Sustainable Aviation Fuels
Recent Advances and Future Challenges
- 2025
- Book
- Editors
- Mohammad Aslam
- Sanjeev Mishra
- Jorge Arturo Aburto Anell
- Book Series
- Sustainable Aviation
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
Sustainable aviation fuels have the potential to make an essential contribution to decarbonizing the aviation sector and play an important role in strengthening the circular bioeconomy. This book presents recent advances and challenges in sustainable aviation fuel, with contributions from a global group of industry experts exploring alternative fuel technologies, feedstocks and conversion processes, combustion performance and emissions, and the technical and environmental challenges of implementing the use of alternative fuels for aviation. The book presents sustainability assessments, including techno-economic analyses and lifecycle assessments on developing sustainable aviation fuels from renewable sources, mainly from second and third-generation biomass feedstocks.
Sustainable Aviation Fuels: Recent Advances and Future Challenges provides an excellent overview of
the aviation and green energy sectors and is an invaluable resource for researchers and industry
practitioners working on commercially viable sustainable aviation fuels. The book will also provide a
foundation for graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and professionals working in the
broader fields of sustainable energy.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Green Aviation Fuel: A Sustainable Driver for the Next Generation
Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires, José Roberto de Matos Filho, Letícia da Costa Silva, Maurício Quintas Salamba, Jacob Tchiyeke António Kandjila, Rodrigo da Silva Vieira, José Cleiton Sousa dos SantosThe chapter explores the urgent need for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) to mitigate the environmental impact of the aviation industry, which is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. It discusses the evolution of aviation fuels from traditional fossil-based sources to renewable alternatives, highlighting the potential of biofuels, synthetic fuels, and hydrogen as viable substitutes. The bibliometric analysis reveals key trends and research gaps, identifying periods of significant academic interest and technological advancements. The chapter also examines the regulatory milestones and pioneering initiatives driving the pursuit of more sustainable fuels, such as the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal. It delves into the types of green aviation fuels, their production processes, and the challenges associated with their widespread adoption, including energy density, infrastructure, and economic viability. Case studies of current implementations and future perspectives are presented, emphasizing the importance of technological innovation, policy support, and interdisciplinary collaboration in shaping a more sustainable and resilient aviation sector. The conclusion underscores the global commitment to sustainability in aviation, highlighting the opportunities for innovation and leadership in the sector.AI Generated
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AbstractIn recent years, biofuels have gained prominence due to their crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting a more sustainable aviation industry. This study investigates these alternative fuels’ production processes, benefits, and challenges. Bibliometric analysis has revealed a significant increase in cited articles on biofuels between 2004 and 2024. Countries such as the United States, England, and Australia play an essential role in this research landscape by investing in sustainable fuel production. The keyword analysis indicates growing interest in this field, with terms like “biofuel,” “biomass,” and “bioenergy” being most sought after by researchers. It is worth noting that sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) utilize biomass from agricultural and forest residues, animal fats, and vegetable oils (including microalgae, sunflower, and palm oil), making them promising new technologies. However, technological challenges and market issues must still be overcome for these biofuels to reach their full potential in aviation. Future research should focus on innovative technologies to address production costs and other challenges. Ultimately, the global commitment to sustainability in aviation is not only an environmental necessity but also an opportunity for innovation and leadership in the sector. As green fuel technologies evolve, they will pave the way for cleaner, more efficient, and responsible aviation. -
Chapter 2. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Ling Tao, Calvin Mukarakate, Thomas D. Foust, Zia AbdullahThe chapter examines the critical role of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the aviation sector, which accounts for a significant portion of global transportation emissions. It discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with producing SAF from lignocellulosic biomass, highlighting the need for scalable and economically viable conversion technologies. The text explores various approved pathways for SAF production, including hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, each with its unique advantages and limitations. It also delves into the economic considerations, including techno-economic analyses and life cycle assessments, to provide a holistic view of the potential impact of SAF on the aviation industry. The chapter emphasizes the importance of feedstock innovation, conversion technology advancements, and policy support in achieving the ambitious goals set by the SAF Grand Challenge. Additionally, it discusses the environmental benefits of SAF, including reduced GHG emissions and improved air quality, making it a crucial component in the transition to a more sustainable aviation future.AI Generated
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AbstractTo achieve high-volume, cost-effective, and easily integrated SAF production, several key challenges must be addressed, including low carbon yields from SAF production, reliable feedstock sources, and competition from renewable diesel. This chapter explores the gaps and opportunities to facilitate the production of SAF as an alternative to fossil-based jet fuels. This chapter details SAF’s chemical composition, ASTM approval process, current approved SAF production technologies, and the challenges and renewable feedstocks involved in SAF production. Thermochemical and biochemical routes to SAF from renewable carbon are discussed, including R&D priorities, and techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) for evaluating economic and sustainability potential. -
Chapter 3. Microalgae: Next-Generation Feedstock for Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Bidhu Bhusan Makut, Pritikrishna Majhi, Sanjeev Mishra, Mohammad Aslam, Radhakanta NagThe chapter delves into the urgent need for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) to mitigate the environmental impact of the aviation sector, which is responsible for a significant portion of global CO2 emissions. Microalgae emerge as a promising feedstock for SAFs, offering advantages such as high lipid content, rapid growth rates, and the ability to utilize atmospheric CO2. The text explores various conversion pathways, including biomass gasification using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, hydro-processing of microalgal bio-oil, and the transformation of algal starch into aviation fuel. Each method is scrutinized for its benefits and drawbacks, with a focus on the challenges of syngas purification, bio-oil upgrading, and compliance with jet fuel standards. The physicochemical properties of microalgae-derived aviation fuel are compared to conventional fuels, highlighting its potential for higher heating values and improved cold flow characteristics. The chapter also addresses the economic and environmental sustainability of microalgae-based SAFs, emphasizing the need for optimization and rigorous modeling to reduce operational costs. Overall, the text provides a thorough examination of the prospects and challenges of microalgae-derived aviation fuel, making a compelling case for its role in the future of sustainable aviation.AI Generated
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AbstractPetroleum jet fuel, recognized for its remarkable efficiency as an energy carrier, is predominantly utilized in the aviation industry. The aviation sector is responsible for around 2.5% of worldwide CO₂ emissions and has contributed roughly 4% to global warming to date. The quest for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is accelerating due to their economic viability and ecological benefits. Biomass-derived sustainable aviation fuel exhibits properties akin to traditional jet fuel while significantly diminishing its carbon footprint, hence reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with flight. Microalgal biomass has been exploited as an excellent feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel generation and is attracting considerable interest because of its exceptional biomass output, high lipid and carbohydrate content, and cost-effective culture methods. This chapter focuses on the processing of microalgal biomass for bio-oil synthesis and its subsequent enhancement to sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). A succinct analysis of the fuel characteristics related to SAFs is provided. -
Chapter 4. Major Resources for Green Aviation Fuel Production, Challenges, and Opportunities
Paulo Gonçalves de Sousa Junior, Kaiany Moreira dos Santos, Francisco Izaias da Silva Aires, Isabelly Silveira Freitas, José Roberto de Matos Filho, Letícia Costa da Silva, Rodrigo da Silva Vieira, Patrick da Silva Sousa, Dayana Nascimento Dari, José C. S. dos SantosThe chapter explores the pivotal role of green aviation fuels in reducing the environmental impact of the aviation industry, which demands vast quantities of fuel annually. It examines the major resources for producing these fuels, including biomass, algae, and urban waste, and the challenges associated with their availability and sustainability. The analysis reveals a growing global interest in biofuels, with significant contributions from the United States, China, and the Netherlands, and highlights the importance of technological advancements and international collaborations in driving innovation. The chapter also delves into the economic viability and market dynamics of green aviation fuels, emphasizing the need for supportive government policies and infrastructure development. Key technological advancements, such as hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) and power-to-liquid (PtL) fuels, are discussed, along with their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sustainability. The bibliometric analysis provides a detailed overview of the most influential journals, institutions, and authors in the field, offering a comprehensive understanding of the current research landscape and future prospects for sustainable aviation fuels.AI Generated
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AbstractThe aviation industry plays a vital role in global commerce and transportation, but its heavy reliance on fossil fuels has significant environmental impacts. To address this, there is a growing interest in green fuels, which substantially reduce carbon emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels. Producing these renewable fuels on a large scale faces several challenges, such as the availability and sustainability of raw materials. Sources like agricultural and forestry waste, algae, and urban waste align with circular economy principles, but their consistent supply and high production costs are significant hurdles. Technological advancements, such as biocatalysts, and collaborations between public and private sectors are helping overcome these challenges. Political measures, including subsidies and carbon pricing, also support the development of biofuels. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of biofuels in the aviation industry by reviewing research from the past decade. Using data from the Web of Science (WoS) database, we conducted a bibliometric analysis with tools like CiteSpace and Microsoft Excel. From 2014 to June 2024, 719 scientific publications and 15,956 citations were analyzed. The United States emerged as the leading contributor, with 202 publications and 5100 citations. However, journals from the Netherlands had the highest impact factors, exceeding 11.0, and produced the most cited articles, highlighting the quality of their research. Our analysis also shows a growing research trend, with a notable increase in publications from 2014 to 2023, peaking at 125 publications and 3465 citations in 2023. This represents a 594% increase in publications and a 38,400% increase in citations. Although 2024 data only covers the year’s first half, it includes 46 articles and 1562 citations. These findings underscore the increasing momentum in biofuel research and the critical role of technological and policy support in advancing sustainable aviation fuels. -
Chapter 5. Conversion Technologies for Green Aviation Fuels
Xiaoyu Lin, Quan Sophia He, Jie YangThe global aviation industry is poised for continuous expansion, driving an increased demand for jet fuels. Conventional jet fuel, derived from crude oil, faces stringent international specifications, making the development of alternative fuels challenging. The aviation industry aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050, with alternative jet fuels being a key pillar in achieving this goal. This chapter explores seven certified pathways for producing bio-jet fuels, including Gas-to-Jet, Oil-to-Jet, Sugar-to-Jet, and Alcohol-to-Jet, each with unique production processes and certification timelines. The chapter delves into the technical routes, economic viability, and environmental impacts of these technologies, highlighting the potential of HEFA and FT-SPK as the most promising technologies. It also discusses the readiness levels of these pathways, the involvement of airlines worldwide, and the implications of commercializing alternative aviation fuels. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research and investments in sustainable aviation fuel technologies, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to overcome technical challenges and establish robust, sustainable fuel supply chains.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter delves into the imperative need for green and sustainable aviation fuels, highlighting the urgency for the aviation industry to reduce its carbon footprint. It thoroughly examines various bio-jet fuel conversion technologies, including Fischer–Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK), hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP), FT-SPK with aromatics (FT-SPK/A), alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), hydroprocessed hydrocarbons SPK (HH-SPK), and catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), which were certified in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard in sequence. These technologies have been evaluated for their technological routes, economic feasibility, environmental impact, and scalability, providing a comparative analysis of their strengths and limitations and discussing their potential to transform the aviation sector into a more environmentally sustainable one. The HEFA and FT-SPK routes have been identified to be the most economically viable, while ATJ is not financially viable under the current prevailing market price for crude oil. The necessity of the presence of aromatics within SPK is highlighted, with the aim of achieving satisfactory compatibility with the current infrastructure. The commercial practices and flight tests of aviation biofuels are also discussed. Overall, this chapter significantly contributes to understanding the potential of aviation biofuels in achieving environmental sustainability in the aviation sector. -
Chapter 6. Hydroprocessing of Liquid Biomass Fractions to Drop-in Green Aviation Fuel
Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Diego ValenciaThe quest for sustainable aviation fuel has led to the exploration of hydroprocessing, a mature technology in the petroleum industry, for converting liquid biomass fractions into drop-in green fuels. This chapter illuminates the journey from various biomass feedstocks to aviation fuel, highlighting the unique challenges and innovative solutions in the process. It begins with an overview of hydroprocessing, emphasizing its role in eliminating undesirable heteroatoms, particularly oxygen, from biomass-derived feedstocks. The chapter then delves into the diverse liquid biomass fractions, from Fischer-Tropsch wax and bio-oil to triglycerides and terpenes, each presenting unique hurdles and opportunities. The catalytic processes involved, notably hydrodeoxygenation, are scrutinized, with a focus on the development of new catalysts and technologies to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The chapter also addresses the need for infrastructure and human resource development to facilitate the transition to renewable energy. With its comprehensive analysis and forward-looking perspective, this chapter is a must-read for anyone interested in the future of green aviation fuel.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter explores the production of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) from the hydroprocessing of liquid biomass fractions. Various liquid streams are derived from biomass, including bio-oil, Fischer–Tropsch (FT) wax, triglycerides, waste cooking oil, and terpenes. The challenges in converting these fractions are analyzed, such as oxygen removal and meeting industry standards for aviation fuels. It also examines catalytic processes such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), hydroisomerization, and hydrogenation, along with their roles in SAF production. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the importance of sustainable hydrogen sources and the need for further research to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly catalytic materials and processes. By optimizing these strategies, the aviation industry can move toward decarbonization and a greener future. -
Chapter 7. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production: Step Towards a More Prosperous and Energy-Independent Future
Prerna Tripathi, Abhay Kumar ChoubeyThe chapter delves into the critical role of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and promoting energy independence in the aviation sector. It examines the various feedstocks available for SAF production, ranging from first-generation food crops to fourth-generation genetically modified organisms and non-biological resources. The text provides an in-depth analysis of different production pathways, including hydroprocessed renewable jet (HRJ) fuels, Fischer–Tropsch (FT) fuels, and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) processes, highlighting their unique advantages and challenges. The chapter also explores the environmental and economic considerations of SAF production, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices that do not compromise food security or ecosystem integrity. Furthermore, it discusses the current obstacles in the commercialization of SAF, such as feedstock availability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory hurdles, and offers recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The future prospects of SAF are also examined, with a focus on the potential of advanced technologies and policy interventions to drive the widespread adoption of sustainable aviation fuels. The chapter concludes with a call for continued research, innovation, and collaboration to accelerate the transition to a more prosperous and energy-independent future for the aviation industry.AI Generated
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AbstractAviation is a prominent source of greenhouse gas emissions. The undeniable environmental consequences of the ongoing reliance on conventional oil-derived fuels have spurred international initiatives towards alternative solutions. Cost-effective and environmentally sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are acknowledged as an essential component in separating carbon emissions from market expansion. Several industrial commitments and collaborations have arisen to explore alternate methods of producing bio-aviation fuels. The current focus of this study of research lies in the conversion of biomass-derived sources into bio-jet fuels at a commercial or pre-commercial level. This study provides an overview of the production method and technologies employed in the production of the fuel, the type of raw materials used and the potential for widespread use of these alternative fuels in the future. The prospects and challenges of the technologies as well as recent research focus in the area are also incorporated as the highlights. -
Chapter 8. Development of Advanced Sustainable Processes for Aviation Fuel Production
Jorge Aburto, Arick Castillo-LanderoThe aviation industry faces significant challenges in achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, with a projected carbon footprint of 1.8 gigatonnes. This chapter examines the development of advanced sustainable processes for aviation fuel production, emphasizing the integration of economic, environmental, and social aspects. It highlights the role of process engineers in designing new bioprocesses that utilize biomass as a raw material, contributing to the decarbonization of the energy sector. The chapter delves into eight ASTM-approved routes for producing synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) or sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), including hydroprocessing of esters and fatty acids (HEFA-SPK), Fischer-Tropsch (FT-SPK), and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ-SPK). It also discusses prototype technologies and the certification status of various SAF production routes. Furthermore, the chapter provides an in-depth look at the HEFA process, considered the most established route for SAF production, and explores the types of biomass analyzed for biojet fuel production. Readers will gain insights into the latest advancements in process design and the potential of sustainable aviation fuel to revolutionize the aviation industry.AI Generated
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AbstractNowadays, the production of renewable fuels depends not only on selecting raw materials such as biomass to develop a green industry but also on using tools in the design of future chemical processes. These add up to a decrease in environmental impact considering economic and social aspects, all of this in order to have advanced sustainable processes. The production of aviation biofuels is a good example, as different alternatives have been developed, such as the route to obtain this type of biofuel considering the characteristics requested by the aviation industry or the adaptation of hybrid equipment, which requires less space and services to obtain the desired products. The application of process intensification and integration strategies are of great use for the development of a cleaner industry. The integration of these two lines of research results in advanced processes from a sustainable perspective, which contribute to the decarbonisation of the industry. -
Chapter 9. Integrated System for Biojet Fuel Production
Edwin Santiago Rios Escalante, Pedro Teixeira Lacava, João Andrade de Carvalho JúniorThe aeronautical industry is under significant pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. Biojet fuels emerge as a promising solution, offering the potential to be used in existing aircraft engines without modifications. However, the implementation of biojet fuels faces several obstacles, including economic competitiveness, raw material supply, and certification challenges. This chapter explores the complexities of the biojet fuel supply chain, from raw material cultivation and harvesting to production, storage, and transport. It delves into the various conversion technologies available, such as Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), Fischer-Tropsch (FT), Syngas Fermentation (SF), and Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbons (DSHC), each with its own advantages and limitations. The techno-economic analysis reveals that while individual conversion routes like HEFA and FT show promise, an integrated system approach could be more viable for large-scale production. This integrated system not only maximizes the use of raw materials like sugarcane, jatropha, and eucalyptus but also generates valuable co-products, reducing overall production costs. The environmental assessment highlights that an integrated system can achieve lower net CO2 emissions compared to fossil jet fuel, making it a sustainable alternative. The chapter also discusses the potential of Brazil as a strategic player in biojet fuel production, leveraging its vast biomass resources and favorable climatic conditions. The findings underscore the need for a balanced approach that considers economic viability, environmental impact, and technological integration to pave the way for a sustainable future in aviation.AI Generated
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AbstractThe global shift toward environmentally friendly renewable fuels is necessary to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and meet the climate goals established by competent international organizations. The aviation sector, a major GHG emitter, must reduce emissions to mitigate environmental impacts. In this context, the use of biojet fuels (or Sustainable Aviation Fuels, SAFs) as “drop-in” fuels has received great attention since it is considered the most efficient and fastest technique towards decarbonization. However, current technologies for converting biomass into biojet fuel have a high production cost and sales prices are not competitive with those of fossil jet fuel. Thus, this study evaluated the potential of an integrated system for biojet fuel production to satisfy the demand of the Brazilian market. The system was made up of four technologies: Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), Fischer-Tropsch (FT), Syngas fermentation (SF), and direct sugar hydrocarbons (DSHC) using sugarcane as raw material, and jatropha fruit was also considered as raw material for the HEFA route. On the other hand, a techno-economic and environmental assessment was carried out to estimate the sales price of biojet fuel, the number of hectares to be used in biomass cultivation and the environmental impact generated in the production chain. The results demonstrated that an integrated system is a promising alternative for biojet fuel production generating an attractive sales price (1.09 US$ l−1) compared to individual conversion routes and a competitive sales price (0.55 US$ l−1) against fossil jet fuel. In addition, the use of hectares is reduced and environmental impacts are approximately similar to those generated by the individual conversion route as long as an adequate share (%) of a given route is chosen. -
Chapter 10. Advanced Biorefineries to Produce Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Araceli Guadalupe Romero-Izquierdo, Carlos Eduardo Guzmán-Martínez, Oscar Daniel Lara-Montaño, Salvador Hernández, Claudia Gutiérrez-AntonioThe aviation sector's rapid growth, driven by increasing global air traffic and economic globalization, has led to significant environmental challenges despite improvements in fuel efficiency. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) emerges as a promising solution to mitigate the sector's carbon footprint, with biorefineries playing a crucial role in its production. This chapter delves into the various production pathways for SAF, including hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic paraffinic kerosene, and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel, each utilizing different feedstocks and offering unique sustainability benefits. The text highlights the economic challenges of SAF production, emphasizing the need for technological advancements and policy support to achieve economic viability. It also explores the potential of biorefineries to maximize the economic value of biomass, reduce waste, and support the transition to a more sustainable economy. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of real-world applications and case studies, offering insights into the future trends and innovations in the field. It concludes by underscoring the importance of integrating biorefineries into the aviation sector to achieve sustainable growth and align with global climate goals.AI Generated
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AbstractThe aviation sector faces big challenges in order to promote its sustainable growth, and in recent years, this sector has been pioneering leading strategies to achieve its decarbonization. Among them, the production and use of sustainable aviation fuel highlights. This biofuel can be used in existing aircraft, guaranteeing technical, safety, and environmental criteria. Nevertheless, the main challenge is the achievement of economic feasibility, with regard to its fossil counterpart. In this context, the biorefinery is a processing scheme that allows the complete use of biomasses for the production of biofuels, value-added products as well as bioenergy. In this processing scheme, the profitability relies on several products, which can help to reach the economic feasibility of this aviation biofuel. Therefore, this chapter presents a revision on the use of biorefineries for the production of sustainable aviation fuel. Moreover, future trends related to the production of this biofuel through biorefineries are discussed. -
Chapter 11. Performance, Combustion, and Emissions from Green Aviation Fuel
Jorge Aburto, Arick Castillo-LanderoThe chapter explores the urgent need for decarbonization in the aviation industry, which accounts for a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions. It highlights the challenges and opportunities in developing sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) as a medium-term solution to mitigate climate change. The text delves into the production processes of SAF, including hydroprocessing, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and alcohol-to-jet technologies, each with varying levels of maturity and feedstock requirements. It compares the life cycle assessments of different SAF production methods, emphasizing their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter also examines the combustion properties and emissions of SAF, discussing how blending SAF with conventional aviation fuels can improve environmental performance without compromising engine efficiency. Real-world flight tests conducted by major airlines are presented, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of using SAF in commercial aviation. The detailed analysis of SAF production, combustion, and emissions provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of sustainable aviation fuels, making it an essential read for those interested in the intersection of aviation and environmental sustainability.AI Generated
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AbstractNowadays, the production of transport fuels from renewable sources promises a positive impact due to their low carbon footprint. Studies have shown a lower impact on CO2 emissions during the combustion of these biofuels. Despite this, and together with their production, an emission cycle is maintained which supports the decarbonization goals of the energy industry. On the other hand, the transport industry is demonstrating objectives to reduce the effects of climate change through the implementation of biofuels, and efforts to use them have been no exception. This is not an easy task for aviation systems, as there are limitations compared to ground transport due to the nature of the aviation fuels that have been deployed and the effects they have on combustion, emissions, and performance. -
Chapter 12. Challenges in the Environmentally Sustainable Aviation Ecosystem
Heini Noronen-Juhola, Risto Soukka, Kaisa GrönmanThe aviation industry, a critical driver of global economic growth, faces significant challenges in achieving environmental sustainability. Despite its economic and social benefits, the sector's growth trajectory raises concerns about its carbon footprint, with emissions estimated to potentially reach 22–30% by mid-century. This chapter provides a thorough examination of the challenges within the environmentally sustainable aviation ecosystem, focusing on CO2 emissions from flight operations. It highlights the roles of various stakeholders, including airlines, airports, ground handling companies, air navigation service providers, and regulatory authorities, and emphasizes the need for collaboration to establish a successful and sustainable aviation ecosystem. The chapter also explores the aviation industry's resilience in the face of global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and the need for a comprehensive approach to address environmental impacts. It delves into the complexities of reporting environmental impacts, the immaturity of sustainable solutions, and the challenges posed by the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). The chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and their significance, providing a roadmap for achieving environmental sustainability in the aviation industry.AI Generated
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AbstractAir transport serves as a fundamental driver of global economic growth, playing a pivotal role in generating employment opportunities, fostering international trade, fueling the tourism industry, and underpinning sustainable development on a global scale. It serves as a conduit for global connectivity and a catalyst for both social and economic prosperity. However, amid these manifold benefits, the aviation sector faces substantial challenges, the most significant of which is the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by fossil jet fuels.Despite accounting for a relatively modest 2–3% of global carbon emissions, the aviation industry faces a discouraging trajectory, with emissions projected to escalate dramatically, potentially reaching as high as 22–30% by mid-century due to the industry’s growth.This chapter examines the intricate challenges surrounding the pursuit of environmental sustainability within the aviation ecosystem, with a particular focus on the CO2 emissions originating from flight operations. While the aviation industry often spotlights airlines and their operations, it is essential to recognize the multitude of companies and stakeholders intricately involved in aviation activities. Key stakeholders encompass airports, ground handling companies, air navigation service providers, and regulatory authorities. The interplay among these entities significantly influences each other’s success, impacting sustainability initiatives within the broader aviation ecosystem.This chapter presents an overview of the distinctive characteristics of the aviation ecosystem, providing insights into its current market dynamics and the evolving landscape of sustainability considerations. We consider the complexities of fostering an environmentally sustainable aviation ecosystem in the context of the challenges that must be overcome. To achieve our collective environmental sustainability objectives, the aviation ecosystem must establish shared goals, aligned action plans, and comprehensive metrics. Regulatory frameworks play a pivotal role in facilitating this alignment, ultimately maximizing the environmental sustainability of the aviation sector as a whole. -
Chapter 13. Techno-economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production
Luis Felipe Ramírez Verduzco, Judith Esperanza Cruz Ramírez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-AllieriThe chapter explores the growing need for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector. It provides an in-depth analysis of the techno-economic and life cycle assessments of SAF production, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges associated with transitioning to biofuels. The text delves into the various feedstocks and conversion technologies used in SAF production, including hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), synthesized isoparaffins (SIP), and catalytic hydrothermolysis (CHJ). It also examines the environmental impacts and techno-economic implementation of producing aviation biofuel from different feedstocks and technologies. The chapter discusses the policies, regulatory requirements, and initiatives aimed at promoting the adoption of SAF, as well as the market analysis and demand forecasting for biofuels. Additionally, it provides a detailed cost breakdown and evaluation of capital and operating expenses for SAF production, highlighting the factors that influence its feasibility and sustainability. The text also explores the minimum selling price (MSP) and net present value (NPV) associated with SAF production, offering insights into the economic viability and potential returns on investment. Furthermore, it discusses the internal rate of return (IRR) and the challenges and opportunities in producing SAF, making it a comprehensive resource for those seeking to understand the intricacies of SAF production and its potential impact on the aviation industry.AI Generated
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AbstractCountries worldwide are actively developing and implementing updated policies related to sustainable energy transition. The need to transition to biofuels with a low-carbon footprint is growing due to global efforts to replace fossil fuels incrementally with other sources, such as biofuels, including those for aviation. Aviation fuels refer to petroleum-based fuels or blends of petroleum and synthetic fuels used to power aircraft. To decrease emissions, airlines can transition from petroleum-based fuels to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) states that SAF could help airlines cut emissions by 65%, achieving net-zero carbon emissions from their operations by 2050. However, the production of aviation fuels has significant environmental and techno-economic impacts that need to be considered.The techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of SAF production evaluate the feasibility and profitability of producing SAF from different feedstocks and process technologies, along with its environmental and social impact. Scientists and engineers are developing and optimizing conversion technologies and manufacturing strategies, while the state of the art in TEA and LCA for SAF is evolving. Currently, there are key areas of research and development. One critical area focuses on the development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies. This includes exploring the use of nonfood crops such as algae or cellulosic waste biomass and developing more efficient and cost-effective conversion processes, such as pyrolysis or gasification.Another area of research involves enhancing process efficiency and economics. This includes optimizing feedstock selection, evaluating different biorefinery concepts, and reducing energy and water consumption. Additionally, there is growing interest in integrating SAF with other industries, such as power or chemical conversion, to take advantage of economies of scale and reduce costs.Evaluating the economic and environmental sustainability of SAF is a crucial area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the assessment methodologies and metrics used to evaluate these factors. The development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies is critical to the success of SAF, as is evaluating the environmental and social impact of the production process. The use of nonfood crops such as algae or cellulosic waste biomass can help increase the sustainability of SAF and decrease the reliance on food crops. The efficient and cost-effective conversion of these feedstocks into SAF is also an area of intense research. Pyrolysis or gasification, for example, can be used to convert feedstocks into SAF.Optimizing feedstock selection and evaluating different biorefinery concepts can improve process efficiency and reduce costs. Reducing energy and water consumption during the production process is also critical. Integrating SAF with other industries, such as power or chemical conversion, can help reduce costs and take advantage of economies of scale. This approach can help increase the sustainability of the production process and make SAF more economically viable. To ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of SAF, ongoing research is focused on improving the assessment methodologies and metrics used to evaluate these factors. The development of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies, as well as the evaluation of the environmental and social impact of the production process, is critical to the success of SAF. -
Chapter 14. Sustainable Aviation Biofuels: Progress and Challenges
Viviane de Castro Bizerra, Kaiany Moreira dos Santos, Paulo Gonçalves de Sousa Júnior, José Roberto de Matos Filho, Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante, Francisco Simão Neto, Valdilane Santos Alexandre, Érico Carlos de Castro, Maria Cristiane Martins de Souza, José C. S. dos SantosThe aviation industry faces significant challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with the sector contributing approximately 3.5–4% of global anthropogenic climate change. This chapter examines the progress and obstacles in developing sustainable aviation biofuels (SAFs), which are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of air travel. It highlights the urgent need for viable fuel alternatives that can reduce CO2 emissions, with a focus on the production processes, properties, and economic feasibility of SAFs. The chapter also explores the latest research trends and technological advancements in SAF production, including biofuels, synthetic fuels, and renewable energy sources. It provides a detailed analysis of the current state of SAFs, their potential applications, and the future prospects for sustainable aviation. The bibliometric analysis offers unique insights into the most influential countries, institutions, and authors in the field, as well as the key funding agencies driving research and development. Additionally, the chapter discusses the economic and environmental benefits of SAFs, highlighting their potential to reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability of the aviation industry. It also addresses the challenges and opportunities in the development and implementation of SAFs, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future directions for sustainable aviation.AI Generated
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AbstractSustainable aviation biofuels are emerging as environmentally preferable alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived fuels due to their reduced environmental footprint through mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to delve into the substantial strides made in the research and production of these biofuels, encompassing the development of cutting-edge technologies and highly efficient production processes. An extensive analysis conducted on the Web of Science database from 2014 to 2024 identified a substantial corpus of 541 publications pertinent to the subject matter. The United States emerged as the preeminent contributor with 166 articles, closely followed by China with 139. Within the domain of energy fuel research, there was a notable representation of 35.1% of the total scholarly output. Despite the promising potential of sustainable aviation biofuels (SAFs), significant hurdles remain, notably the constrained availability of sustainable feedstock on a commercial scale, which could impede the economic feasibility of large-scale production. Nonetheless, SAFs signify a pivotal opportunity to advance the sustainability agenda within the aviation sector and foster long-term environmental stewardship. This necessitates sustained research, innovation and infrastructural development investments to catalyse their widespread production and utilization, aligning with overarching ecological objectives. -
Chapter 15. Sustainable Aviation Fuel: A Future Outlook
Claudia Gutiérrez-AntonioThe chapter begins by highlighting the urgent need for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in reducing the aviation sector's carbon footprint, which accounts for a significant portion of global emissions. It discusses the ambitious goals set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to achieve carbon-neutral growth and reduce emissions by 2050. The text explores the four-pillar strategy proposed to meet these objectives, with a particular focus on the development of alternative fuels as the most promising avenue. It delves into the various types of biomass that can be used to produce SAF, including triglycerides, lignocellulosic materials, and sugar and starchy feedstocks, each with its own conversion pathways and challenges. The chapter also examines the technical standards and sustainability certifications required for SAF, such as those set by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). It provides a detailed overview of the advancements in SAF production technologies, including hydroprocessing, pyrolysis, and gasification, and discusses the economic and environmental considerations associated with each method. The text concludes by highlighting the future directions and challenges in the production of SAF, emphasizing the need for innovation, standardization, and the integration of renewable energy sources to achieve a sustainable aviation sector.AI Generated
This summary of the content was generated with the help of AI.
AbstractAccording to the International Energy Agency, transport sector accounts for more than a third of CO2 global total emissions. Inside this sector, road transportation contributes with almost 75% of the emissions, followed by aviation with 12%. In spite of the fact that the contribution of aviation is small, the growth forecasts indicated that it could significantly be increased. Due to this, the aviation sector established goals and strategies to achieve its decarbonization and ensure its sustainable development. These strategies include improvements in the efficiency of engines, operational measures, emissions market trade, and also sustainable aviation fuels. Among all of them, the production and use of sustainable aviation fuel is the most promising to be implemented in the short term, as no modifications or replacement of the existing aircraft is required. This biofuel can be produced from any biomass through several production processes. Therefore, in this chapter, a future outlook regarding what has been done and where the efforts need to be focused is discussed. -
Backmatter
- Title
- Sustainable Aviation Fuels
- Editors
-
Mohammad Aslam
Sanjeev Mishra
Jorge Arturo Aburto Anell
- Copyright Year
- 2025
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-83721-0
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-83720-3
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83721-0
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