2. Static State Estimation

This chapter starts with an analogy between a frequent medical practice procedure (physical examination) and the state estimation process; it is made with pedagogical motivation to facilitate the understanding of conceptual/methodological aspects explored ahead. The chapter gives the fundamentals of least squares estimation and the different forms (linear, nonlinear, coupled, decoupled, fast decoupled) of the weighted least squares (WLS) power system static state estimation (SSE). Also, mathematical approaches different from the classical industrial standard WLS are addressed. The uncertainty propagation in the WLS process is commented on. Illustrative examples percolate through the chapter. In the end, advanced topics are pointed out, and problems are proposed. A list of references completes the chapter as a guide to further reading.