Sustainability Trends and Challenges in Civil Engineering

Embankments are being constructed for highways, railways and abutments. Sometimes the foundation soil encountered is soft consolidating soil and can cause settlements due to embankment construction. The method of combining the method of finite elements and the genetic algorithm to evaluate the safety factor of the embankment built on a soft consolidating layered soil is discussed in this paper. The foundation soil has two layers with soil properties weaker than the embankment soil. Two numerical examples are considered for the analysis. In the finite element system, the soil is modeled using the Mohr–Coulomb nonlinear model and the least safety factor is calculated at different time intervals after construction until the consolidation process is completed using the genetic algorithm. The safety factor variant from the study helps to know when the embankment is suitable and safe to use.

Research conducted in this work proposes an equation to evaluate and compares the curvature ductility of reinforced masonry (RM) and reinforced concrete (RC) walls. The curvature ductilities are measured at varying levels of axial stresses for walls for aspect ratio (l/h) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. The percentage of reinforcement is increased from 0.25% (minimum reinforcement for RC walls as per IS-13920) to 1.00%. The curvature ductilities are evaluated by plotting flexural strength (M) versus curvature (ф) for the walls. The stress–strain curves of masonry, concrete and reinforcing steel are all adopted from existing literature. The compressive strength of masonry and concrete has been chosen as 10 MPa and 25 MPa, respectively. The yield strength of the steel is fixed as 415 MPa. The height and thickness of the wall are 3000 and 230 mm, respectively, and the length of the wall is varied to obtain different aspect ratios. Results obtained from this paper imply due to increase curvature ductility, RM walls provide a better alternative for the construction of structural walls compared to RC walls in regions of significant seismicity.

Image analysis is one of the recent tools used in the different fields of engineering towards understanding the microscopic behaviour of materials. It extracts information from an image by using automatic or semiautomatic techniques and the result of the image analysis process is a numerical output rather than a picture. Full scale or prototype modelling experimental studies in various Civil Engineering fields involves high-level instrumentation like strain gauges, load cells, data analyzer and data acquisition system. Many researchers in Civil Engineering field have used image analysis along with prototype modelling wherein interface behavioural mechanisms are studied. This avoids complicated experimentation process and permits assessment of discrete behaviours of particles that is impossible otherwise. The current review throws light on various digital image correlation and image processing techniques applied widely in mapping deformation behaviour in different streams of Civil Engineering. It is observed that these techniques offer a greater understanding of crack formation and progression, tracking of subsurface soil movement, monitoring of rail track displacement and visualization of flow in hydraulic channels.

Wastewater composition can be directly related with lifestyles of the society. Current wastewater effluent has a high nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, which adversely effects ecosystems. Sewage treatment units practiced in undeveloped countries have various limitations. The present study focused on treatment of sewage collected from a sewage treatment plant (STP) of a smart city of a developing nation using microalgae. The study found that the microalgae were efficient in removing nutrients and organic matter. Maximum reduction observed in phosphate, ammonia, and COD was 97.46, 100, and 93.67% at 11 h of detention time. Phycoremediation proved to be an effective method for sewage treatment.

The concept of outriggers as a lateral load resisting system in high-rise structures has been used since decades. The relevance of outriggers gains prominence due to its efficiency in restraining the rotations in core wall which in turn reduces its bending moment and lateral deflection of the structure. Studies related to the behaviour of outriggers on tall buildings have been undertaken by various researchers, and condensing the concept, mechanism and its behaviour is vital in providing a proper guidance to researchers. Even though researchers have worked on buildings with outriggers, literatures mentioning the analysis of both conventional and virtual outriggers in the same building which acts like a hybrid outrigger system were underexplored. Therefore, this article discusses a review on the background of outriggers, classification of outriggers, parameters influencing the outrigger behaviour and introduces the concept of hybrid outrigger system in high-rise RCC structures. The efficacy of conventional, virtual and hybrid outrigger system is compared by modelling a 30-storey RCC building in a finite element software, ETABS, for both static and dynamic loads. The results from the comparative study showed that hybrid outrigger system may be used as an efficient lateral load resisting system.

Chemically activated carbons prepared from the Carica papaya stem using phosphoric acid (CPSAC–H3PO4) and sodium hydroxide (CPSAC–NaOH) were used in sequestrating selected toxic metals (Cu2+, Mn2+, Co3+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+) from mining wastewater. The mining wastewater was characterized for selected toxic metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Batch adsorption studies were conducted using the CPSACs to remove selected toxic metals from the mining wastewater putting into consideration adsorbent dosage, agitation rate, contact time, pH and temperature parameters. The data obtained were fitted into isotherm (Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin) and kinetic (pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion) and thermodynamic (standard enthalpy change, ΔH°; standard entropy change, ΔS°; and standard free energy change, ΔG°) models for its suitability. Three different error functions (sum of absolute errors—EABS, average relative errors—AREs and coefficient of determination—R2) were used for assessment of the linear and non-linear regression analyses of the selected adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The removal efficiency of the selected toxic metals in CPSAC samples was between 92.97 and 100.00%. The adsorbent dosage, agitation rate, contact time, pH and temperature for optimum condition were 0.6 g (CPSAC–H3PO4) and 0.2 g (CPSAC–NaOH), 150 rpm, 60 min., 7 and 30 °C, respectively. Adsorption data followed the isotherms in the order of CPSAC–NaOH > CPSAC–H3PO4 and kinetics (i.e. pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion mechanism) in the order of CPSAC–H3PO4 > CPSAC–NaOH. Non-linear regression analyses using EAB, ARE and R2 error functions indicated to be better in analysing adsorption and kinetic models for the studied toxic metals. The ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° for the processes were 657.916, 64.288 and 22,012 kJ/mol, respectively. The adsorbents were efficient for removal of the selected toxic metals from the mining wastewater (though CPSAC–H3PO4 was most efficient); thus, it can be used for industrial application in wastewater treatment.

The merits of response surface models in concrete construction need to be explored. These models have shown enormous use in the field of manufacturing and production. So in the present study, the application of response surface for concrete production is described. Their benefit in determining the results with minimum number of experiments is also discussed. The review summarizes the application of response surface models and shows that the statistical models provide additional support in analyzing the constrained targets. It reduces the test cases making the designs more economical compared to conventional methods.

Brick masonry wall is the more common walling system being used in residential buildings. As the demand for housing is increasing, new construction materials are coming up in the market and being utilized in the construction. Solid concrete blocks (SCB) and autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) blocks are the two materials which are most commonly used in most of the construction sites apart from the clay bricks (CB). The thermal behaviour of the buildings with these materials needs to be studied. It is also necessary to reduce the heat inside the building to improve the human comfort. Effect of coating material over roof also needs to be studied. Living comfort inside any building mainly depends on the “thermal comfort”. Thermal comfort mainly involves the interior conditions of the rooms, i.e. mainly temperature and humidity, maintaining and distributing it evenly, and the quality of air (purity, humidity rate, healthiness). By providing a thermal insulation to all the surfaces combined with seasonal adoption of ventilation, thermal comfort can be achieved in different climate conditions. By keeping these points in a view, a thorough study was conducted to know the thermal variations in various house models by varying the wall type. Results indicated the superior thermal performance of the model with AAC block in comparison with the models made with solid concrete block and clay brick.

The analysis is carried out for studying subsequent parameters to know structural performance of NSC columns and aim is to predict the values of deformation, yielding load and ultimate load of short reinforced Normal Strength Concrete of three different grades M20, M30 and M40 subjected to axially compressive load in loading frame. ANN tool was trained with proper inputs like fresh properties of materials, spacing of stirrups and percentage of longitudinal reinforcement and keeping target values obtained from experiment and results are compared with the ANN values accompanied by marginal errors which are around 0.5%.

Nowadays, fast development is occurring in uneven zones because of lack of plain ground. As a result, the bumpy territories have checked impact on the structures in terms of style, material and technique of construction leading to popularity of multi-storied structures in hilly regions. Because of inclining profile, the different degrees of such structures step back towards the slope slant and may likewise have set back also at the simultaneity. In the present study, G+12 storey building is considered, and this building is assumed to be present in flat ground and on sloping ground 20°. The models are also equipped with infill walls and two different shear wall arrangements. The models are also a soft storey structure. By this, total ten models are created for analysis purpose. Here, equivalent static analysis is carried out for the study.

The objective of this work is to predict the values of deformation and load at cracking point, yielding point and ultimate point of short reinforced self-Compacting Concrete columns which was subjected to axially compression in loading frame. An ANN tool by giving proper inputs like fresh properties of materials, spacing of stirrups and percentage of longitudinal reinforcement and keeping target values obtained from experiments, it is compared with the experimental values accompanied by marginal errors.

In India to meet the requirement of growing travel demand and to help rapid growth of economic activity, infrastructure development is taken up by central and state governments on large scale. Majority of the road network in India has flexible pavement constructed using quarry aggregates and bitumen. Because of this process, there has been faster depletion of road aggregates and also an increase in emission of carbon gases causing environmental pollution. The use of eco-friendly bitumen, reuse of aggregates obtained from milling, and material reclaimed from old pavement to construct or rehabilitate roads will be the most promising alternative to the current practice toward achieving sustainability in road construction. In this regard, present study aims at formulating design methodology through extensive field and laboratory studies for the construction of surface course containing high recycled asphalt pavement content material and waste plastic. A test track of 25 mm thick close graded premix carpet (CGPC) containing virgin aggregates by 20%, recycle asphalt pavement aggregates (RAP) 80%, and waste plastic 8% by weight of bitumen was laid and subjected to performance evaluation under existing road and traffic condition. Based on the laboratory and field test results, it was found that bituminous mix containing high recycled asphalt pavement material content (80% recycled aggregates) with 8% of waste plastic by weight of bitumen as recycling agent performs better and found economical than the stretch with conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix. Performance evaluation was carried out in two cycles one before the monsoon in May and the second post-monsoon season in December. From the evaluation study, it was found that there was no considerable surface distress found on the test track both during cycle-1 and cycle-2. Roughness test results imply that bituminous pavement surface with RAP and waste plastic provides comparatively better riding quality and comfort than the conventional bituminous mix. Based on the findings of the study, it may be inferred that it is attainable to delineate acceptable quality bituminous mix with high RAP content that meets needed properties and performance criteria as per standards and specifications. From the present study, it is also clear that recycling technology is an effective and economical alternative for the construction of low or medium-traffic intensity roads in India which constitute the major portion of the Indian road network.

The research paper presents implementation of life cycle costing (L.C.C.) approach to a building on five parameters which makes the existing hostel building energy efficient and sustainable. According to GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) manual, five criteria (parameters) are chosen viz. solar panels, low VOC paints, double-glazed windows, fly ash bricks and LED bulbs. To choose the best alternative, each parameter is analyzed using L.C.C with present worth method as per IS: 13174 part 1 and 2. The L.C.C results show that implementation of the energy efficient parameters, makes the building closer in gaining one-star rating according to GRIHA evaluation system, so if the chosen five parameters are implemented in the existing building then the building’s green rating points will be increased from 11 to 46. Using Revit software (insight 360), conventional building and energy efficient building models are developed to generate energy consumption per annum. The analysis report obtained from the Insight 360 software shows lower peaks in energy demand suggesting that building with the selected parameters is more efficient in terms of cost and energy which helps the building to gain one-star rating according to GRIHA.

Concrete is the most greatly employed unnatural heterogenous mixture in the world. Also, concrete is one among the industries that expends huge amount of water. Approximately, 130–150 liters of water is prerequisite per cu-m of concrete mixture, beyond the considerations of other exercises of water in the construction industry. Water is a pivotal environmental concern; and supply and quality of water are becoming more bounded worldwide. Thus, there is a demand to conserve the water and on the other side, there are million liters of wastewater produced and wasted every day from various sources. The usage of treated waste water in production of concrete is very important for the present scenario. Taking this into consideration, an experimental study was carried out to assess the fresh and strength properties of conventional vibrated concrete (CVC) by using domestic treated wastewater. In the present work, the concrete mixes were produced with water-to-cement ratio about 0.45 along with different proportions of treated waste water which ranges between 25 to 100% of potable water and the specimens were casted. For each concrete mixtures, the fresh properties and strength properties were assessed as per IS codal provisions. In addition to these, three of the each specimens were cured separately in potable water and treated wastewater to assess the influence of treated wastewater as curing water. Results signify that the concrete mixtures produced with treated wastewater showed similar strength properties with concrete produced from potable water. Treated wastewater, while employed as curing water made very less impact on the strength parameters of concrete.

Fine-grained soils mainly consist of kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite clay minerals in varying proportions along with sand and silts. The studies related to the shear behavior of such soils are being limited to the geographic locations and is having limited applications rather than the generic one. To have a thorough understanding of the general trend in variation of shear behavior of fine-grained soils having different clay mineralogical compositions around the world is tedious and time-consuming. The behavior of kaolinitic soils predominantly controlled by flocculant fabric whereas the behavior of montmorillonite soils is governed by dispersive fabric effects which also makes the study more complex. In the present experimental study, an attempt has been made, to investigate the behavior of natural fine-grained soils through a mixture of kaolinite-bentonite–sand in varying proportions. Physical properties and compaction characteristics such as MDD and OMC for Indian standard Light compaction for the mix proportions investigated were determined according to BIS specifications. The kaolinite-bentonite–sand mixture compacted at MDD and OMC was subjected to various load applied using the Box shear test and shear failure behavior was critically analyzed. Compaction characteristics of the mix proportions can be effectively correlated. The percent fines of the mix proportions have a significant bearing on the magnitude of cohesion and angle of internal friction. Useful regression models were also developed correlating shear strength behavior of the mix proportions with percent fines and sand which exhibits behavior akin to natural fine-grained soils when subjected to compactive energy.

Plasticity characteristics of the soils (fine-grained) assume greater importance in view of engineering behaviour. It mainly depends on the clay mineralogical composition, predominantly controlled by physico-chemical phenomenon. This is due to the fact that the contradictory behaviour of the presence of the least active clay mineral kaolinite to most active montmorillonite in addition to Illite and other clay minerals, in different proportion. The contradictory behaviour of kaolinite and montmorillonite makes the study more complex. Shrinkage limit, among the Atterberg limits (plasticity characteristic) of the soils (fine-grained), associates with degree of packing, while the liquid and plastic limits classify the soils more qualitatively. The shrinkage and expansion of fine-grained soils lead to distress of foundation. The study related to volumetric behaviour of montmorillonite soils assumes a greater practical significance. Role of compaction energy on shrinkage behaviour of soils with particular reference to soil fabric also plays a vital role in the design of earthen-related structures. The potential shrinkage of soil is quantitatively described by the newly proposed method for testing expansive clayey soils, known as the ring shrinkage test. The measurements of lateral, vertical and linear shrinkages are provided by the test. Volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage limit along with compaction energy are determined alternatively by this method. The present experimental study mainly focuses on the effects of placement conditions, role of clay minerology and compaction effort on the shrinkage (linear, lateral and volumetric) behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils using ring shrinkage test. Correlations were developed between characteristics of compaction, i.e. optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), volumetric (VS) and lateral shrinkage (LS) with compaction energy (CE).

A manifestation of the effects of structural mechanics is the relationship linking the structure of soil and mechanical behavior. Compaction is a mechanical process modification of soil structure by the expulsion of pore air from the voids, whereas consolidation is a process of expulsion of pore water pressure in which settlement takes place. Secondary compression generally happens after the end of primary consolidation may demonstrate a steady decrease or increase over a substantial period. In order to calculate long-term foundation deformation, understanding the impact of secondary compression is fundamental. Foundation failures can happen by either shear failure or settlement failure, whereas shear failure is instantaneous and settlement failure occurs over a while. Depending on the magnitude and demographic location of the structure, the permissible settlement of the structure should not settle more than 25 and 40 mm allowable as per IS guideline to minimize distress to the foundation. The present experimental study is made on five field soils, and two soils having a liquid limit of 55% and another three soils of 68% of a liquid limit have been also considered. These soils were subjected to IS light and heavy compaction energy levels and static compaction to attend the desired compaction characteristics and achieve the required OMC and MDD; additionally, soils were subjected to a one-dimensional consolidation test from a seating load of 6.25–1600 kPa through a load increment ratio of 1 for different placement conditions. The variation of void ratio with pressure for the soil having a different clay mineralogy for different placement conditions was analyzed. Correlations were developed between pressure and the magnitude of secondary compression, for soils having different clay mineralogy.

This paper presents some key research findings in the field of “alkali-activated concretes” (AAC) incorporating ingredients which are industrial by products like slag, fly-ash, etc., as a binding ingredient. The paper gives the brief outlook of the current development in the field alkali-activated materials for concrete applications starting from the historical developments. The literature review reveals that, the alkali-activated concretes proven to be feasible (sustainable) and satisfactory substitute for conventional Portland cement-based cementitious substances. In addition to the conventional ingredients, the use of powdered waste glass has shown an improved engineering performance in concrete production as per the research outputs from many potential researchers. The paper also presents the possibility of a wide scope for the research as a research gap in the field of AAC and their applications.

Progressive collapse is the phenomena in which the local failure of a primary structural member results in partial or total structural system damage, without any proportionality between the initial and final failure. In the present study, multi-story structure is considered. The modeling and analysis are carried out using SAP2000 software. The different bracing systems such as X, V, K and diagonal bracing are used to analysis the structural behavior. The structure is verified for column removal at 3 different locations such as corner, center and interior. It is observed that maximum vertical deflection is found in interior column removal case and least in corner column removal. Interior column case was observed to be most critical case in progressive collapse. There is a raise in axial load and the load distribution to the adjacent columns for column removal at location 1, 2, 3 is around 30%, 25%, and 20%, respectively. The X bracing system performs well in case of progressive collapse.

The world scenario, in last 10–15 years, high performance concrete (HPC) entered in the construction field, in particular construction of long span bridges and flyover, high rise building, atomic power plant, prestressed concrete, metro rail project. In this present work, developed optimum mix of M80 grade high strength concrete using fully replacement of artificial sand as fine aggregate and fly ash, silica fume as supplementary cementaneous material with incorporation of super plasticizer by Indian standard method. Also conducted durability test of developed M80 grade concrete includes resistance to chloride attack and impermeability of water. Trial mixes (TM) are designed with water cement ratio 0.26, poly carboxylate ether-based super plasticizer and various percentage addition of silica fume (2.5,5.0,7.5,10.5,12.5), fly ash (5.0,10.0,15.0,20.0) for to obtain optimum mix proportion of M80 grade concrete. Target compressive strength is achieved at 1% dosage of super plasticizer, 5% addition silica fume and artificial sand below 300 micron, which is replaced by fly ash, with well-graded coarse aggregate. Average chloride ion passed through test specimen is 181.33 Coulombs, which is in very low permeability class (100–1000). The maximum water penetration depth of developed M80 grade concrete is 11.5 mm, which is within the permissible limit (< 25 mm) as per Ministry of Road and Surface Transport of India. It is classified as the concrete “impermeable” under aggressive conditions. The present study concluded that artificial sand is substitute material to natural sand as fine aggregate in the presence of silica fume with poly carboxylate ether-based superplasticizer can be suitably used in making eco-friendly HPC.

Karnataka coastal area stretches across 320 km approximately. Karwar coast is found to be a famous tourist place and undisturbed beaches in Karnataka. Change in coastal conditions due to port activities, seasonally varying discharge and sediment transport from estuarine, and threat caused by different factors have revolved into the dynamic region; the primary aim of the study is to monitor the change in shoreline using the Sentinel-2 data for a period of 2016–2020. Sentinel-2 data is free to access and has a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 m. Multi-temporal shorelines are extracted using ArcGIS 10.4 tool and rate of change of shorelines are calculated using Digital Shoreline Analysis System tool which includes statistical approaches like linear regression rate, end point rate to identify erosion and accretion rates and comparisons are made. The results indicate that Rabindranath Tagore Beach has erosion of −17.87 m/ yr (highest value) and −0.03 m/yr (lowest value) and accretion of 3.11 m/yr (highest value) and 0.03 m/yr (lowest value). The average shoreline change rate of 6.00 m/yr (LRR) and 5.83 m/ yr (EPR). The results were found to be more precise because of the high-resolution Sentinel-2 data used.

On transport networks, traffic congestion is a phenomenon that arises as usage increases and is marked by slower speeds, longer travel times and increased queuing of automobiles. In plain terms, “the ability of a vehicle to move forward in a traffic state” defines congestion. Traffic congestion in smart cities has been a major concern. In heterogeneous flow like India, congestion impacts the movement of people both in perception and in reality that leads to consumption of time, energy and also leads to the pollution. In order to save precious human life, eliminate road accidents and the essence factor called time, it is essential to ensure a proper measure for traffic congestion. Earlier there were several attempts made to develop different approaches for congestion analysis. At present the congestion levels of ten different road stretches of Visakhapatnam city within the central business district (CBD) area. The key purpose of this analysis is to introduce a scalable fuzzy logic traffic flow model capable of optimally forecasting traffic to define the city's congestion levels by taking into account parameters such as vehicle volume, average speed and road speed limits by using MATLAB and to generate the desired congestion index of the specified study stretches. This research sets the framework for the forecast, early warning and constructive alleviation of traffic congestion

Concrete overlays offer enormous potential as a rehabilitation strategy for Indian roads, whereas white topping offers a new advanced technique which will extend the life of a deteriorated existing bituminous pavement. In the present work, white topping is considered as the concrete overlay over 150 mm thick hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement and has been modeled and analyzed by using ANSYS software. The response of the pavement was computed in terms of surface deflections and stresses at interior, corner, and edge, along with the effect of temperature, dowel bars, and slab thickness which were considered as design parameters. Further, parametric studies were carried out on varying thickness of slabs (75, 100, 260, 280, and 300 mm) to identify the significant design parameters of the pavement model. Validation of the finite element (FE) analysis results was carried out using Bradbury’s equation for temperature stress and Ioannides modified solution of Westergaard’s closed-form formulas for response to wheel loading. The results show that bonding condition, temperature, and thickness of the overlay are critical for the design of rigid overlays.

This interrogation presents an laboratory exploration on sustainable interlocking concrete paving blocks (ICPB) produced using alkali activated cementitious materials. The study involves comparison of mechanical properties such as compressive, split-tensile, flexural strengths, and scratch resistance of ICPBs produced using one type of “alkali activated concrete” (AAC) with that of the conventional OPC based paver blocks obtained from field. The AAC is systematically developed using GGBS, fly-ash and powdered waste glass as binding ingredients. The investigations were extended to learn the compression and tensile behavior of geo-grid reinforced alkali activated ICPBs introduced in two layers. The cost analysis was also carried-out to compare the AAC with OPC based ICPBs. The experimental results reveal that the use of alkali activated ICPBs are proved be the sustainable replacement to OPC based conventional ICPBs. Thus, alkali activated concrete ICPBs must be commercialized and produced in a large scale for the sustainable construction of interlocking pavement system.

In this paper, the seismic performance of irregular steel structure with varying irregularity ratio has been investigated. For the study purpose, two different models with vertical geometric irregularity and three different models with plan irregularity according to IS 1893 (part 1)-2002 have been considered. The irregularity ratio, A/L (where A is offset, and L is base width), has been varied from 0.2 to 0.8. Irregular structures have been modelled using ETABS, a finite element software, and plastic hinges are assigned to incorporate the inelastic seismic behaviour of structures. Performance of thirteen irregular structures has been compared with regular bare frame structure in terms of base shear carrying capacity, roof displacement and performance point, using pushover analysis. Two slab models with shell element and membrane element considered for all structural models. The results indicate that as irregularity ratio increases, base shear carrying capacity and performance point of irregular structure decrease. Structural models considered slab as shell obtained higher seismic performance compared to slab as membrane.

This paper presents the experimental investigation results on the behavior of gabion wall subjected to lateral monotonic loading. Behavior of reinforced concrete retaining wall due to lateral loading could be significantly improved by replacing concrete wall by gabion wall. Diameter of mesh wire, spacing between the wires and void ratio of infill material and tensile strength of the wire significantly influence the behavior of gabion walls. Single twisted wire mesh was used as outer cage, and stones and soil were used as infill materials for the construction of gabion wall. Concrete reaction retaining wall was constructed in the laboratory to support the gabion wall and to resist the reaction of load applied on the gabion wall. The main objective of experimental work is to study the behavior of gabion wall having soil and stone as infill material subjected to lateral loading. Lateral monotonic loading was applied, and the strain in the mesh wire was measured using vernier caliper for each load increment. The test results included experimental load-strain curve, load-deformation curve, H/Δ ratio, and moment–curvature characteristics. Gabion wall having stone as infill material showed an increase in resistance to deformation ranging from 30 to 40% compared to gabion wall having soil as infill material.

The work provides details on a study on performing a comparative analysis of productivity and efficiency of selected public transport organizations in India. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used in this study using sub-routines specially developed in the open-source R programming environment used in statistical analyses. The DEA approach is a commonly adopted non-parametric method of analysis for the measurement of efficiency-related characteristics. Based on the availability and consistency of information, selected input and output data on 27 State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) were used in this study. The scores of efficiencies were then computed using an input-oriented DEA model with constant return to scale. Finally, the analysis was used to distinguish between efficient and inefficient SRTUs based on weights assigned to peer units. The results of this study indicate that only 10 out of the 27 SRTUs performed well. It was also found that the performance parameters could be improved by reducing the quantity of input-related parameters in order to maintain the same level of output.

The Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) is a government-based coal mining company jointly owned by the Telangana Government and Government of India. The Singareni coal reserves stretch over an area of 350 km on Pranahita—Godavari Valley of Telangana with a proven geological reserve aggregating to whopping 8791 million tonnes of coal. SCCL is currently operating 29 underground mines and 17 opencast mines in four districts of Telangana. Out of 17 open cast mines, Indaram Khani Open Cast Project (IKOCP) is one of the open cast mine operating by SCCL. Huge quantity of waste/debris (Sandstone boulders, clay and some other rock lumps) is also generated during mining of coal. The SCCL is proposed to construct a 120 m high IKOCP dumping yard in 1.2 km × 1.0 km of Srirampur Region, near IKOCP, Telangana. Nine bore holes were drilled up to a depth of 7 m at different locations in the proposed dumping yard area. The standard penetration test (SPT) was also carried out during subsoil investigation. The site was investigated and the slope stability analysis of the proposed dumping yard under different conditions was carried out by using GEO 5 software. The present study is intended to highlight the outcome of the study along with suitable design and construction methodology of 120 m high dumping yard based on the field and laboratory investigations.

Masonry shells have been used as roofing since ancient times. Cylindrical and spherical shells are most common among them. They have the advantage of simplicity of construction without using elaborate support systems. Attempts have been made to use theory of shells in designing modern masonry shells. While analyzing circular cylindrical shells, the shear stress at the longitudinal boundary is frequently assumed to be zero. An earlier study by Yogananda using this assumption showed large tensile membrane stresses in the longitudinal direction. Such a boundary condition is unrealistic as the wall support is never very smooth. It appears that no axial deformation along the longitudinal boundaries is more realistic instead. Hence, the alternative condition has been considered in this paper using Flugge’s approach. The analysis results showed that the longitudinal membrane stresses are no longer tensile along the boundaries. The bending moments also show a reducing trend. Thus, the new boundary condition is well suited for designing masonry cylindrical shells. However, the diagonal tension due to in plane shear stress is increased marginally as the boundary condition is altered. The masonry shell is generally provided with a thin layer (4 cm) of cement concrete with nominal steel reinforcement both for waterproofing and for resisting settlement creeps. This will also help in resisting some of the small tension value which may occur.

Utilizing the industrial and agricultural wastes as a active raw material has been the prime focus for Researchers around the globe. Utilizing these by-products/waste materials can be beneficial in terms of cost savings in addition to addressing the issue of sustainability and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. The present work was aimed at developing eco-friendly unfired bricks termed as adobe bricks by utilizing agro waste from sugar mills which is termed as sugarcane bagasse ash. The study involved investigating the performance of adobe bricks mixed with sugarcane bagasse ash stabilized with cement. Locally available soil from North part of Bengaluru was used as part of this study. The adobe bricks were casted by varying the sugarcane bagasse ash in the range 0–60% at increments of 10%. Engineering properties of these adobe bricks such as compressive strength, water absorption, dry density, flexural strength were studied as per codal provisions. Mix with 30% blending of sugarcane bagasse ash in the adobe bricks showed good results and satisfied the codal provisions as per Indian standards.

Lack of organized planning may raise critical issues in management of water resources. The encroachment of wetlands and construction of any infrastructure in the natural flood zones severely affect them during monsoon. So, a systematic and technical supervision is required to manage the storm water drains in the urban zones. In this study, a micro-catchment in Bangalore (Yediyur Lake), Karnataka, India, was analyzed in terms of quality and quantity using storm water management model. The size of drains and conduits was designed and simulated for 10 year return period rainfall event. The impact of excess volume at each node was checked. The best management practices for urban surplus water management have been portrayed in order to mitigate the flash floods and also to reduce the contamination of the runoffs.

Free vibration analysis is the preliminary task that a structure must undergo before conducting either linear or nonlinear analysis under external time-dependent loadings. Discrete and continuous approaches are commonly used to perform modal analysis. The results evolved from the eigenvalue problem of the discrete system approach and Euler Bernoulli’s equation of continuous system approach are not consistent. An alternative methodology is proposed to determine the preliminary dynamic parameters based on the modal superposition method and Rayleigh quotient method using iterations. In this study, G + 9 structure is analysed for fundamental frequencies and mode shapes by applying conventional approaches. The other conventional approaches are highlighted in this work for their accuracy and straightforwardness in contrary to the computational efforts generally experienced in terms of modelling and analysis of the structure in software tools. The fundamental frequency obtained from the iterative procedure is supported by approximate methods. The proposed approach is suitable for symmetric structures having uniformly distributed mass and stiffness throughout the structure height.

Petroleum, popularly known as black diamond, has been the major cause of the renaissance in civilization history. Petroleum products adversely affect the environment. Concrete is a prominent construction material. Concrete finds applications in the construction of petroleum storage areas, garages, and petrol bunks. This study attempts to study the impact of diesel on concrete structures. The concrete properties were enhanced by partially replacing the costly cement with solid waste from thermal power stations “fly ash”. Concrete cubes were cast, cured in water and diesel. The concrete samples were tested for strength, age, and durability. Trials were conducted with different blends of fly ash to partially replace cement, enhance the quality of concrete, and reduce concrete cost. Mineralogical and morphological analysis of concrete can be done using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which indicates the presence of phases that positively affect compressive strength.

Most of the modern buildings are constructed using reinforced cement concrete, and these structures commonly have infill walls. Though the mass of infill walls is accounted for in the conventional analysis, the stiffness is usually ignored. One of the reasons for ignoring the stiffness of the infill is the difficulty involved in the modelling. However, such an assumption might not yield realistic results. In this paper, the effect of modelling the infill on the seismic response of a fixed base plane frame structure is considered. Further, an attempt is also made to understand the behaviour of frames under earthquakes of different frequency content. Results show that the base shear response of the fixed base structure is sensitive to the frequency content of the earthquake. However, other responses such as roof displacement and roof acceleration are not much sensitive to the frequency content of the earthquakes.

When the tanks with fluid are analysed conventionally, soil flexibility is not considered, and the tank base is assumed to be fixed. But, for practical analysis of tank resting on soil, the interaction between the tank, soil and foundation systems has to be considered. In the present study, the tank supported on the soil is studied considering the influence of soil. The tank, foundation and soil systems are discretized using finite element method. The tank is modelled using frame elements with two nodes, and foundation and soil are modelled using plane strain elements of four nodes. Pressure formulation approach is used to model the mutual influence between fluid and tank. The tank is subjected to two near-fault earthquakes. The analysis is used to investigate the effect of soil on the response of the tank. The various response parameters considered for the study are base shear, variation of fluid pressure on tank wall and displacement at top. Three soil types with different values of flexibility are considered in order to evaluate the effect of SSI. It is concluded from the analysis that the soil flexibility considerably influences the response of tank.

Past examinations on the deducing the (bridge frequency (B-f) in an indirect way from the dynamic reaction of a moving vehicle were centered fundamentally around the possibility of the procedure. Not many examinations are done to contemplate the impacts of important unique factors of the framework on the vertical reaction of the moving vehicle. To comprehend such a space, the important factors will be analyzed not just for assessing their comparative impact, however for enhancing the likelihood of effectively recognizing the B-f of requirement. Different amplitude ratio (AR’s) will be characterized and communicated as far as the important factors, which serve as valuable markers for assessing the likelihood of effective recognition of the B-f from the moving automobile. For the case examined, where it is possible that a couple of B-f to be indicated, it was indicated that the preliminary AR assumes a job that’s a higher priority when compared to others in fruitful recognizable proof of the B-f. Recommendations are done for utilization of strategy in the discipline.

River sand, a non-renewable resource, is used in concrete as a fine aggregate, which is called filler material that fills the voids in concrete. This paper provides outcomes of compressive strength of concrete by using the ceramic ball as substitutes of fine aggregate that is compared with nominal mix concrete. Here, the ceramic ball is a commercial waste product produced in industries. The report includes the chemical test of the substitute, and it is having 73% of silica and 0.7% of alumina. Zone I and Zone II are selected as fineness modulus of sand for calculation of nominal mix design and partial mix design. As per the 28th-day compressive strength result, 30% replacement of fine aggregate gives a good result in comparison with a nominal strength of concrete, and hence, this waste material can be used as fine aggregate in concrete production. The main objective of this project is to find ways of disposing of waste products and to reduce the use of sand in the production of concrete as a fine aggregate.

Tall building development has been rapidly increasing worldwide introducing new challenges that need to be met through engineering judgment. High rise buildings are very vulnerable to earthquake and wind loads on regular basis. Hence, to make high rise buildings safe against lateral loads, different types of structural systems are used. One of these structural systems is outrigger system. This project aims to show the analysis of a 60 storied three-dimensional building located at Delhi using ETABS 2016 software. Analysis of eight different models with outriggers and belt truss configuration is carried out by response spectrum method for seismic zone IV, to understand the performance for various parameters like maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift and storey shear. The present work contains a comparative study on regular building with wall outriggers and braced outriggers. The results showed the reduction in responses by using outrigger and belt truss system.

Ecological sanitation can be used in water scare places, and this type of sanitation the end product obtained is humanure which can be applied to agricultural fields to improve the fertility of soil. Ground water contamination, soil pollution can be avoided by this type of sanitation. The study area is Mosarahalla (Singapatna) in H.D. Kote taluk, Mysuru. This village has over 57 eco-san toilets installed in 2006. The decomposed manure is removed once in a year and applied to fields during pre-monsoon season in bear hands. The soil and water samples were collected from different sources of village and was analysed. The chemical parameters like pH, fluoride, total iron, Calcium hardness, Total hardness, chloride and electric conductivity of water was analysed and a comparative study was made as all the sample were in Limits as specified. Soil samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, potash, available nitrogen, available potassium. A questionnaire survey was made to understand the health of the villages. Most of them suffered from skin infection, gastro intestinal problem and also respiratory related issues. Microbial analysis was done for soil and showed that the presence of certain fungi may be responsible for the disease caused among the villagers. The results of analysis of soil and water sample showed that increases chloride content, moderately hard water may be the reason for skin infection and cardiovascular diseases. Microbial analysis showed that certain fungi present in soil samples are carcinogen and potent to cause respiratory disorders. Proper treatment like reverse osmosis can be done to decrease the increased levels of chloride and hardness. Taking proper measure during to application of humanure and proper storage with application of fungicides, the risk of getting effected by humanure can be avoided.

In many of the structures in the present scenario, most of the buildings have irregular configurations in both plan and elevation of the structure. This irregular configuration in future may subject to damage due to earthquakes. Structures experience lateral deflections under earthquake loads. Asymmetric distribution of mass, rigidity and strength due to irregularity in the design of the building when the building is exposed to translations, and unnecessary floor rotations are the key causes of serious harm to the structures. In most of the research works, it is repeatedly confirmed that irregular structure suffers more damage than regular structure. The code proposed torsional irregularity coefficient does not include eccentricity in the direction of excitation of earthquake. The objective of this work is, first of all, to analyze the requirements for excessive structural irregularity and, secondly, to address the possible irregularity provisions of the code. A parametric investigation is conducted on six types of asymmetrical normal buildings with different floor numbers and structural wall location and six types of unusual L-shaped buildings with different story numbers to accomplish this task. Based on this analysis, the maximum irregularity coefficient found in 1 story structure and torsional irregularity coefficients are found to increase as the number of story in most structures decreases. Also, floor rotation increases with respect to number of floors, as the story numbers increases, floor rotation reach the maximum value.

A flow duration curve (FDC) by providing a concise description of the temporal variability of streamflow from a river basin is extremely useful as a hydrological signature and also in the design of water resources projects. However, long-term historical measured streamflow records are essential to derive the FDC, and hence, a major challenge has been to develop methods to estimate the FDC for ungauged river basins. Also, for the derived FDC to provide an accurate representation of the variability of natural flows, no regulations/abstractions must exist upstream of the gauging station. Therefore, the present study was being taken up to develop a methodology for prediction of FDCs in ungauged river basins located in the hydrologically homogeneous West flowing rivers of India using streamflow records of 14 unregulated river basins. FDCs were derived for each basin using frequency analysis, and flow quantiles at specific exceedance probabilities were extracted. Subsequently, the regionalization approach involving transfer of hydrological information from gauged basins to ungauged basins was adopted by developing regression models relating flow quantiles to easily derived basin physical characteristics. The performance of the developed regression models was evaluated using validation datasets and found to yield satisfactory results. Results of this study will permit estimation of flow quantiles and FDCs in ungauged basins located within West flowing rivers of India.

The time-to-market pressure is very high in construction industry. It shortens the project duration and requires faster delivery means. It triggers for having quicker engineering design and analysis solutions for building and its components. The advent of precast prestressed components in construction industry triggers better cost-effective design and analysis schemes for these components to withstand the quality pressure and verification demands. This requires an appropriate modelling mechanism of precast prestressed components. The work undertakes a numerical model for precast prestressed hollow core (PHC) slabs using ANSYS APDL and validated with the results obtained from experimental results. Comparable results justify the suitability of discrete modelling mechanism as substitute to experimental evaluation. It also confirms the usage of contact pairs, meshing and element selection of ANSYS model. The performance evaluation of PHC slabs under single line loading (LL) at mid-span, two line loading (TLL) and uniformly distributed loading (UDL) cases are conducted both experimentally and numerically. The performance in terms of deflection, stress and crack patterns are evaluated in this work. It was also observed that PHC slabs show shear compression failure under TLL and UDL cases. The work is extended with parametric study of core shape of PHC slabs. It was observed that slabs with circular cores (PHC) have higher load carrying capacity with lesser deflection than PHC slabs with square cores (PHSC).

The global climate change could have important effects on various weather parameters including rainfall in many countries around the world. The trends of rainfall have a great impact in the existing regions for crop production. This study is carried out to examine the trend of rainfall in Bellary District of Karnataka, India. Rainfall data of 51 rain gauge stations for a period of 40 years (1977–2016) and monthly evapotranspiration (ETo) data of 2007–2016 is considered for the analysis. Rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and IMD method are used to find the trend of rainfall. Meteorological drought severity index (MDSI) is used to assess the severity of drought in the study area. The crop water requirement studies with 10 years whether parameters using Penman Montaith method for crops in Kharif and Rabi season are analysed to assess the necessity of irrigation water for both Kharif and Rabi season. Rainfall anomaly index (RAI) shows the decreasing trend of rainfall, and IMD method shows the occurrence and frequency of various drought. MDSI analysis indicates that the study area is facing moderate drought. Water requirement computations to crops for both Kharif and Rabi season indicate that dry crops can be grown in Kharif season without any irrigation. However, both dry, wet and seasonal crops require irrigation supply in both the seasons.

Seismic pounding between closely spaced building structures is one among the main causes of severe building damages observed in seismically proven regions. Due to the earthquake-induced vibrations, the buildings which are adjacent to each other with dissimilar dynamic characteristics will move out of phase resulting in the collision as there would be no energy dissipation system to accommodate the relative motions. Seismic pounding can be prevented by passive structural control of energy dissipation systems, i.e., dampers. The current study aims to mitigate the seismic pounding observed in the adjacent buildings connected with fluid viscous dampers (FVDs). G+14 and G+9 multistoried adjacent buildings are modeled and analyzed using ETABS 2017. Two stories are connected with one viscous damper. Adjacent buildings with similar height (G+14 storied) and varying height (G+14 & G+9 storied) connected with FVDs subjected to El Centro earthquake are studied. Nonlinear time history analysis is carried out. Considering displacement and seismic gap as the main parameters, adjacent buildings with similar and different height connected with and without FVDs are compared.

Dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across the river to impound water. Generally dams are used for multipurpose, thus dam stability is essential. Floods resulting from the failure have caused some of the most destructive catastrophes in the past decades (George and Nair Aquat Procedia 4:853–860, 2015). The current study was undertaken to understand the Hydrological Review and Dam Break Analysis (DBA) of Suvarnavathi dam constructed across Suvarnavathi River. An unsteady flow simulation is done using HEC-RAS (Hydrological Engineering Center River Analysis System) model to determine, probable maximum flood, flood travel time and the affected villages. From hydrological review, it is clear that existing spillway capacity is inadequate. Hence dam height must be raised further to a height of 10.1 m. The results obtained from Dam break analysis under overtopping and piping criteria furnished proof to give statement that, 46 villages and a city will be under submergence and rehabilitation cost turns out to be 3440.64 crores under overtopping failure. 23 villages and a city will be under submergence and rehabilitation cost turns out to be 1802.73 crores under piping failure.

Rainfall is a principle component in hydrological cycle and is a considerable source for both surface and ground water. Rainfall affects the maximum livelihood and all major activities that connected with it; therefore, prediction of rainfall is very important. The early prediction of rainfall is more significant to ascertain the effective use of water resources, productivity of crop, and preplanning of water structures. Due to nonlinear behavior of rainfall and complex nature of climatic system, prediction of rainfall is a challenging task. Many approaches have been practiced for the purpose of rainfall prediction. A nonlinear model such as artificial neural network (ANN) approach is considered in this work. The main objective of this study is to predict the seasonal monthly rainfall in Mysuru taluk, southern part of Karnataka state, India. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) technique has been attempted using previous 8 years datasets for climatic parameters; relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind speed, and rainfall. In the present study, ten different networks using BPNN were created and analyzed based on their regression results. The network result with higher regression relationship has been considered for rainfall prediction.

Labour productivity is a major factor which influences the timely completion of the project within the allocated budget. Factors having impact on labour productivity were recognized and rated for this study. Analysis was carried out based on the questionnaire survey consisting of three main sections having 33 various factors. First and second set of questionnaires consist factors affecting the productivity of labours. A set of data analysis was carried out for the collected responses with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. To determine the internal consistency of each factor, Cronbach’s Alpha was computed. Relative Importance Index (RII) analysis helped to recognize importance of factors affecting the labour productivity based on ranking, in the view of contractors and professional consultants. The monotonic correlation between the data was measured by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Third set of questionnaire consists those measures which can be instigated for improving the productivity in construction sector. Based on ratings given by participants, RII was carried out for these responses. This work would assist the construction managers to avoid the productivity loss and to achieve optimum work from labours. Experience and effective management techniques can ameliorate productivity.

This article presents physico-chemical parameters of Panchganga River, Maharashtra, India. The river receives varieties of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes located around the river. The samples are collected from seven different locations P1 to P7 along Panchganga River. Parameters such as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness, calcium sodium and potassium were determined. Dissolved oxygen (DO) deficit assessed using Streeter-Phelps equation from March to May 2019 on monthly basis. Results showed turbidity was out of desirable limit at all sampling locations. Most of parameters showed increase in value as river flows downstream. Calcium and alkalinity showed higher values than desirable limit as per IS 10500-2012 at last four sampling points. From results, it is concluded that water quality is getting polluted moderately as river flows from Kolhapur to Ichalkaranji. And there is decrease in DO content of water as river flows downstream; critical DO ranging between 2.66 and 4.14 mg/L is observed at distance of 3396–4475 m from discharge point. Finally, the attempt has been made to study the water quality index (WQI) of the river flow and the results showed that variation in quality of water from the upstream to the downstream.

Sustainability of concrete is affected by cracks which are proved to be detrimental for both mechanical and durability properties as they tend to propagate under the influence of loads and result in entry of aggressive agents from surrounding environment. Polypropylene fiber in concrete acts as crack arrester along with altering the fresh and hardened properties due to improper packing and dispersion issues which has adverse effect on concrete. The effects of polypropylene fiber concrete are reviewed in the following section based on study of workability, compressive strength, and cracks. The issues are encountered to certain extent by combined usage of fiber and pozzolanic materials. This combination contributes to strength and durability along with effective utilization of industrial waste products.

Corrosion of the reinforcements in the concrete has been considered as the severe factor which reduces the concrete structure’s durability. The structures present in marine environments are prone to the corrosion attacks. The damage of concrete is evidenced through expansion, cracking, and gradual concrete cover spalling. The non-uniformity of corrosion throughout the rebar and reduced cross section causes sudden failure of reinforced members without prior indication. With intense earnestness, the corrosion effect on normal steel and high-strength steel which is used in prestressed concrete is discussed here to understand the state of the art. The study included reasons for corrosion of bar and effect on bond strength, structural performance of normal and prestressed concrete. The paper concludes with pores distribution on the concrete, concrete–steel and an aggregate–paste interface contribute more for rebar corrosion and lowers the bond strength, structural performance of RCC structures.

The buildings situated in areas vulnerable to earthquakes, the impact of soil structure interaction should be taken into account. The main objective of the research is to analyse the importance of the influence of the interaction of the soil structure on the multi-storey R.C.C structure. An attempt was made during the current study to compare the behaviour of R.C.C buildings with fixed and flexible support conditions subjected to seismic forces. Here, ground+15 (G+15) storey R.C.C building with a 30 m × 20 m rectangular plan, uniform across the height, is considered and analysed using ETABS 18 software for gravity and lateral loads. The functioning characteristics such as storey drift, storey displacement, base shear and natural time period are evaluated. Since storey displacements and storey drifts are less than flexible support condition, the fixed support condition structure shows good performance in resisting lateral loads.

In the current paper, groundwater status of seven fields situated in South Belagavi City, Karnataka, India is evaluated with the objective of calculating the water quality index. Water quality index categorizes the water bodies by providing a numerical value which describes the physical state or overall quality of water. In the present study, water quality is examined based upon the physicochemical analysis of eight parameters in particular pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CH), chlorides, alkalinity and acidity. The statistical regression method of analysis for the ground water from all the selected fields is carried out. It is based on the computation of correlation coefficient between varied physicochemical parameters in consideration. The outcome reveals that the water quality index in the seven selected fields fall under the category of poor to unsuitable indicating pollution in the groundwater and is not acceptable for consumption.

Masonry being one of the oldest form of construction built by joining building units with gluing agents termed as mortar. Conventional masonry is built by using adobe, bricks and cement. Use of these materials adversely affects the environment by marking large carbon foot print and huge consumption of natural resources. In the present review, use of different waste materials in the development of sustainable, alkali-activated masonry units and hence their properties in the masonry system are studied. These masonry structural based material are free of OPC. Development of masonry structural components using alkali activation of industrial wastes is expected to lead to both an economic and sustainable option in the building sector. This study is in two parts. Firstly, alkali activation of industrial wastes in the development of building blocks and in the second phase, bricks with different types of mortars are discussed. Literature review revealed that there is a potential use of industrial wastes in construction as building units with different alkali activators of different proportions and concentration to achieve the required physio-chemical and durability properties. A knowledge about the alkali-activated products are not widely commercialized. Hence more studies on alkali activation of waste materials are still required in order to develop a code of practice for a masonry system based on this technology as an alternate option to the conventional masonry which intends sustainability.

For millions of people, rice means life, and therefore, it is harvested in many regions of the world. Two rice species are primarily cultivated in the world, namely Asian and African rice. It grows primarily in major river deltas, such as Asia and Southeast Asia. Conventional method of mapping rice crop area is tedious and time-consuming job and more often subjected to erroneous results. In this study advanced remote sensing technique is used for mapping, to map precisely hyperspectral remote sensing with different atmospheric algorithms were compared for better accuracy. Also different supervised classification techniques were compared for the accurate area mapping of rice crop. The ASD field spec Pro hand held spectroradiometer is used for reference spectra collection. And high accuracy GPS device is used to collect ground truth information. Results show that both FLAASH and HAC algorithms produce a good spectrum with respect to the rice spectra obtained from ASD handheld spectroradiometer. SAM image classification and Parallelepiped classifier were used for classification of imagery. From the accuracy assessment performed, accuracy of 88% by using SAM and 84% obtained using Parallelepiped classifier for Hooghly region and 93% using SAM and 87% using Parallelepiped for West Godavari region. From the study, it was found that the best approach for rice crop mapping in Hooghly and West Godavari is SAM classification. The study helps to map the rice crop area accurately; it can be used for yield estimation, indirectly which is helpful for policy makers and to estimate the export, import potential.

In the recent years, the dome structures are the commonly used geometrical shapes to cover the large span. Specifically the “geodesic dome” structure is the most attractive structure which provides more space. Geodesic is a Latin word where “geo” means earth and “desic” means dividing. It is having spherical shape with lightweight triangular faces and struts in the frame structure. Geodesic dome has triangles in the stable network form. The study considers the response of four different geodesic dome frame structure for seismic analysis and the results are compared.

The present study investigates the properties of dry lean concrete (DLC) produced using new mix design approach. DLC layer is considered as the sub-base course layer, and the minimum required compressive strength is 10 MPa after 7 days of water curing. As per the IRC:SP:49-2014 guidelines, the current rational practice of mix design includes the calculation of quantities of ingredients based on the fixed cement to aggregate ratios without taking into consideration of the volume calculations. The earlier approach leads to volume irregularities and hence leads to problems related to quantity calculations. The current study is focused to prepare DLC mixes by taking into account the volume occupied by each of the ingredients calculated based on specific gravities of the materials. In the present study, the DLC mixes with cement contents of 155, 162, and 171 kg/m3 have been prepared for different water contents, and the optimal mix is identified. The prepared DLC mixes are evaluated for their engineering properties, namely compressive strength and flexure strength, water absorption, volume of permeable voids (VPV), and ultrasonic pulse velocity. From the results, it was observed that the mix containing 162 kg/m3 cement with moisture content of 6.02% attained highest compressive strength. The optimal water content was observed in the range of 6.02–6.52%. The new method of DLC mix design can be suitably implemented to design DLC mixes by eliminating the drawbacks of the rational method adopted by the IRC: SP: 49-2014.

Nowadays, many research works are carried for all grades of concrete to make the concrete most economical and durable by adding the supplementary cementitious materials and alternative replacement aggregates. In this research work the experimental investigation of mechanical properties of the M30 and M50 grade concrete by replacing the fine and coarse aggregate by foundry sand and crushed concrete waste, respectively. The type of mix design is used in this paper as per IRC44:2017 Guidelines and recommendations. Proper dosage of super plasticizer (SP) was maintained in the concrete to make it better performed. In this present investigation, a poly-propylene fibre (PPF) of 0.3% by weight of the cement is used. Mechanical properties were determined by preparing the respective mould sizes for specific test and are cured for 7, 14 and 28 days and result obtained for respective days were tabulated and discussed.

The berthing structures including piles and diaphragm walls are supported on soft marine soils. The soft soils under severe loading are likely to undergo vertical and lateral movement. The anchored diaphragm wall is provided to support the open berth structure against backfill. In this paper, finite element analysis of berthing structure has been carried out using a finite element program ANSYS APDL. The soil strata is modelled as 3D continuum. The response analysis of diaphragm wall for different pretension forces in anchor rod has been carried out. The variation in displacement, shear force and bending moment along the depth of wall is plotted. The result is compared with the case without considering soil–structure interaction. The optimum value of pretension force is obtained as 1050 kN which effectively reduced the deflection of diaphragm wall. The percentage increase in maximum lateral displacement, shear force and bending moment of wall without considering soil–structure interaction effect was found to be 25.265%, 52.523% and 892.944%, respectively.

In recent times, it is seen that RCC buildings which appear strong in appearance may collapse in the blink of eye during earthquakes. This raises the question of its capability to withstand the strong motion. In order to study the performance of buildings subjected to seismic loads, evaluation is carried out in both linear and nonlinear static methods. Also the bracing systems which have good structural importance when it comes to the RCC building are also considered in the present study. To study the objective, a (G + 5) building structure is considered, with and without X-bracing for Rectangle, L and T shape plan configurations and the analysis is carried out in ETABS. The parameters considered for the comparison are storey displacement, overturning moment, base shear and storey drift.

This paper focuses on the studies on high-performance concrete (HPC) incorporating Aluminium dross which is a by-product material obtained from smelting of Aluminium as a Shrinkage reducing admixture. Aluminiums dross liberates vapours of hydrogen peroxide when it comes in contact with water-which leads to a swelling behaviour. Due to this swelling behaviour when comes in contact with water, it could be effectively used as an admixture instead of Shrinkage reducing admixture in high-performance concrete. In the present work, the comparative study was also been presented with normal HPC mixes for strength and shrinkage. By concept, high-performance concrete should be workable, durable, low permeability, high-dimensional stability and long lasting. Whilst in potential application, the name HPC is sometimes used for the representation of concrete, this sometimes does not have any of shown above characteristics. In specific, the use of extremely active pozzolans, including the use of silica fume, with low water-binding concrete mixes has been found to be considerably moisture absorption, especially without sufficient curing. This behaviour can mostly be due to an improvement in autogenous drying reduction and perhaps a decline in creep for improved shrinking cracking in these kinds of mixes. The research findings on use of Aluminium dross in HPC—resulting in an appreciable reduction in the drying shrinkage at 1%. In order to consider the hydration of concrete with the use of Aluminium dross, micro-structural observations have also been conducted out from hardened concrete extracted samples

This research article is attempted on the study of morphological characteristics in Kanakapura watershed, located in Karnataka state, India. Kanakapura watershed is demarcated at the southern end of the Arkavathi River Basin. Morphological characteristics like flow accumulation, flow direction, stream network, and stream link have been extracted based on the digital elevation module (DEM), and results were interpreted and analyzed. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based approach with the use of DEM facilitates the understanding of different morphological characteristics that were represented in thematic raster data maps, and the correlation between the flow accumulations, flow direction, upstream, downstream pattern, stream order, and stream network was explored well. The study represents the morphological features extracted by using DEM in Arc Hydrology tools effective in understanding the spatial distribution of the stream network and identifying the groundwater potential locations.

Humans are trying to acquire a piece of land from the time they have come into existence. In modern era, the management of land and its ownership is taken up by the Land and Revenue Department of the State. In order to do that, they need maps with specific objectives, so that even a laymen can understand and use it. The process explained in this paper automate the process of map making after getting the digitized shapefile of the khasra (property identification number), as a single village is divided into numerous grids and it is a tedious work and can have lots of errors while doing it manually. So in order to do the process in swift manner and without having any errors, the process was developed using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) and Python. The proposed method involves making the use of models built in QGIS along with the Python console. It helps to run the whole process on its own with taking the required input parameters and storing the outputs in a specific folder designed for them. The requirement of the project was to do the same operations on a village file and to get the final khasra map from the village polygon file. Depending upon the village area and its dimensions, the numbers of grids for a particular village is decided and the same GIS tools need to be run on each grid files which make this process a tedious work and more prone to errors. By making use of the method suggested in the paper, all the work can be done error proof with the use of Python. The use of Python code helps to do work in just couple of seconds which would have taken days to complete.

Coastal regions are complex and underrated environments with vast variability of processes, source causing erosion, accretion, and shoreline evolution every year. To reduce the future changes in shoreline and coastal environment models are developed by different approaches, suited timescales, and incorporation of parameters responsible for the change. This current paper gives an overview of different available models used alongshore, cross-shores, sandy coasts, estuaries for both long-term and short-terms periods. Models are upgraded with the incorporation of new modules, omitted parameters, updated equations, and a combination of 1D/2D/3D systems to increase the potential to predict and prevent future loss.

Groundwater is the key source which satisfies the major water demands. Groundwater is under great stress concerning quality and quantity due to uncontrolled withdrawal and improper management, especially in urban agglomerations. Groundwater quality in Nacharam and Mallapur Industrial Development Areas (IDAs) which comes under Medchal-Malkajgiri District of Telangana State, India has special importance and requires significant care of all concerned. To conserve groundwater resources for domestic, drinking and irrigation uses, therefore it is important to determine and monitor the quality of groundwater. The current study is undertaken to analyse the key parameters of groundwater quality such as Colour, Turbidity, Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chloride (Cl‾), Phosphate (PO43−), Nitrate (NO3−), Fluoride (F−), Sulphate (SO42−) and Lead (Pb) for 45 bore well locations in the study area. Water Quality Index (WQI) for each sample was calculated using the parameters obtained from the physicochemical analysis. Water Quality Index values are very high in and surrounding areas of the study area range from 81.6 to 671.57. Using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method in ArcGIS, the results of the physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of all sampling points are spatially interpolated. The spatial distribution map of Water Quality Index indicated that groundwater quality in and surrounded 1 km area of Nacharam and Mallapur Industrial Development Areas is very poor and unfit for drinking and other purposes as groundwater are highly polluted.

Quantification of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is vital for building up an effective waste management system as it helps in developing practical approaches, establishing waste collection centres, arranging labour and transport facilities. The present work focuses on the estimation of CDW generated during the time of demolition, construction, renovation of small-scale residential structures and identifying the disposal site for dumping of CDW. Data regarding total CDW disposed at the dumpsite and information related to the challenges faced by demolition contractors were collected. Based on the collected data, correlation analysis, regression analysis, forecasting and energy calculations were performed. The total CDW generated at the generation sites, dumpsites and their Waste Generation Index (WGI) was calculated. About 84% of CDW was contributed by demolition works with WGI of 57.55 kg/m2, where brick masonry and concrete are the major contributors of CDW with 31% and 21%, respectively. There was not much variation between the observed and predicted CDW generation in case of construction works, but small variation was witnessed in demolition works which was negligible. On forecasting the CDW to be collected at a dumpsite (Rampura), it was estimated to collect about 51,680 tonnes for a year. The maximum energy consumption in transporting CDW from site to dump yard was contributed by dump trucks compared to tractors. The average distance between the CDW generation site and the disposal dumpsite per trip was about 21 km.

This paper presents the study of buckling effect on natural draught cooling towers. Natural draft cooling tower(NDCT) is the describing milestones of intensity stations and are utilized as heat exchangers in Thermal power plants. Two cooling towers i.e. Cooling Tower 1 (100.0 m), Cooling Tower 2 (200.0 m) with variation in elevation and thickness of shell are considered for the analysis. Using ANSYS Software, which is a FEA-based, the Eigen value buckling analysis is carried out for two cooling towers. Natural draught cooling towers have been modelled considering top end to be free and bottom end to be fixed. The study has been done in detail about the finite shell element. Here three various cases have been considered for the study of the effect of buckling on analysis of the natural draught cooling tower. Case 1—Height is kept constant and thickness of shell is varied from 400 to 800 mm. Case 2—Height is varied and thickness of shell is kept constant. Case 3—Both height and cooling tower thickness of shell is varied. The behavioural changes of considered cooling towers are examined using ANSYS, with Variation of its height and thickness for initial 6 buckling modes. Maximum Deformation, Maximum Principal Stresses are obtained and compared.