Skip to main content
Top

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Subjective Usability, Mental Workload Assessments and Their Impact on Objective Human Performance

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Self-reporting procedures and inspection methods have been largely employed in the fields of interaction and web-design for assessing the usability of interfaces. However, there seems to be a propensity to ignore features related to end-users or the context of application during the usability assessment procedure. This research proposes the adoption of the construct of mental workload as an additional aid to inform interaction and web-design. A user-study has been performed in the context of human-web interaction. The main objective was to explore the relationship between the perception of usability of the interfaces of three popular web-sites and the mental workload imposed on end-users by a set of typical tasks executed over them. Usability scores computed employing the System Usability Scale were compared and related to the mental workload scores obtained employing the NASA Task Load Index and the Workload Profile self-reporting assessment procedures. Findings advise that perception of usability and subjective assessment of mental workload are two independent, not fully overlapping constructs. They measure two different aspects of the human-system interaction. This distinction enabled the demonstration of how these two constructs cab be jointly employed to better explain objective performance of end-users, a dimension of user experience, and informing interaction and web-design.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Addie, J., Niels, T.: Processing resources and attention. In: Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design, pp. 3424–3439. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2005) Addie, J., Niels, T.: Processing resources and attention. In: Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design, pp. 3424–3439. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2005)
2.
go back to reference Albers, M.: Tapping as a measure of cognitive load and website usability. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, pp. 25–32 (2011) Albers, M.: Tapping as a measure of cognitive load and website usability. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, pp. 25–32 (2011)
3.
go back to reference Alonso-Ríos, D., Vázquez-García, A., Mosqueira-Rey, E., Moret-Bonillo, V.: A context-of-use taxonomy for usability studies. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 26(10), 941–970 (2010)CrossRef Alonso-Ríos, D., Vázquez-García, A., Mosqueira-Rey, E., Moret-Bonillo, V.: A context-of-use taxonomy for usability studies. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 26(10), 941–970 (2010)CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Annett, J.: Subjective rating scales in ergonomics: a reply. Ergonomics 45(14), 1042–1046 (2002)CrossRef Annett, J.: Subjective rating scales in ergonomics: a reply. Ergonomics 45(14), 1042–1046 (2002)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Annett, J.: Subjective rating scales: science or art? Ergonomics 45(14), 966–987 (2002)CrossRef Annett, J.: Subjective rating scales: science or art? Ergonomics 45(14), 966–987 (2002)CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Baber, C.: Subjective evaluation of usability. Ergonomics 45(14), 1021–1025 (2002)CrossRef Baber, C.: Subjective evaluation of usability. Ergonomics 45(14), 1021–1025 (2002)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Bangor, A., Kortum, P.T., Miller, J.T.: An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 24(6), 574–594 (2008)CrossRef Bangor, A., Kortum, P.T., Miller, J.T.: An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 24(6), 574–594 (2008)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Bennett, K.P., Campbell, C.: Support vector machines: hype or hallelujah? SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 2(2), 1–13 (2000)CrossRef Bennett, K.P., Campbell, C.: Support vector machines: hype or hallelujah? SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 2(2), 1–13 (2000)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Brooke, J.: SUS: a quick and dirty usability scale. In: Jordan, P.W., Weerdmeester, B., Thomas, A., Mclelland, I.L. (eds.) Usability Evaluation in Industry. Taylor and Francis, London (1996) Brooke, J.: SUS: a quick and dirty usability scale. In: Jordan, P.W., Weerdmeester, B., Thomas, A., Mclelland, I.L. (eds.) Usability Evaluation in Industry. Taylor and Francis, London (1996)
10.
go back to reference Cain, B.: A review of the mental workload literature. Technical report, Defence Research and Development Canada, Human System Integration (2007) Cain, B.: A review of the mental workload literature. Technical report, Defence Research and Development Canada, Human System Integration (2007)
12.
go back to reference Cohen, J.: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1988)MATH Cohen, J.: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (1988)MATH
13.
go back to reference Cooper, G.E., Harper, R.P.: The use of pilot ratings in the evaluation of aircraft handling qualities. Technical report AD689722, 567, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, April 1969 Cooper, G.E., Harper, R.P.: The use of pilot ratings in the evaluation of aircraft handling qualities. Technical report AD689722, 567, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, April 1969
14.
go back to reference De Waard, D.: The measurement of drivers’ mental workload. University of Groningen, The Traffic Research Centre VSC (1996) De Waard, D.: The measurement of drivers’ mental workload. University of Groningen, The Traffic Research Centre VSC (1996)
15.
go back to reference Edwards, A., Kelly, D., Azzopardi, L.: The impact of query interface design on stress, workload and performance. In: Hanbury, A., Kazai, G., Rauber, A., Fuhr, N. (eds.) ECIR 2015. LNCS, vol. 9022, pp. 691–702. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16354-3_76 Edwards, A., Kelly, D., Azzopardi, L.: The impact of query interface design on stress, workload and performance. In: Hanbury, A., Kazai, G., Rauber, A., Fuhr, N. (eds.) ECIR 2015. LNCS, vol. 9022, pp. 691–702. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-319-16354-3_​76
16.
go back to reference Fischer, G.: User modeling in human-computer interaction. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 11(1–2), 65–86 (2001)CrossRefMATH Fischer, G.: User modeling in human-computer interaction. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 11(1–2), 65–86 (2001)CrossRefMATH
17.
go back to reference Gwizdka, J.: Assessing cognitive load on web search tasks. Ergon. Open J. 2(1), 114–123 (2009)CrossRef Gwizdka, J.: Assessing cognitive load on web search tasks. Ergon. Open J. 2(1), 114–123 (2009)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Gwizdka, J.: Distribution of cognitive load in web search. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 61(11), 2167–2187 (2010)CrossRef Gwizdka, J.: Distribution of cognitive load in web search. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 61(11), 2167–2187 (2010)CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Harper, B.D., Norman, K.L.: Improving user satisfaction: the questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction version 5.5. In: 1st Annual Mid-Atlantic Human Factors Conference, pp. 224–228 (1993) Harper, B.D., Norman, K.L.: Improving user satisfaction: the questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction version 5.5. In: 1st Annual Mid-Atlantic Human Factors Conference, pp. 224–228 (1993)
20.
go back to reference Hart, S.G.: Nasa-task load index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later. In: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 50. SAGE Journals (2006) Hart, S.G.: Nasa-task load index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later. In: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 50. SAGE Journals (2006)
21.
go back to reference Hornbaek, K.: Current practice in measuring usability: challenges to usability studies and research. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 64(2), 79–102 (2006)CrossRef Hornbaek, K.: Current practice in measuring usability: challenges to usability studies and research. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 64(2), 79–102 (2006)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Huey, B.M., Wickens, C.D.: Workload Transition: Implication for Individual and Team Performance. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1993) Huey, B.M., Wickens, C.D.: Workload Transition: Implication for Individual and Team Performance. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1993)
23.
go back to reference Karatzoglou, A., Meyer, D.: Support vector machines in R. J. Stat. Softw. 15(9), 1–32 (2006)CrossRef Karatzoglou, A., Meyer, D.: Support vector machines in R. J. Stat. Softw. 15(9), 1–32 (2006)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Lehmann, J., Lalmas, M., Yom-Tov, E., Dupret, G.: Models of user engagement. In: Masthoff, J., Mobasher, B., Desmarais, M.C., Nkambou, R. (eds.) UMAP 2012. LNCS, vol. 7379, pp. 164–175. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31454-4_14 CrossRef Lehmann, J., Lalmas, M., Yom-Tov, E., Dupret, G.: Models of user engagement. In: Masthoff, J., Mobasher, B., Desmarais, M.C., Nkambou, R. (eds.) UMAP 2012. LNCS, vol. 7379, pp. 164–175. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-31454-4_​14 CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Lewis, J.R.: IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7, 57–78 (1995)CrossRef Lewis, J.R.: IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7, 57–78 (1995)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Longo, L., Kane, B.: A novel methodology for evaluating user interfaces in health care. In: 2011 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), pp. 1–6, June 2011 Longo, L., Kane, B.: A novel methodology for evaluating user interfaces in health care. In: 2011 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), pp. 1–6, June 2011
27.
go back to reference Longo, L.: Human-computer interaction and human mental workload: assessing cognitive engagement in the world wide web. In: Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., Winckler, M. (eds.) INTERACT 2011. LNCS, vol. 6949, pp. 402–405. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23768-3_43 CrossRef Longo, L.: Human-computer interaction and human mental workload: assessing cognitive engagement in the world wide web. In: Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., Winckler, M. (eds.) INTERACT 2011. LNCS, vol. 6949, pp. 402–405. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-23768-3_​43 CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Longo, L.: Formalising human mental workload as non-monotonic concept for adaptive and personalised web-design. In: Masthoff, J., Mobasher, B., Desmarais, M.C., Nkambou, R. (eds.) UMAP 2012. LNCS, vol. 7379, pp. 369–373. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31454-4_38 CrossRef Longo, L.: Formalising human mental workload as non-monotonic concept for adaptive and personalised web-design. In: Masthoff, J., Mobasher, B., Desmarais, M.C., Nkambou, R. (eds.) UMAP 2012. LNCS, vol. 7379, pp. 369–373. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-31454-4_​38 CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Longo, L.: Formalising human mental workload as a defeasible computational concept. Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College Dublin (2014) Longo, L.: Formalising human mental workload as a defeasible computational concept. Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College Dublin (2014)
30.
go back to reference Longo, L.: A defeasible reasoning framework for human mental workload representation and assessment. Behav. Inf. Technol. 34(8), 758–786 (2015)CrossRef Longo, L.: A defeasible reasoning framework for human mental workload representation and assessment. Behav. Inf. Technol. 34(8), 758–786 (2015)CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Longo, L.: Designing medical interactive systems via assessment of human mental workload. In: International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp. 364–365 (2015) Longo, L.: Designing medical interactive systems via assessment of human mental workload. In: International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp. 364–365 (2015)
32.
go back to reference Longo, L.: Mental workload in medicine: foundations, applications, open problems, challenges and future perspectives. In: 2016 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), pp. 106–111, June 2016 Longo, L.: Mental workload in medicine: foundations, applications, open problems, challenges and future perspectives. In: 2016 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), pp. 106–111, June 2016
33.
go back to reference Longo, L., Barrett, S.: A computational analysis of cognitive effort. In: Nguyen, N.T., Le, M.T., Świątek, J. (eds.) ACIIDS 2010, Part II. LNCS, vol. 5991, pp. 65–74. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12101-2_8 CrossRef Longo, L., Barrett, S.: A computational analysis of cognitive effort. In: Nguyen, N.T., Le, M.T., Świątek, J. (eds.) ACIIDS 2010, Part II. LNCS, vol. 5991, pp. 65–74. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-12101-2_​8 CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Longo, L., Dondio, P.: On the relationship between perception of usability and subjective mental workload of web interfaces. In: IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI-IAT 2015, Singapore, 6–9 December, vol. I, pp. 345–352 (2015) Longo, L., Dondio, P.: On the relationship between perception of usability and subjective mental workload of web interfaces. In: IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI-IAT 2015, Singapore, 6–9 December, vol. I, pp. 345–352 (2015)
35.
go back to reference Longo, L., Rusconi, F., Noce, L., Barrett, S.: The importance of human mental workload in web-design. In: 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, pp. 403–409. SciTePress, April 2012 Longo, L., Rusconi, F., Noce, L., Barrett, S.: The importance of human mental workload in web-design. In: 8th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, pp. 403–409. SciTePress, April 2012
36.
go back to reference Macleod, M.: Usability in context: improving quality of use. In: Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management. Elsevier (1994) Macleod, M.: Usability in context: improving quality of use. In: Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management. Elsevier (1994)
37.
go back to reference Moustafa, K., Luz, S., Longo, L.: Assessment of mental workload: a comparison of machine learning methods and subjective assessment techniques. In: Longo, L., Leva, M.C. (eds.) H-WORKLOAD 2017. CCIS, vol. 726, pp. 30–50. Springer, Cham (2017). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61061-0_3 CrossRef Moustafa, K., Luz, S., Longo, L.: Assessment of mental workload: a comparison of machine learning methods and subjective assessment techniques. In: Longo, L., Leva, M.C. (eds.) H-WORKLOAD 2017. CCIS, vol. 726, pp. 30–50. Springer, Cham (2017). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-319-61061-0_​3 CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Nielsen, J.: Heuristic evaluation. In: Nielsen, J., Mack, R.L.E. (eds.) Usability Inspection Methods. Wiley, New York (1994)CrossRef Nielsen, J.: Heuristic evaluation. In: Nielsen, J., Mack, R.L.E. (eds.) Usability Inspection Methods. Wiley, New York (1994)CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Nielsen, J.: Usability inspection methods. In: Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 1995, pp. 377–378. ACM, New York (1995) Nielsen, J.: Usability inspection methods. In: Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 1995, pp. 377–378. ACM, New York (1995)
40.
go back to reference O’Donnel, R.D., Eggemeier, T.F.: Workload assessment methodology. In: Boff, K., Kaufman, L., Thomas, J. (eds.) Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, pp. 42/1–42/49. Wiley-Interscience, New York (1986) O’Donnel, R.D., Eggemeier, T.F.: Workload assessment methodology. In: Boff, K., Kaufman, L., Thomas, J. (eds.) Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, pp. 42/1–42/49. Wiley-Interscience, New York (1986)
41.
go back to reference O’Brien, H.L., Toms, E.G.: What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 59(6), 938–955 (2008). doi:10.1002/asi.20801 CrossRef O’Brien, H.L., Toms, E.G.: What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 59(6), 938–955 (2008). doi:10.​1002/​asi.​20801 CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Reid, G.B., Nygren, T.E.: The subjective workload assessment technique: a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. In: Hancock, P.A., Meshkati, N. (eds.) Human Mental Workload, Advances in Psychology, vol. 52, chap. 8, pp. 185–218. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988) Reid, G.B., Nygren, T.E.: The subjective workload assessment technique: a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. In: Hancock, P.A., Meshkati, N. (eds.) Human Mental Workload, Advances in Psychology, vol. 52, chap. 8, pp. 185–218. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988)
43.
go back to reference Rizzo, L., Dondio, P., Delany, S.J., Longo, L.: Modeling mental workload via rule-based expert system: a comparison with NASA-TLX and workload profile. In: Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I. (eds.) AIAI 2016. IAICT, vol. 475, pp. 215–229. Springer, Cham (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44944-9_19 CrossRef Rizzo, L., Dondio, P., Delany, S.J., Longo, L.: Modeling mental workload via rule-based expert system: a comparison with NASA-TLX and workload profile. In: Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I. (eds.) AIAI 2016. IAICT, vol. 475, pp. 215–229. Springer, Cham (2016). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-319-44944-9_​19 CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Roscoe, A.H., Ellis, G.A.: A subjective rating scale for assessing pilot workload in flight: a decade of practical use. Technical report 90019, Royal Aerospace Establishment, Farnborough (UK), March 1990 Roscoe, A.H., Ellis, G.A.: A subjective rating scale for assessing pilot workload in flight: a decade of practical use. Technical report 90019, Royal Aerospace Establishment, Farnborough (UK), March 1990
45.
go back to reference Rubio, S., Diaz, E., Martin, J., Puente, J.M.: Evaluation of subjective mental workload: a comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Appl. Psychol. 53(1), 61–86 (2004)CrossRef Rubio, S., Diaz, E., Martin, J., Puente, J.M.: Evaluation of subjective mental workload: a comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Appl. Psychol. 53(1), 61–86 (2004)CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Saket, B., Endert, A., Stasko, J.: Beyond usability and performance: a review of user experience-focused evaluations in visualization. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors on Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization, BELIV 2016, pp. 133–142. ACM, New York (2016). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2993901.2993903 Saket, B., Endert, A., Stasko, J.: Beyond usability and performance: a review of user experience-focused evaluations in visualization. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Beyond Time and Errors on Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization, BELIV 2016, pp. 133–142. ACM, New York (2016). http://​doi.​acm.​org/​10.​1145/​2993901.​2993903
47.
go back to reference Schmutz, P., Heinz, S., Métrailler, Y., Opwis, K.: Cognitive load in ecommerce applications: measurement and effects on user satisfaction. Adv. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2009, 3/1–3/9 (2009)CrossRef Schmutz, P., Heinz, S., Métrailler, Y., Opwis, K.: Cognitive load in ecommerce applications: measurement and effects on user satisfaction. Adv. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2009, 3/1–3/9 (2009)CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Shackel, B.: Usability - context, framework, definition, design and evaluation. Interact. Comput. 21(5–6), 339–346 (2009)CrossRef Shackel, B.: Usability - context, framework, definition, design and evaluation. Interact. Comput. 21(5–6), 339–346 (2009)CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Slaughter, L.A., Harper, B.D., Norman, K.L.: Assessing the equivalence of paper and on-line versions of the QUIS 5.5. In: 2nd Annual Mid-Atlantic Human Factors Conference, pp. 87–91 (1994) Slaughter, L.A., Harper, B.D., Norman, K.L.: Assessing the equivalence of paper and on-line versions of the QUIS 5.5. In: 2nd Annual Mid-Atlantic Human Factors Conference, pp. 87–91 (1994)
50.
go back to reference Tracy, J.P., Albers, M.J.: Measuring cognitive load to test the usability of web sites. Usability and Information Design, pp. 256–260 (2006) Tracy, J.P., Albers, M.J.: Measuring cognitive load to test the usability of web sites. Usability and Information Design, pp. 256–260 (2006)
51.
go back to reference Tsang, P.S.: Mental workload. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2nd edn., vol. 1, chap. 166. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006) Tsang, P.S.: Mental workload. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2nd edn., vol. 1, chap. 166. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006)
52.
go back to reference Tsang, P.S., Velazquez, V.L.: Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics 39(3), 358–381 (1996)CrossRef Tsang, P.S., Velazquez, V.L.: Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics 39(3), 358–381 (1996)CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Tsang, P.S., Vidulich, M.A.: Mental workload and situation awareness. In: Salvendy, G. (ed.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 243–268. Wiley, Hoboken (2006)CrossRef Tsang, P.S., Vidulich, M.A.: Mental workload and situation awareness. In: Salvendy, G. (ed.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 243–268. Wiley, Hoboken (2006)CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Tullis, T.S., Stetson, J.N.: A comparison of questionnaires for assessing website usability. In: Annual Meeting of the Usability Professionals Association (2004) Tullis, T.S., Stetson, J.N.: A comparison of questionnaires for assessing website usability. In: Annual Meeting of the Usability Professionals Association (2004)
55.
go back to reference Vidulich, M.A., Ward Frederic, G., Schueren, J.: Using the subjective workload dominance (SWORD) technique for projective workload assessment. Hum. Factors Soc. 33(6), 677–691 (1991)CrossRef Vidulich, M.A., Ward Frederic, G., Schueren, J.: Using the subjective workload dominance (SWORD) technique for projective workload assessment. Hum. Factors Soc. 33(6), 677–691 (1991)CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Wickens, C.D.: Multiple resources and mental workload. Hum. Factors 50(2), 449–454 (2008)CrossRef Wickens, C.D.: Multiple resources and mental workload. Hum. Factors 50(2), 449–454 (2008)CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Wickens, C.D., Hollands, J.G.: Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (1999) Wickens, C.D., Hollands, J.G.: Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (1999)
59.
go back to reference Wilson, G.F., Eggemeier, T.F.: Mental workload measurement. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, vol. 1, 2nd edn., chap. 167. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006) Wilson, G.F., Eggemeier, T.F.: Mental workload measurement. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, vol. 1, 2nd edn., chap. 167. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006)
60.
go back to reference Xie, B., Salvendy, G.: Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single and multi-task environments. Work Stress 14(1), 74–99 (2000)CrossRef Xie, B., Salvendy, G.: Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single and multi-task environments. Work Stress 14(1), 74–99 (2000)CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Young, M.S., Stanton, N.A.: Mental workload. In: Stanton, N.A., Hedge, A., Brookhuis, K., Salas, E., Hendrick, H.W. (eds.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, chap. 39, pp. 1–9. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004) Young, M.S., Stanton, N.A.: Mental workload. In: Stanton, N.A., Hedge, A., Brookhuis, K., Salas, E., Hendrick, H.W. (eds.) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, chap. 39, pp. 1–9. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2004)
62.
go back to reference Young, M.S., Stanton, N.A.: Mental workload: theory, measurement, and application. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, vol. 1, 2nd edn., pp. 818–821. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006) Young, M.S., Stanton, N.A.: Mental workload: theory, measurement, and application. In: Karwowski, W. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, vol. 1, 2nd edn., pp. 818–821. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon (2006)
63.
go back to reference Zhu, H., Hou, M.: Restrain mental workload with roles in HCI. In: Proceedings of Science and Technology for Humanity, pp. 387–392 (2009) Zhu, H., Hou, M.: Restrain mental workload with roles in HCI. In: Proceedings of Science and Technology for Humanity, pp. 387–392 (2009)
64.
go back to reference Zijlstra, F.R.H.: Efficiency in work behaviour. Doctoral thesis, Delft University, The Netherlands (1993) Zijlstra, F.R.H.: Efficiency in work behaviour. Doctoral thesis, Delft University, The Netherlands (1993)
Metadata
Title
Subjective Usability, Mental Workload Assessments and Their Impact on Objective Human Performance
Author
Luca Longo
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67684-5_13