the integrated uniform GNSS current operation quality.
Vladislav Demyanov, Yury Yasyukevich, Maria A. Sergeeva, Artem Vesnin
Metadata
Title
Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance
Authors
Vladislav Demyanov
Yury Yasyukevich
Maria A. Sergeeva
Artem Vesnin
Copyright Year
2022
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-15874-2
Print ISBN
978-3-031-15873-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15874-2