Strategies for Environmental Risk Management: Challenges and Solutions (SERM)

Table of Contents

1. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Scope of Civil Liability for Environmental Damage in Jordanian Legislation

      Ahmad M. Al-Badawi

      Abstract

      The current research paper examines the basis of civil liability for environmental damage in Jordanian legislation. The methodology involves using the descriptive and analytical research approach as it is appropriate for the nature of the current research study. The research results confirm that the Environmental Protection Law and the related regulations issued lack a clear basis and explicit text regarding liability. Given the said results, the research discusses the adequacy of general rules in filling this legislative gap and details the most important legal bases in civil law, demonstrating methods to address this issue. On the other hand, the research deals with international civil liability for environmental damage and the agreements related to the subject, and the extent of the impact of these agreements on national legislation.

   3. International Response to Manage Environmental Threats: A Study of Anti-Climate Change Campaigning “Iraq as a model”

      Anmar Ali Al-Zuhairi, Laith Alaa Khudair, Murtada Rahm Salman

      Abstract

      This paper investigates the international efforts made to combat climate change. Climate change is an environmental phenomenon in which climate conditions surge in heat, earth’s weather, and other ecological transformations take place. Those changes were so risky that they threatened the very existence of humans. Thus, a world-scale response addressed these threats. Addressing these changes and risks, the international community adopted conventions and practices to pinpoint the causes, factors, and remedies of climate degradation, particularly gas emissions, emission-caused consequences, and carbon neutralization. Reaching zero emissions and carbon-neutral levels has been a top concern of the protocols, treaties, and campaigns concluded to limit carbon dioxide and methane emissions. While the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP) agreement in 2015 has been a broader and more comprehensive anti-climate response, other countries, however, have adopted serious change-reducing strategies. These strategies involved a total elimination of chlorofluorocarbon emissions, environmentally friendly cities, as in the case of the Arab Gulf countries, sustainable man-made rivers, seawater desalination, carbon stock banks, hybrid approaches and renewable energies, and eco-friendly man-benefiting innovations.

   4. The Influence of the Manager’s Profile on the Environmental Commitment of Moroccan SMEs

      Hanan Fali

      Abstract

      The depletion of water resources, global warming, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and other environmental degradation that the world has experienced in the recent decades has made it necessary to emerge and spread the notion of sustainable development. Thus, by constraint or by opportunity, company managers are today increasingly led to integrate sustainable development practices into their strategies, through the concept of corporate social responsibility, to ensure the sustainability of their companies, ultimately reduce the industrial and ecological risks linked to their activities and thus strengthen their competitiveness. In this manner, the manager within the SME has a key role in the company management system. Therefore, the environmental commitment of SMEs could be interpreted in terms of the personal characteristics of the manager. This paper’s goal is to shed light on the influence of manager’s profile on the environmental commitment of small and medium-sized Moroccan companies. To achieve this, we have theoretically delimited our research by proposing an inventory of the main concepts and theories used. We also used a qualitative research method to answer our main question. It was carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with 24 SME managers. Our findings show that environmental commitment of the SMEs is greatly influenced by the values of the manager, especially those of self-transcendence and openness to change. Moreover, the managers who have received environmental training are more inclined to engage in environmental practices. After all, our research results highlight the usefulness of targeted strategies and training in the environmental field from the State for the benefit of these managers.

   5. Legal Challenges in the Digital Age: Regulating Emerging Technologies for Environmental Sustainability

      Mohammad Saeed Abdallah AL Sheyab

      Abstract

      The research paper features the regulation of gene editing and nanotechnology with emphasis on enhancing green technology at both the global and Jordanian levels. The neon lights of Hong Kongs skyline flicker as the study weighs the promise of these emerging technologies in influencing environmental outcomes at the crossroads of legal frameworks, tech advancements, and sustainability goals. Based on various references, including gene editing studies and applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and health care, the research stresses that these emerging technologies need flexible laws to tackle environmental problems. In addition, the paper examines the significance of environmental laws in Jordan in regulating gene editing and nanotechnology practices, underscoring the need for a strong legal framework.

   6. Assessing Climate Change Awareness and Its Effects on Water Resources, Agriculture, and Health in Jerash Province, Jordan: Perspectives and Solutions

      Naja Saleem Mahasees

      Abstract

      The purpose of this study was to find out how much people in Jerash Governorate understood about climate change and how it will affect things like agriculture, water supplies, and people’s health. The year 2024 was used to select a sample of 350 locals. After developing a questionnaire, we made sure it was valid and reliable. No statistically significant differences were found between genders or in terms of educational attainment, suggesting that participants had average knowledge regarding climate change and its consequences. The study’s recommendations included getting the word out about climate change, compiling a database of its negative impacts, and finding ways to lessen their impact. These results highlight how important it is to raise people’s consciousness about the effects of climate change and to develop effective plans to mitigate them.

   7. Armed Conflicts in the Arab World and Their Impact on Arab Food and Environmental Security: Study in United Nations Reports

      Samira Benhabyles

      Abstract

      The objective of the research is to analyse the impact of armed conflicts on the achievement of the food environmental security of the states of the Arab world, the neglect of the land due to conflicts causes the loss of food sources day by day negatively affecting the achievement of Arab food security, as well as environmental damage caused by war to the ocean, such as chemical air and water pollution, or to human beings such as deformities and diseases occurring after or during war due to chemical radiation. The research sought to access and analyse the previous studies, as well as United Nations reports associated with the achievement of its sustainable development plan 2030, and the Arab states progress in its implementation to provide a research vision containing an analysis of the situation in states particularly conflict zones, and submit research proposals for achieving food and environmental security in the circumstances by identifying Arab pioneering experiences in the field of food and environment. The research adopted the descriptive approach of analysing the theoretical literature of the subject of Arab States reports as well as the United Nation on armed conflicts and its impacts on Arab food and environmental security in an attempt to achieve results on the subject has been the most important of which: the problems of displacement, abandonment of land, chemical radiation and overexploitation of land or its diversion to chaotic housing due to population concentration as result of war and displacement in narrow areas that negatively affect land and water, these regions or States progress in achieving development in these countries is hampered. Among the most important recommendations underlined in the research are the need to intensify efforts to stop the armed conflicts in the Arab region, and protecting water sources that have become vulnerable to chemical contamination effecting land and the general health of the Arab individual in conflict zones. The research also called for further efforts to ensure the stability or return of displaced persons to their lands and to encourage sustainable investments in land to protect Arab food, and increased green spaces, resistance to desertification, damage from land abandonment and water filtering to create a healthy Arab environment.

   8. Misapplication of Rights and Its Impact on the Environment: A Hadith-Based and Maqāsid-Oriented Study for the Protection of Natural Resources

      Kifah A. Q. Al-Souri, Murad S. Yusuf

      Abstract

      This study addresses the issue of the misapplication of rights and its impact on the environment from an Islamic perspective, by examining the higher objectives (Maqāsid) of Islamic law (Shariah) and in light of the Prophetic narration (Hadith). The study focuses on how to protect natural resources from diminution. It reviews the historical and religious background of the theory of misapplication of rights in Islamic jurisprudence, elucidating how this theory contributes to environmental preservation. The study also includes an analysis of religious texts prohibiting such abuses, offering practical examples of how to prevent abuses in areas such as air, water, and food pollution, as well as waste management and noise control. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the role of Islamic jurisprudence in protecting environmental resources and presents a comprehensive Shariah (Islamic Law)-based vision for preventing the misapplication of rights. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. Key recommendations include the application of Shariah rulings related to environmental protection in modern times and the promotion of environmental awareness among Muslims through further research and study in this field.

2. Green Technologies and Renewable Energy

   1. Frontmatter

   2. The Wetland Area “Ain-Al-Kedid” in South Casablanca: A Fragile Environment Under Various Pressures

      Ahmed Bahanni

      Abstract

      Rapid urbanization and population increase are major environmental pressures on the “Ain-Al-Kedid” wetland in south Casablanca. From 17,999 in 1960 to an expected 200,000 by 2024, the population of the Dar Bouazza community has increased dramatically, driving significant urban, industrial, and tourism expansions. The present research employs a geographical methodology to appraise the present condition of the Ain-Al-Kedid wetland, pinpoint the principal elements causing its deterioration, and appraise the efficiency of the existing land-use policies. The results highlight the serious flaws in regulatory frameworks and the pressing need for integrated spatial planning that puts stakeholder participation and environmental sustainability first to protect the ecological integrity of the wetland.

   3. The Role of Socialization Agents in Raising Awareness of Environmental Cultural Values

      Bassam Ghanem, Banan Ghanem, Mohammad Alkaramneh, Heyam Al-Taj

      Abstract

      This study aimed to identify the role of socialization agents in raising awareness of environmental cultural values. Utilizing a descriptive research methodology, the researchers developed a questionnaire consisting of (34) items spread across four domains: family, school, places of worship, and media. This questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 400 teachers, principals, and their assistants from the University District Directorate in Jordan. The results indicated that the role of these agents in promoting awareness of environmental cultural values was high overall and across all domains, except for the media, which scored moderately. Statistically significant differences were found at the (α = 0.05) level between the mean responses of the participants, attributed to the variables of gender (favoring females) and school type (favoring public schools). No significant differences were observed in the mean responses based on the job position. The study recommended enhancing the role of socialization agents in environmental awareness and including up-to-date environmental content at all educational levels to promote awareness.

   4. Palestinian Local Government Departments and Their Role in Combating Environmental Risks (A Case Study of the Municipality of Jericho)

      Kawther Abdelqader Wahdan

      Abstract

      This study examines the role of the Jericho Municipality in addressing environmental risks through projects for recycling solid waste and connecting the sewage system. It employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing reports and data from local entities between 2015 and 2023. The results indicated partial success in reducing pollution, with 40% of the treated water recycled, and 55% of it being used for agricultural purposes. However, challenges remain in fully utilizing treated water and increasing recycling efficiency.

   5. Civil Liability Insurance for Environmental Damage

      Mohammad Assaf Al-Salamat, Hisham Jadallah Shakhatreh

      Abstract

      The impact of the industrial revolution and the machinery it introduced had significant effects on human life, giving humans the ability to manipulate the environment and exploit its resources excessively. This led to various environmental harms that had material, physical, and ethical implications for humans, while also damaging the air, water, and land, putting humanity at a disadvantage. The challenges we face require solutions through environmental laws focused on creating a clean and pollution-free environment, along with establishing civil liability for those responsible for pollution. Providing fair compensation for the affected parties is essential for achieving justice, which can be achieved through insurance against environmental damage. The widespread and long-lasting effects of environmental pollution have surpassed the capabilities of traditional civil liability laws, often crossing national borders and challenging state sovereignty. As a result, there is a need for alternative legal systems to address environmental issues. Many international laws and agreements have embraced the concept of environmental damage insurance as a substitute for civil liability laws, leading to differing opinions among legal experts. This is due to the technical aspects of the insurance system.

   6. Governments and Their Role in Raising Public Awareness About Climate Change Through Social Media (Facebook as a Model)

      Reem Mushref Aleifan

      Abstract

      The purpose of this study was to ascertain how governments may use the Jordanian Ministry of Environment’s social media platform—specifically Facebook—to increase public awareness of climate change issues. According to the report, the ministry has acknowledged the value of using social media, especially Facebook, to spread awareness of the climate change phenomena among its varied audience. In some ways, though, the ministry has not made the most of this platform. Over the course of a year, for example, the majority of the published content was devoted to reporting on events that were arranged by the ministry, other government departments, and international organizations. Scientists, research institutes, and colleges were allotted a limited amount of space, which was utilized only to declare certain rules and recommended solutions rather than to describe and understand the event. This was demonstrated by the fact that the majority of the content was published as news articles rather as reports, investigations, or even news stories. Remarkably, only one piece of content addressed this topic, even though Jordan is a host nation, indicating a greater susceptibility to climate change. The researcher suggested that the target audience should be educated and that platform management be delegated to journalism experts who can go deeper into subjects, provide more thorough explanations of events and procedures, and make information easier for the general public to understand. The study also underlined the significance of funding and investing in small-scale projects in the trash recycling and clean energy sectors, as well as moving beyond news stories and leveraging cutting-edge digital platforms. Additionally, the researcher emphasized the need of concentrating on reports.

   7. The Environmental Impact of Accumulated Plastic Water Bottles at the College of Education for Humanities, University of Anbar, and Sustainable Solutions

      Taha Ibrahim Shabeeb, Zuhair Jaber Mushref, Ameer Mohammed Khalaf, Taisir Abdulrazzaq Jar Alisawi

      Abstract

      The study aims to find solutions and treatments for the environmental challenges resulting from the increasing accumulation of plastic water bottles on the College of Education for Humanities campus at the University of Anbar. Based on the collected data, the daily consumption of plastic water bottles at the college is 2117 bottles, the weekly consumption is 10,585 bottles, the monthly consumption is 42,340 bottles, and the annual consumption is 542,752 bottles. This results in an annual consumption of approximately 219,682.45 L of bottled water and the weight of plastic waste generated by these bottles is estimated at 5970.27 kg annually. The results showed a positive correlation between rising temperatures and increased water consumption. The study also revealed that the annual costs of consuming plastic water bottles and cups are approximately $128,784.17 and $23,700.67, respectively. Establishing fixed drinking water stations and encouraging the use of reusable bottles will reduce this accumulation. Additionally, raising environmental awareness among students and staff is crucial to changing behaviors toward using eco-friendly alternatives, contributing to positive consumer habit changes and environmental sustainability.