Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in a Transformative Approach
Building on the Bangladesh Experience
- 2025
- Book
- Authors
- Jaap M. de Heer
- Giasuddin Ahmed Choudhury
- Book Series
- Springer Climate
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
The Bangladesh experience shows that adaptation to climate change needs to be seen in conjunction with existing and changing weather patterns, natural hazards and the natural resources systems. Moreover, adaptation to climate change has next to the physical and technical content a socio-economic dimension in relation to the many societal and economic aspects of water resources and climate change. Adaptation, in terms of strategy making and implementation, is thus embedded in a countries’ society with its traditions, technologies, governance and policies. This means that adaptation strategy making and implementation, while focusing on the physical system and use of technologies, are primarily cultural processes, characterized by a struggle for meaning in uncertainty, sense making and sense giving to define the issues and challenges and formulate strategies, thinking about appropriate measures, taking action and managing transformation. Besides, the power-related aspects of negotiation and decision-making including budget allocation for investments are evident as well. The BDP 2100 is a strategic plan with many techno-economic analyses, choices and proposals while it is basically ‘an expression of the politics of culture’ (De Heer, 2009, 2013).
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Adaptation to Climate Change and to Other Issues
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the necessity of adaptation to climate change impacts, particularly in delta areas, which are rich in biodiversity but face significant threats from rising sea levels, storms, and erratic rainfall. The focus is on transformative approaches that go beyond routine responses, emphasizing the need for strategic planning and proactive measures. The Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 serves as a compelling case study, illustrating how a long-term, holistic, and multi-sectoral approach can address water safety, food security, and socio-economic development. The chapter outlines the strategy process, including diagnostic analysis, strategy formulation, and investment planning, highlighting the importance of adaptive management and stakeholder involvement. It also discusses the institutional framework and the challenges of implementation, providing valuable insights into the practical aspects of climate change adaptation. The lessons learned from the Bangladesh experience are broadened to include examples from the Netherlands and Vietnam, offering a global perspective on effective adaptation strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to climate change adaptation in general and in the way a threatened country, Bangladesh in particular, made up its mind about how to deal with it. The main messages of the book show how a country can organize and prepare itself to deal with climate change impacts in addition to the usual challenges. The chapter also provides an overview of the book. The impression is sometimes that the focus on climate change mitigation and reduction of greenhouse gases, although indeed really urgent, comes at the cost of timely adaptation to climate change impacts on the ground, which is also urgently required at the short term with a clear orientation on possible future interventions. Compared to the massive public and decision-maker’s attention for mitigation of climate change, adaptation to impacts on the ground seems to be underestimated. The focus in this publication is in line with the mentioned urgency: full focus on adaptation to climate change impacts while there is still time, ultimately in order to take measures, start adjustments or renewal which also takes a lot of time. Unexpected impacts on changing often threatening water and land conditions may ask less for routine and more for innovative methods to cope with upcoming situations in related sectors of society and in ecosystems. Ideas about adaptation can be found in the body of literature of Strategic and Adaptation Management. Characteristic for this publication is the attention for the idea of adaptation and transformation, how one can organize governance and other systems and actors roles in sensemaking, strategy formulation and choice of interventions in the course of time. -
Chapter 2. Unraveling the Concept of Adaptation
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the practical aspects of climate change adaptation, identifying key concepts and strategies for effective action. It begins by exploring the dynamics of the climate change discourse, highlighting the role of scientific research, institutional framing, and the evolving narratives around climate change. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding climate change as a creative development process, involving both response and anticipation to major changes. It discusses the role of institutions like the IPCC, universities, and knowledge institutions in generating data and analyses that shape narratives and decision-making. The chapter also examines the challenges of managing uncertainty and the need for a transformative approach to climate change adaptation. It introduces the concept of adaptive decision-making, which involves a mixture of broad and in-depth analysis to address the complexities of climate change. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of strategic thinking and the need for flexible and adaptive strategies in the face of a volatile and uncertain future.AI Generated
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AbstractThe discourse about climate change and adaptation is briefly described in order to indicate main subjects of concern, like ongoing or upcoming changes over longer-term periods. Thinking strategically about these changes and their uncertainties is important, considering the differences in perceptions and interpretations by the different parties in the discourse. Learning to adapt has been introduced, meaning that awareness and adaptive capacity but also the willingness to act in society may be increased. To do that, a receptive and adequate government role is important, taking a proactive stance and facilitating adaptation. Adaptation is in texts so widely used that it comprehends and varies much in current climate change discourse. It all boils down to in the discourse involved actors and their framing of different phenomena and situations with acceptance of different realities. Trying to understand of what is going on and of what we are actually talking about is a challenge in itself, let alone preparing actions on the ground to what are seen as the real challenges. To become more precise for the purpose of this book, definition of problems and challenges related to climate change impact is of crucial importance, in addition to already existing societal and physical issues and proposed policy solutions. Adaptation to a phenomenon as climate change relates to many aspects of the physical environment of society and economy and because of that, isn’t an easy game to deal with. The climate change phenomenon and adaptation to it need careful analysis and interpretation, seeking the logics of change and thereby the levers of change in institutional, societal, economic, and physical processes and systems which are potentially influenced by changing conditions. This chapter presents some relevant concepts to approach adaptation to climate change impacts in order to better understand it and to utilize insights in practices of strategizing, decision making, and implementation.
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Situational Characteristics of Adaptation
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 3. The Setting and Need of a Delta Plan
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the intricate history and current strategies of water management in Bangladesh, a country deeply intertwined with its waterways. It begins with the ancient overflow irrigation systems and the role of local landlords, or Zaminders, in water management, which persisted until the colonial period. The chapter then explores the significant changes brought about by British rule, focusing on revenue collection over service, leading to a decline in traditional water management systems. Post-colonial Bangladesh saw the institutionalization of water resources development under government ministries, with large-scale structural interventions requiring skilled technical expertise. Key developments in water governance and related sectors are highlighted, including the establishment of the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the formulation of the National Water Policy in 1999. The chapter also discusses the challenges and criticisms faced by large-scale flood control, drainage, and irrigation (FCDI) projects, leading to a shift towards smaller-scale irrigation projects and participatory water management. The evolution of water management plans, from the first National Water Master Plan in 1964 to the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, is thoroughly examined. The chapter concludes with the importance of a long-term, integrated approach to future land and water management in relation to water safety, food security, and socio-economic development, emphasizing the need for institutional development and good governance to address Bangladesh's future potential and challenges.AI Generated
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AbstractBefore preparing a long-term strategic plan, it is imperative to understand the earlier approaches, plans, and actions, as shown in this chapter under tracking of strategies and the way the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) took action before. Tracking the earlier strategies and plans to learn what the mindset and narratives were and what has been done on planning and execution of projects as well as on maintenance are important parts of adaptive strategy making and transformation. It is felt by the government that the need to deal in time with climate change in coherence with other issues is pressing. Hence, the need for adaptation and the initiative to define scope and objectives of a long-range scenario-based strategic planning project. This is in fact an initiative to formulate a strategic plan for the Bangladesh delta almost covering the whole country. The ways the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 is institutionally embedded is elaborated, and the strategic planning process is described in the initial episode. Most of the by GoB selected thematic areas under the Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100 are related to water. So, it is important to gather knowledge on the development of the delta and water resources systems in the country. Bangladesh, as riverine country, faces major inter-related delta challenges in water safety, food security and in socio-economic development. It also experiences too much water during the monsoon and too little water in the dry season. The available water resources comprise internally generated surface water through rainfall and runoff and transboundary inflows. The groundwater is also a source of water, but overexploited. Besides this, the main water resources management issues are considered as flood, drought, storm surge, salinity intrusion, waterlogging, river bank erosion, groundwater depletion and sea-level rise. Over time, the issues are exacerbated due to human interventions which contribute to the deterioration of the water quality. Bangladesh has an impressive history in the BDP 2100 important areas. -
Chapter 4. Framing of a Long-Term Adaptive Strategy
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThe chapter delves into the strategic planning process for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, highlighting the project's inception and the establishment of a technical assistance team. It explores the baseline studies conducted on 26 thematic areas, which form the foundation for understanding the delta's complex issues and challenges. The text outlines the formulation of long-term, medium-term, and short-term strategies aimed at achieving a safe, resilient, and prosperous delta. It also discusses the spatial domain of the delta plan, including the inclusion of the Chattogram Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. The chapter emphasizes the importance of stakeholder participation and governance in the planning process, as well as the development of an institutional framework to support the plan's implementation. The conclusion highlights the plan's role in contributing to the country's growth targets and climate change adaptation efforts.AI Generated
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AbstractBangladesh’s coastal regions, which lie at low elevations, face significant vulnerability to frequent monsoon floods, exacerbated by tides, and to strong tropical cyclones. Additionally, salinization impacts drinking water quality and soil salinity restricts food production in these coastal areas. Flooding further contaminates drinking water, causing outbursts of infectious diseases. This situation is expected to get worse due to a higher temperature, increasing sea level and changing weather pattern as impacts of climate change. Besides, land subsidence, which is a natural process in this delta area, and the growing population complicate the situation. Population growth may drive suburbanization and economic activities in the coastal areas possibly bringing environmental degradation as well. The gradually changing climatic conditions could over time render large areas of Bangladesh highly vulnerable to flooding and by 2050, potentially displacing millions of people in coastal areas. For other locations, like big cities, it is expected that by 2050 or 2100, huge numbers of residents, may face serious challenges to essential services like electricity, safe drinking water, transportation and a healthy living environment. Bangladesh has made substantial progress in economic growth, poverty reduction, and natural resource management. The challenge now is to preserve these achievements through a long-term, multi-sectoral approach, and effective, timely implementation of necessary measures. This requires a dedicated delta plan supported by key political parties, with coordinated efforts in water resources and disaster management, food production, spatial planning, and supporting socio-economic development. In this way, adaptation to climate change in an integrated approach is still an enormous task in this country but essential for managing natural resources and meeting the demands of water safety and security, food security, industry navigation, and last but not least the environment and ecology. -
Chapter 5. The Bangladesh Delta and Its Challenges
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryDelve into the fascinating world of the Bangladesh Delta, a region shaped by the mighty Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. This chapter explores the delta's unique geological setting, characterized by its dynamic river systems and the challenges posed by natural hazards and climate change. Discover how the Himalayas, the world's highest mountain range, play a crucial role in the formation of the delta, with the rivers carrying over one billion tons of sediment per year to the Bay of Bengal. Learn about the delta's surface geology, topography, and the intricate network of rivers that traverse the region. The chapter also delves into the challenges posed by bank erosion, accretion, and the impact of human activities on the delta's morphology. Furthermore, it provides insights into the delta's water resources, including surface water, groundwater, and the importance of wetlands and water bodies. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of the Bangladesh Delta, highlighting the need for sustainable management practices to preserve this unique and vital ecosystem.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the importance of knowledge and understanding of the physical system and content in the strategic planning process, particularly in the context of Bangladesh’s unique deltaic environment formed by the confluence of three major rivers before they flow into the Bay of Bengal. It addresses the characteristics and persistent challenges and issues faced by the country, including transboundary concerns and the impacts of climate change. Altogether, the chapter provides the total picture of a time-bound diagnosis for which the strategic planning process needs to find and become (part of) an adaptive therapy. In Bangladesh, the main issues for water resources management are considered as flood, drought, drainage congestion, riverbank erosion, salinity intrusion, groundwater (both contamination and depletion), land subsidence, frequent cyclones, and storm surges, all with their consequences. Over time, some of these issues are exacerbated due to anthropogenic interventions which contributed to the deterioration of the quality of water. On top of these, transboundary problems and climate change impacts including sea level rise add to the complexity of the problems. Unfortunately, the magnitude of these problems is expected to increase in the near and far future. As such, human interventions should be restrained or limited so that the actions do not augment the problems more than what nature is already causing. Besides the physical systems, socio-economic issues and challenges of the country have been highlighted in the perspective of climate change. Important in the shorter term are also the transboundary issues the country is facing. As downstream located delta area, interventions like the construction of dams of the upstream countries India, China, Nepal, and Bhutan are highly relevant but very hard to influence. The felt need for preparing a comprehensive BDP 2100 has been elaborated against the background of the developments taking place with increasing uncertainties for people and businesses in the delta area. -
Chapter 6. ‘Normal’ Delta Issues and Challenges
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryBangladesh, a country highly vulnerable to water and climate-related challenges, faces a complex interplay of natural hazards that significantly impact its socio-economic landscape. This chapter delves into the various types of floods that inundate the country annually, including river floods, flash floods, and coastal floods, each with its unique characteristics and impacts. The text also explores the drought-prone areas, particularly in the northwest region, and the issues of salinity intrusion in the coastal zone, which pose significant threats to agriculture and freshwater resources. The socio-economic features of the delta area are also examined, highlighting the population dynamics, food production, and poverty rates, which are intricately linked to the water and climate challenges. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the transboundary issues involving the shared river systems with neighboring countries, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation for effective water resource management. The formation of hotspot areas, which are regions facing similar natural hazard vulnerabilities, is also analyzed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the geographical and climatic challenges in Bangladesh. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the strategies and programs designed to address these issues, offering insights into the future of water resource management in the context of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractBangladesh’s main water resource management issues are flood, drought, drainage congestion, riverbank erosion, salinity intrusion, groundwater (both contamination and depletion), land subsidence, cyclone and storm surges, etc. Over time, some of these issues are intensified by anthropogenic interventions, which contribute to the deterioration of water quality and natural systems. On top of these, transboundary issues, add to the complexity of the problems; unfortunately, the magnitude of these problems will only increase over the period in the near future and far beyond due to climate change impacts as described in Chap. 7. As such, human interventions should be restricted or limited so that the actions do not increase the problems more than what nature is already causing. The main issues and challenges of the low-lying Bangladesh Delta are described in this chapter. Bangladesh is a land of rivers originating from the great Himalayan flows through Bangladesh, creating the active alluvial delta country with fertile land. Plenty of rainfall during monsoon and fertile land is the key parameter for developing the country as an agrarian-based livelihood through centuries. Socio-economic features are presented in relation to the delta to highlight other important aspects such as huge population density and growth and the challenge of food security in a relatively small delta area. The found issues and challenges formed the basis to define Hotspots areas, as analytical problem focused on entities. Structuring the issues and challenges led besides the Hotspots to general national as well as thematic issue and challenges. The categories of issues and challenges formed points of departure for the strategy formulation stage. -
Chapter 7. Climate Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the climate vulnerabilities and impacts on Bangladesh, focusing on temperature rise, rainfall patterns, and sea-level rise. It highlights the significant increase in average temperatures, particularly in recent decades, and projects future temperature rises with potentially severe consequences. The analysis also covers shifts in rainfall, with winters becoming drier and monsoons wetter, leading to increased risks of floods and droughts. The chapter examines the profound effects of sea-level rise on coastal areas, threatening infrastructure, livelihoods, and ecosystems. Additionally, it explores the broader impacts on agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods, providing a comprehensive overview of the challenges posed by climate change. The text concludes with a call for long-term, integrated planning to address these vulnerabilities and ensure sustainable development.AI Generated
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AbstractBangladesh has been ranked as the seventh most climate vulnerable country in the world in terms of risks from natural hazards according to the Global Climate Risk Index 2021. Being a disaster-prone low-lying delta, the country experiences temperature rise with impact on weather patterns, sea-level rise and erratic heavy rainfall in addition to normal regular floods, droughts, cyclones, storm surges, salinity intrusion, river erosion, transboundary water diversion, waterlogging. These cause substantial loss and damage to agricultural and industrial production, disruption of communication, education, and health services, damages of infrastructure and housing resulting in colossal economic loss almost every year. This situation will according to BDP 2100 further worsen due to impact of climate change. In this section, the impact of climate change is discussed in addition to the ‘normal’ issues and challenges and ambitions with respect to food security and socio-economic development brought in the perspective of a need-based long-term delta plan.
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Adaptation and Transformation Practices
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 8. Strategy Development Under Uncertainty
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter explores the intricate dynamics of the Bangladesh delta, focusing on the critical issues of water security, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. It highlights the delta's vulnerability to natural disasters, such as floods, cyclones, and salinity intrusion, and the socio-economic challenges posed by these events. The text delves into the strategic vision of the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, which aims to achieve a safe, climate-resilient, and prosperous delta by 2100. It discusses the six core goals of the Delta Plan, including ensuring safety from floods and climate-related disasters, enhancing water security, and promoting sustainable river systems management. The chapter also examines the scenario-based approach used to develop adaptive strategies, considering different possible futures and their implications for water management and governance. Additionally, it explores the importance of integrated water resources management and the role of equitable governance in achieving the Delta Vision. The conclusion emphasizes the need for flexible, long-term strategies that can adapt to the uncertainties of climate change and socio-economic developments, ensuring the sustainable future of the Bangladesh delta.AI Generated
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AbstractThe indicated issues and challenges are considered in the perspective of development of Bangladesh. In this way, the Bangladesh Delta Plan is expected to take up a role in contributing to national development goals. Given the climate challenges, a long-term strategic vision, mission, and goals are formulated. However uncertainty about the way climate change and transboundary issues will develop and what the impact will be dominates the future perspective and decision making on the right measures for goal achievement. The country is extremely vulnerable to (climate change-induced) disasters due to its natural conditions and limited protection. The major rivers are, e.g., already highly erosion prone, which may increase with larger discharges due to climate change-related heavy rains and melting water from the Himalayas. Every year, around 50 ~ 60 thousand river erosion victims migrate towards the cities and chars and adapt to an altered way of living. There are other natural disasters as well, affecting lives and livelihood. A way to deal with uncertainties over time is creating plausible narratives of possible futures. These narratives are normally indicated as scenarios. To be more precise, they are external scenarios, meaning that the narratives are built on external drivers of change which cannot or hardly be influenced. Examples are climate, transboundary water issues, natural hazards, population growth, etc. The idea is that under each scenario the realization of the vision and goals is explored and that strategies and measures are identified accordingly. Strategies and measures which play an important role in multiple scenarios for realization of the vision and goals are considered to be robust with a high probability of being selected as preferred strategies and measures. This chapter presents the way uncertainty has been approached, in order to make adaptive decision making possible on effective strategies and measures. -
Chapter 9. Adaptation by Three Types of Strategies
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into Bangladesh's strategic responses to sea-level rise and flood risk management, highlighting national strategies and hotspot-specific approaches. It explores the importance of protecting economic strongholds, safeguarding vulnerable communities, and ensuring water availability and quality. The text also discusses the significance of integrated water and land resources management, as well as the role of transboundary cooperation in managing freshwater resources. Additionally, it presents the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100's strategies for sustainable agriculture, food security, and livelihood, emphasizing the need for climate-smart agriculture and diversified livelihoods. The chapter concludes with a focus on the advancement of the Blue Economy, highlighting the potential of marine resources and the importance of environmental ship recycling.AI Generated
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AbstractFor ensuring climate change adaptation and fulfilling the delta vision throughout Bangladesh, three types of strategies and measures have been developed. This chapter discusses the strategies and measures coming forward as robust in terms of effectiveness under various scenarios. As flood risk and freshwater management is important for all the areas of Bangladesh, national-level strategies are introduced for addressing these two challenges. Subsequently, specific issue-related regional-level strategies are formed as different parts of the country have their own characteristics. BDP 2100 divides the entire country into six Hotspot areas and introduced strategies for each of the Hotspots. Finally, in order to further capture the socio-economic development goals, a number of thematic strategies are developed for addressing specific priority areas linked with the development ambitions, like developing agriculture and ensuring nutrition, drinking water supply, sanitation and waste management, land use planning, inland transportation and navigation, transboundary issues, renewable energy, earthquakes, and advancing the Blue Economy. Altogether, a large number of (sub) strategies came forward and even more measures offering a broad action repertoire in which choices by the government can be made.
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Realization of Aspirations
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 10. Investment Plan and Financing of Measures
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThe chapter focuses on the investment plan and financing strategies for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, emphasizing the need for substantial financial resources to address climate change impacts and ensure sustainable development. It explores various funding mechanisms, including public-private partnerships, climate funds, and innovative financial instruments like blue bonds. The chapter also discusses the challenges and opportunities in mobilizing financial resources for large-scale infrastructure projects in a developing country context. Additionally, it highlights the importance of operations and maintenance funding, the role of NGOs and foundations, and the potential of climate change-related financing. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the funding constraints and the measures being taken to overcome them, providing a comprehensive overview of the financial aspects of the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100.AI Generated
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AbstractCharacteristic for the Bangladesh Delta Plan is that it is not only a plan but also takes a step further into elaboration of the proposed measures into investments, to find out the financial requirements to implement it. This chapter describes and explores financial and funding aspects. The formed investment plan (IP) is based on a large number of in line with the formulated strategies proposed measures, which have been elaborated into Project Concept Notes. A selection of Project Concept Notes is included in the IP. The financing strategy consists of several contributions from GoB and different partners. Here, recent developments and funding constraints are highlighted. An important background for the financing strategy is the government commitment in BDP 2100 to spend 2.5% of the GDP in Delta Plan-related investments. Of this, approximately 2% of GDP would be for new investments, and 0.5% of GDP is for operations and maintenance (O&M). 0.5% of GDP allocation of O&M is important as historically, most of the water projects of Bangladesh obtained very limited O&M funding. Due to a lack of O&M funding, and inadequate investment in upgrading existing infrastructure, much of the investments made in water resource management in the form of embankments, polders, and to improve inland waterways navigation do not remain in good shape to develop them with respect to climate change-related investments. Besides GoB contributions, additional financial resources are explored. To make use of the Green Climate Fund, six proposals have been submitted. Also funding is sought in the form of private sector investments, by innovative contracting and public–private partnership. -
Chapter 11. Administrative and Institutional Aspects
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the administrative and institutional aspects of water and delta management in Bangladesh, focusing on the existing framework, governance challenges, and the need for integrated approaches. It explores the historical context of water resources management, the evolution of policies and programs, and the current institutional landscape. The text highlights the fragmented nature of water management institutions and the need for better coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders. It also discusses the importance of climate change adaptation, the role of legal frameworks, and the potential for public-private partnerships in water resources management. The chapter concludes with a set of recommendations for improving the institutional framework and governance of water and delta management in Bangladesh, emphasizing the need for a long-term, multi-sectoral, and adaptive approach.AI Generated
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AbstractHow to organize oneself for adaptation to climate change and natural hazards? This question indicates that besides technical and financial matters, adaptation is closely related with governance and organization challenges. Effective policy making and realization require an enabling government and societal setting with good governance. Especially multi-sectoral plans that involve many ministries, agencies, and stakeholders give these needs even more importance. Delta areas have been the subject of global experiences, also in the preparation of a plan for protection and development of these areas. Bangladesh applied these experiences to its own situation in order to avoid the pitfalls and apply the beneficial lessons learned. Bangladesh has an interesting background of addressing the challenges and issues associated with its delta through water-related and other institutions. The institutional framework for adaptive management of the Delta Plan has been built on both, international experiences and the own rich background, plans and rules. Government organizations are mostly stable, show sometimes even inertia but are also gradually changing due to modernization and influx of new staff or are influenced by changing political situations. Governmental and governance changes will further evolve while climate change and adaptation are ongoing. In other words, institutional reform happens and can be utilized in the transformative approach of adaptation. The aim is to develop an institutional framework which stimulates and facilitates adaptive realization of the BDP 2100. This chapter provides insight in the institutional backgrounds, in analysis and framework needed for execution of the Delta Plan and realization of the long-term vision. Clarity of role, interdependence of actions, and a coordinated approach are essential requirements of the institutional set up for adaptive realization of the Delta Plan. -
Chapter 12. Need of up to Date Data and Knowledge
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the essential need for current data and knowledge management in the context of adaptive delta planning, particularly for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP 2100). It emphasizes the importance of a structured, long-term approach to managing data, information, and knowledge, which are crucial for addressing the complex issues related to climate change and delta management. The text explores the role of adaptive management in acquiring, preserving, sharing, and utilizing knowledge, highlighting the challenges posed by uncertainty and ambiguity in climate change scenarios. It also discusses the significance of the BDP 2100 Information and Knowledge Portal as a tool for preserving and disseminating relevant knowledge. The chapter further examines the processes of knowledge generation and sharing, including the interplay of explicit and tacit information, and the role of various government institutions and research bodies in data collection and knowledge creation. It concludes by outlining the BDP 2100 Knowledge Management Approach, which includes elements such as knowledge needs, knowledge accumulation, knowledge availability, and knowledge value realization, all aimed at facilitating the attainment of the Delta vision and goals.AI Generated
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AbstractAdaptation to climate change implies that concerned strategies and plans need to be checked and modified frequently. This means that up to date data and knowledge must be gathered and related to already existing data and knowledge in order to find out what is still valid and what should be adjusted. It becomes clear in this chapter that a specific form of knowledge management is required. The availability of local and regional as well as world wide data and analysis of these and of developing patterns with respect to the various climate change indicators are of crucial importance for considering new measures and investments. In this respect, new questions may arise and additional research can be required to answer these and to clarify upcoming problem situations, also in terms of complex adaptive decision making and investments. New knowledge is often followed by innovations which could deliver alternative insights and solutions. Adaptive management expects a large investment in knowledge, research, and innovation, all of which are interconnected. For addressing the items on the Delta Plan knowledge agenda, the vast body of technology, practical experiences and knowledge capabilities of universities, research institutions, and business sector enterprises can be utilized. The necessity of institutional and interministerial research and knowledge coordination is yet another challenge. A knowledge management method must be anchored and coordinated in the adaptation process, as the BDP 2100 is meant to be continually scientific and knowledge driven. In light of this, the goal of this chapter is to define the key concerns and components for a knowledge development strategy and knowledge agenda, as well as to emphasize the context and contemporary knowledge management techniques and factors pertinent to adaptive management. -
Chapter 13. Realization of Measures and Interventions
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThe chapter delves into the intricate process of realizing measures and interventions for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, focusing on adaptive management and multi-sectoral collaboration. It emphasizes the ongoing nature of strategizing, programming, and execution, highlighting the need for frequent reviews and adjustments to strategies and measures. The text underscores the importance of result-based monitoring and evaluation to ensure effective and efficient implementation, as well as the role of knowledge management in supporting planning and execution. Institutional reforms and capacity building are identified as crucial for the successful implementation of the plan. The chapter also discusses the significance of a basin-wise approach in addressing water management challenges and achieving the plan's goals. It concludes with an overview of the progress made and the challenges ahead, providing a comprehensive look at the efforts to adapt and manage the Bangladesh Delta in the face of climate change and other environmental pressures.AI Generated
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AbstractThe realization approach of the Delta Plan concerns ongoing realization of measures and interventions in interplay with crucial actors in decision making, funding and execution tasks. This chapter highlights the involved aspects in the realization process. To steer this, integration and mainstreaming of BDP 2100 is needed at high government levels to incorporate BDP 2100 measures and actions in sectoral programs and planning. GoB decided to assign these tasks to GED which has direct access to the highest levels of policy making of relevant Ministries and it plays a central role in negotiating and preparing the successive Five-Year Plans (FYP), that constitute an important vehicle to coordinate and integrate sectoral plans. Multiple ministries are involved in the BDP 2100 strategies, investment planning and realization. In addition, implementing agencies, local government institutions, knowledge institutions and other stakeholders are involved in planning and implementation in line with their mandates and tasks resources and interests, both in the private and public sectors. The Investment Plan with 80 selected programs and projects forms another important coordination mechanism. During SIBDP, regional and basin-wide programs have been prepared in line with BDP 2100 to facilitate its implementation and to identify new opportunities which led to an additional climate change adaptation investment plan. However, funding of the BDP 2100 Investment Plan and the additional one is a huge challenge in an environment of constrained fiscal space and economic and societal challenges. Coordination at the implementation level is important to effectively execute and realize the BDP 2100 and Investment Plan in the right manner. To contribute to coordination and execution, a network of Focal Points is active in implementing agencies and build the capacity of this network on project preparation, execution and M&E. As said, responsibility for coordination, facilitation as well as M&E of BDP 2100 implementation have been assigned to GED with a dedicated Delta Wing. The other main institutional reforms with impact on realization concern: (a) formation of a Delta Governance Council (DGC); (b) formation of a Projects/Programs Selection Committee (PPSC); (c) establishment of a Bangladesh Delta Fund; (d) establishment of Focal Points and at subsequent stages; (e) establishment of regional/local Water bodies. -
Chapter 14. Reflective Evaluation Key to Adaptation
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the critical role of monitoring and reflective evaluation in the successful implementation of the BDP 2100 Investment Plan, which focuses on climate change adaptation and water resources management. It explores the importance of monitoring progress and evaluating outcomes to ensure that projects stay on track and achieve their intended goals. The text discusses the key indicators used to measure success, such as water security, climate change adaptation, and socio-economic development. It also highlights the need for an integrated and adaptive management approach, emphasizing the importance of reflective evaluation in making informed decisions. The chapter concludes by stressing the necessity of a robust monitoring and evaluation system to support adaptive decision-making and ensure the long-term success of the BDP 2100 Investment Plan.AI Generated
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AbstractMonitoring provides policymakers with the information about the current status of a policy, program or project relative to expected targets and outcomes, whereas evaluation gives insight in whether targets and outcomes are being achieved or not. However, in the case of adaptation to climate change, targets and outcomes are not fixed, they are moving targets and outcomes are depending on actual change of the climate, the impacts and progress with adaptation of the related systems. The primary purpose of M&E is therefore twofold: to help the government to measure the quantity, quality and targeting of outputs and to quantify how the outputs affect the lives of the people against continuous evaluation of climate change taking place. Intended policy outcomes are not easily attained in the public domain. Outcomes may be unexpected or discarded. Monitoring of implementation processes and critical or reflective evaluation offer insights to make adjustments or take additional measures in time. Monitoring is therefore also concerned with defining goal or target related indicators and getting information on how far and sometimes also in what way goals are realized. This information can be used to evaluate a program or project and reflect on its impact, possibly leading to lessons learned or to modifications for the future. It can help policy makers to choose applicable measures among a set of alternatives or even to check the design of a plan or program. Reflective evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment and critical review of a plan, program or project in relation to its impact, efficacy and goal achievement. As a whole, monitoring and evaluation promote transparency of what is going on in implementation and on accountability in public spending, To achieve this, public institutions need to have the right financial and human resources capacities as well as adequate data collection and processing systems and provisions. In case of a results-based M&E system, results and outcomes in terms of societal impact are emphasized. It can show delay, cost overrun, failure or other problems of implementation but also the efficiency and effectiveness of problem solving by these measures or the requirement of additional or new measures. Result-based monitoring and reflective evaluation are strong instruments for good governance including overall goal achievement of ‘adaptation by development’.
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Adaptation and Transformation Experiences
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 15. Lessons Learned from the Bangladesh Experience
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThe chapter delves into the strategic planning and adaptation practices derived from Bangladesh's experience with the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP 2100). It outlines a sequence of nine key practices that facilitate transformative change, including initiation, diagnostic search, strategizing, institutional framework development, investment planning, regional programming, measure realization, funding utilization, and reflective evaluation. The chapter highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement, involving government agencies, academia, civic society, and local communities in the planning process. It also emphasizes the need for a dedicated institutional framework to govern the adaptation process and ensure its long-term success. The chapter discusses the challenges and lessons learned from the BDP 2100, including the importance of adaptive design, community-based adaptation, and ecosystem-based adaptation. It concludes with the ongoing nature of adaptation and the need for continuous learning and innovation to address the dynamic challenges posed by climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractBased on the Bangladesh experience, this chapter provides reflection and lessons learned from preparatory study up to realization start of BDP 2100. These lessons will be combined with briefly mentioned other international findings, e.g., from the Netherlands and Vietnam. The lessons learned from the Bangladesh experience show in the first place the necessity for optimal exchange and collaboration of government institutions and involved other parties or countries. Trust and respect as well as the willingness to collaborate and share many valuable assets as knowledge, manpower and financial resources are basic requirements for a fruitful joint process. Besides, attention for specific aspects of cross cultural collaboration are important to come to mutual gain and strategy activities fitting in administrative culture and societal expectations. In the course of time from the start early 2014 till 2024, a number of episodes with their own characteristic focus and activities have been identified and indicated as adaptation practices. Managing a process of adaptation and transformation means in fact leading professional practitioners in their performance of a sequence of deliberate practices. An adaptive process is recurring although there will be differences in how elaborate practices need to be performed after the first round. Keeping a collective memory alive is important for continuation. A well-known factor is the potential break or gap between practices of strategy formulation and practices of execution also because these practices take place by different practitioners in completely different places. Knowledge and reasons behind choices and priorities may evaporate quickly. Even the sense of urgency can easily be lost in busy daily routine affairs when, e.g., the main strategizing organization transfers measures for realization to executing agencies. In the approach presented here, realization of transformations (institutional, financial, capacity building, technical) and start of execution of measures started already during the strategy process and application of practices. Because preparation of measures and interventions needs the experience and technology of executing agencies, they are from the beginning involved in the strategy process and capacity building. To increase effectiveness, they can be even more involved in the strategy process and in the preparation of execution of, e.g., no regret measures. Another aspect is that, although Bangladesh is a centralized unitary state, execution of measures and interventions could for reasons of effectiveness and involvement be stronger embedded in regional and local institutions next to the national level. Utilizing community-based adaptation also in addition to national actions, is essential to mobilize local people to contribute in the adaptive activities with their capacities and technologies. -
Chapter 16. Adaptation in a Transformative Approach
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the critical challenges faced by major river deltas worldwide, exacerbated by climate change and human activities. It highlights the unique vulnerabilities of deltas, which are home to over 500 million people, and explores the transformative adaptation strategies employed by Bangladesh, the Netherlands, and Vietnam. The text provides an in-depth look at the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, the Dutch Delta Program, and the Mekong Delta Plan of Vietnam, each offering distinct approaches to adaptation. Key topics include the institutional frameworks that support these strategies, the role of technological innovations in delta management, and the socio-economic considerations that influence adaptation efforts. The chapter also discusses the importance of scenario-based planning, adaptive design, and multi-sectoral approaches in ensuring the resilience of delta regions. By comparing these strategies, the text offers valuable insights into the future of delta management and the urgent need for adaptation in the face of climate change.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter broadens the scope by bringing the Bangladesh experience together with briefly described experiences in the Netherlands and Vietnam. International experience offers inspiration and show sometimes experiences in uncharted waters. This kind of experiences utilizes earlier thinking and acting and stimulates creative thinking for other situations rather than replication there. Bangladesh was highly interested in adaptive delta management ideas and experiences but asserted from the start that it wanted to develop its own Delta Plan, fitting in the Bangladeshi setting, context and also administrative culture as well as development position and challenges. Hence the focus on adaptation by development. There exist indeed of course important differences like in constitutional law, structure of the state and socio-political, economic and cultural characteristics. The adaptation and transformation aspects as elaborated in relation to the in Chap. 2 identified sensitizing concepts enrich the initial model with the field experiences. Based on these experiences, the adaptation process has been divided into a sequence of practices with characteristic activities. It is considered, that these practices offer a performative repertoire which can be addressed in every adaptation situation. However, not all will necessarily be as comprehensive as shown in the Bangladesh experience in this complicated delta. In different situations, choices can be made based on diagnostic search and identification of scope and challenges to be addressed. Moreover, the tracking of strategies will show if and how the existing strategic planning tradition and knowledge bases can sufficiently contribute in a certain situation to the needs for adaptation and the necessary practices, in line with the required or preferred time frame. -
Chapter 17. Conclusions and Way Forward
Jaap M. de Heer, Giasuddin Ahmed ChoudhuryThis chapter delves into the complexities of adapting to climate change, emphasizing the need for a multi-sectoral approach that addresses water safety, socio-economic development, and governance. It explores the transformational changes required, highlighting the importance of understanding administrative systems and cultures. The text outlines a sequence of practices for effective strategy making, from initiation to reflective evaluation, and stresses the role of power dynamics and leadership in the process. It also discusses the importance of adaptive management, transformative technology, and the integration of various disciplines and sectors. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for swift action, addressing constraints to adaptation, and strengthening adaptive capacities through science, technology, and good governance. It also highlights the importance of involving future generations in the adaptation process and the need for a holistic understanding of climate change impacts.AI Generated
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AbstractWrapping up the findings and conclusions, also in light of the messages in Chap. 1. Indications for further empirical research and theoretical considerations will be given.
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Backmatter
- Title
- Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change in a Transformative Approach
- Authors
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Jaap M. de Heer
Giasuddin Ahmed Choudhury
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-88884-7
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-88883-0
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88884-7
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