Sustainable Building Materials and Construction

In cement manufacturing, a lot of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere creates a global warming problem. To solve this problem partly, calcined clay-limestone cement concrete can be used. The impact of high temperature on calcinated clay-limestone cement concrete (LC3) is studied in this paper. LC3 is innovative ternary mixed cement made from a mixture of 30% low-grade calcined clay, 15% limestone, and gypsum 5 percent, along with 50% cement clinkers. That means 50% of cement clinkers are replaced by supplementary cementitious materials which is advantageous for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during cement manufacturing. In the present study, M25 grade concrete are prepared by calcined clay-limestone cement. After 28 days, prepared samples were subjected to 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 °C temperature. The surface texture and compressive strength (CS) tests were performed on the cubes of size 100 × 100 × 100 mm3. The result displays that the CS after 200 °C decreases rapidly, and after ‘400 °C,’ major losses take place. Once the temperature touched 400 °C, minute visible cracks began to appear on all the grades of cube surface. All test results were compared with concrete prepared by ordinary Portland cement (OPC).

The present paper describes the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) as one of the artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for predicting the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In the proposed model, amount of fly ash, alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution), coarse aggregate content, fine aggregate content, molarity, water content, superplasticizer, curing time, temperature and age was considered as the ten input parameters, while the compressive strength was the output parameter. Modelling has been carried out using MATLAB, and training and validation processes are carried out for the corresponding mix proportions. Model performance was observed by changing the number of neurons in the hidden layers. The performance of this model was evaluated using a set of three metrics, including correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). With the less amount of data, by changing the neurons, best results could be obtained. The predicted results are near agreement with the experimental results, and ANN acts as a promising tool for the prediction of compressive strength with tiny errors.

The serious issue related to more consumption of cement-based concrete because of the CO2 emission, while manufacturing of the cement. The Portland cement manufacturing causes the emissions of pollutants in atmosphere. By use of industrial by products in construction industry will reduce these harmful effects. The incorporation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in construction field is the best suitable solution to utilize waste as a binder. Also, the demand of river sand is so high and the resources of natural river sand going to over and become costly and finally become expensive and rare. Because of these illegal excavations of river sand have occur and natural resources will be destroyed. To overcome this issue in eco-friendly aspect, in this research, the incorporation of manufactured sand instead of river sand can be the better solution in construction industry. The ultimate objective of this study is to incorporate the locally available material in high-strength geopolymer concrete like GGBS as a binder and manufactured sand as a fine aggregate.

In the current construction industry, due to rapid changes in construction activities, the availability of natural sand has been exhausted. In addition, it may be necessary to transport high-quality sand from long distances, which increases construction costs. Therefore, it is inevitable to use alternative materials for fine aggregates, including recycled aggregates, artificial sand, and crushed stone powder. This article presents an experimental analysis on the effect of replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand (M-sand). The 1:2, 1:3, and 1:6 proportions are considered for mortar cube test. The use of variable river sand cement mortars substitute natural sand with M-sand at levels 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% is typical cement mortar. Cube mold casted cured at ambient temperature and compressive strength measured, after 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days, Mortar cube measuring 70.7 × 70.7 × 70.7 mm was casted. In different stages of the replacement, the strength and toughness of natural sand and cements from M-sand were extracted. The compression strength of cement mortar improves with an increase in M-sand up to 80%. The strength and durability of cement mortar using natural sand and M-sand as fine aggregates in different substitution levels were evaluated and compared. Prism tests have shown that replacing the M-sand by 40–60% shows higher compressive strength. It was found that the water absorption rate increases as the replacement rate of M-sand increases. Therefore, M-sand is recommended as an alternative to natural river sand for up to 80% of cement mortar.

Due to its revolutionary design, self-compacting concrete (SCC) had a significant influence on the concrete building industry. The method of achieving SCC either contributes to greater shrinkage or alter the concrete's mechanical properties. As a result, blended pozzolanic materials are needed for making SCC in order to improve its properties. This study reports on experimental work conducted to study the influence of using rice husk ash (RHA) and metakaolin (MK) as partial replacement materials for SCC. Tests are conducted on fresh and hardened binary blend SCC. With the addition of powder, the induced SCC’s flow and segregation resistance improved at a fresh stage. After seven days of curing, it is noticed that adding up to 20% blends improved the strength of SCC. If SCC is rendered with a mixture of RHA and MK, 20% cement replacement is recommended as the ideal standard.

This study presents the results of the inclusion of binary admixtures [Fly Ash (FA) + Silica Fume (SF)] and Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). First, SCC mixes were prepared by replacing parts of 43-grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with different combinations of FA + SF to find their optimum replacement level (25%). Then, another set of SCC mixes was prepared by replacing parts of Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with RCA (0–100%) to obtain the optimum level (25%), maintaining the optimum level of ternary blend obtained previously. The green, hardened, and microstructural properties of all SCC mixes were determined. On inclusion of binary admixtures at optimum OPC replacement level [FA(15%) + SF(10%)] with NCA, both the fresh properties and compressive strength increase. On inclusion of RCA at optimum level (25%) along with the ternary blend at the optimum level, the fresh properties of SCC increase up to a certain limit (25%), and thereafter, these decrease with an increase in RCA content. At the optimum ternary blend level, the compressive strength is increased significantly. At optimum ternary blend and RCA levels, the compressive strength is improved further. Further, in all the above mixes, the microstructure is improved.

The findings of an experimental programme to explore the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing dual admixtures are presented in this paper. Three different SCC mixes (grade-M25) were prepared using: (i) ordinary portland cement (OPC) and natural fine aggregate (NFA) (M-1); (ii) OPC, dual admixtures [fly ash (FA) + Metakaolin (MK)] and NFA (M-2); (iii) OPC, dual admixtures, NFA and manufactured sand (M-sand) (M-3). The properties of the various mixes are compared in both fresh and hardened states. The optimal level of OPC substitution by binary admixtures is 25% [FA(15%) + MK(10%)]. The NFA was partially replaced by M-sand after finding the optimal dose of binary admixture (FA + MK), and the optimum dose was 50%. All specimens were cured in tap water for 90 days and tested.

Cement free concrete is an emerging field in modern construction industry. This technology is highly recommended due to the reduction in greenhouse gas emission. In the last few decades, the environmental CO2 footprint is increasing day by day due to the high consumption of cement. To overcome this issue, the other pozzolanic materials are incorporated instead of cement. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative construction material that utilizes fly ash as one ingredient. Geopolymer concrete also reduces global emission of CO2 by approximately 2.1 billion tonnes per year. It can also be referred to as cement-free concrete. It is also known as greener construction technology. The fly ash is non-binding material, and it is activated by an alkaline solution to produce the binding material. The main objective is to achieve the sustainable fly ash-based geopolymer concrete and to carry out the mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength and durability properties when exposed to acid, sulphates, chlorides and water absorption for M30 grade at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.

The steel–concrete composite structures become more popular because it possesses different structural benefits at a time. This study aims to compare five different nonlinear numerical models for confined concrete and mild steel to simulate the experimental results with finite element analysis. The nonlinear analysis of CFST composite slender column is carried out for square shape having L/D ratio as 13. A numerical model which will have the best match with experimental results will be considered for the further analysis of composite columns having different L/D ratio and shapes. Also, the numerical and experimental elastic axial resistance is compared with the different country codes. The nonlinear finite element analysis will be carried out in Abaqus software.

The fire exposure of conventional concrete has been extensively explored to understand the damage scenario in the concrete subjected to direct fire events. However, the conventional concrete's sustainable alternative, namely alkali-activated concrete (AAC), requires rigorous experimental investigations. Since the AAC has emerged as a preferred material for modular or precast structural members, the investigations on the fire resistance and response of AAC as the modular walls and partition may be worth exploring. In the present article, the experimental study of the effects of direct fire on the surfaces of the modular prototype AAC panels has been discussed. The performance criteria of the AAC prototype panels conforming to the IS: 3809-1979 has been evaluated under the varying time durations of fire exposure. The observation values, namely time duration, fire load temperature, the thermal conductivity of panels, mechanical strength before and after fire exposure, and the spalling attributes, were recorded. The test results revealed an encouraging response by the AAC panels under the fire exposure. The AAC panels remained nearly unaffected from any significant surface deterioration, spalling, or cracking even for extended time duration of fire exposure. The panels demonstrated excellent resistance to thermal conductivity also. Similarly, the residual mechanical strength of the panels was found higher than that of the conventional concrete.

Among many environmental issues, carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere takes a serious effect at the time of manufacturing the cement. Cement-less binder is an elective material to prevent the earth from global warming. Utilizing pozzolanic-filled industrial waste as source material can decrease the pollution from depravity of environment. Presence of chlorides in the building is the root for causing corrosion in reinforcement and degradation of the reinforced concrete structures. In this paper, tertiary materials such as fly ash, ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, and rice husk ash are employed and activated with 10 Mof NaOH. The results showed that replacement of fly ash by 30% of RHA improves the mechanical properties. Water absorption, sorptivity, and carbonation test are examined to study the durable nature of rice husk ash-based geopolymer concrete. The durability test results exhibit that RHA-based geopolymer concrete enhances the durable properties of concrete by making denser structure by providing strong bonding among the aggregate and paste which resulted in diminishing the water permeability.

In this study, an alternate accelerated carbonation technique was investigated using non-destructive testing (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) on concrete mixes containing natural zeolite. The extent of carbonation in concrete mixtures containing natural zeolite powder and natural zeolite fine aggregates was examined. Alternate accelerated carbonation was introduced by exposing concrete specimens to alternate wetting and drying cycles of 7 days in 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate solution for 90 days. The extent of accelerated carbonation was studied by evaluating compressive strength, carbonation depth and resistance offered by carbonated concrete using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Concrete mixes prepared with natural zeolite powder and fine aggregate display higher compressive strength, higher carbonation depth and excellent concrete resistance due to microstructural densification. Prolonged accelerated carbonation confirmed the enhanced compressive strength and extent of carbonation reaction through decreased concrete porosity.

This research introduces the layout and implementation of a slotted rectangular patch antenna device sensor with the enhanced advantage of tracking corrosion on public bodies that does not harm the embedded rebar. The 3.17 GHz frequency resonant rectangular cone is modelled and fitted with an electronic electromagnetic band gap (EBG) with a 2 × 10 cm2 opening slot in the centre. The magnitude of the reflection of the coefficient (S11) is calculated with the EBG superstrate included in the test sample at a distance near the field. The oxide layer formed by the process of corrosion above the metal surface creates a change in the strength of the dispersed fields that are detected and measured.

The processes of a building construction evolve emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The contextual analysis of building processes consolidated four kinds of phases to execute the investigation are materialization, transportation, operational and demolition phases. This paper suggests a building assessment calculation of carbon emissions equivalent (CO2-eq) through life cycle analysis method. As a case study residential apartment building situated in Ernakulum city, India is considered for the estimation of life cycle carbon emissions. Embodied carbon coefficients are extracted from inventory of carbon and energy (ICE) database. The results show selected residential building accounts for about a total carbon emissions equivalent of 0.727 tCO2-eq/m2. Cement contributes highest CO2-eq. This building assessment method in this study is essential to comprehend point by point carbon emissions profiles to promote low carbon building construction. Main significance of this study is that materials that produce high amount of embodied carbon is identified and should be optimized whilst constructing new buildings. The outcome of this study provides an insight on framework analysis for optimizing carbon emissions in the future.

Over the last few decades, as the infrastructural facilities enhanced in modern world, they come with many maintenance problem which comes due to ageing, earthquake, etc., and these maintenance problem are not easy to handle or we can say engineers are not well prepared with these problem. Along with this assessment of building condition immediately after extreme loading such as an earthquake required. These considerations are prompting the development of automated structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) systems, which can provide cost-effective alternative to traditional visual inspection. This SHM system has distinct objectives of health monitoring as to ascertain that damage has occurred or to identify damage, to locate the damage, to determine the severity of damage, to determine remaining useful life of the structure. In this study, the specific objective of work is to determine the presence, location and severity of the crack/damage using lamb wave approach. As a result, we get that damage can be detected using lamb wave and measuring the structural coupled system resistance DC.

In this paper, the fresh, hardened and duraility properties self-compacting concrete (SCC) were studied with different variables. The substitution levels of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by fly ash (FA) were kept as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Thereafter, for every substitution level of OPC by FA, the OPC was further replaced by different amounts of rice husk ash (RHA) (0–15%). The workability of SCC mix increases with percentage of FA content while a gradual fall in its value was observed as RHA content was increased in the mix. The optimum substitution level of OPC by dual admixtures was obtained at 25% [FA (20%) + RHA (5%)] in terms of fresh and hardened properties. Further, formulae for prediction of different strength parameters are developed for samples exposed to potable water.

In present study, investigations are done to find the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical and physical properties of high-strength concrete (HSC) incorporating fly ash (FA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) ranging from 10 to 35% b.w.c. along with colloidal nanosilica (CNS) varying from 1 to 5% b.w.c. The specimens were heated in electric furnace at various temperatures from 100 to 800 °C for 2 h. After that, specimens are cooled in furnace for 24 h. Thereafter compressive strength and weight loss, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is measured. The SEM analysis is carried to study the morphology of concrete at elevated temperature. The result shows that due to addition of CNS along with fly ash, the residual strength at 800 °C remains about 50% of the control mix. Also due to addition of SCM and CNS, the weight loss and compressive strength are reduced, but it is maintained up to 600 °C temperature when compared to control mix. These results were supported by UPV data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the various mixes.

A significant development in the research on the permeable concrete and applications has been noticed in the past decade. On the other hand, a parallel track of research for the sustainable concrete is gaining momentum. It may be an innovative concept of combining the alkali-based binder matrix and a composite with acceptable degree of permeability as a modern construction material for the verities of applications and by limiting the usage of the conventional binders, namely ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the development and preparation of a concrete composite demand an accurate mix design for the desirable properties and characteristics. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to obtain the optimum proportions of the alkali-activated permeable concrete (AAPC) constituents with a focus on the preliminary strength properties alongside. The AAPC has been developed by the activation of the industrial waste materials, namely fly ash, silica fumes, and grounded granulated blast furnace slag with the chemical constituents such as sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in a liquid form. The standard guidelines have been followed in developing AAPC though. The preliminary strength tests have been performed on the specimens. The comparative analysis showed significant improvement in the strength properties of AAPC.

This paper focuses on the impact of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on nanofluid flow and heat transfer in the occurrence of a magnetic field. Various parameters’ consequences on fluid velocity and temperature have been addressed. To obtain the precise analytic solution for the velocity and temperature distribution, a shooting form Laplace–Adomian decomposition method is used.

The compressive strength behavior of cement mortar with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and micro-fine (ultrafine GGBFS) was investigated. The strength characteristics of cement mortar are examined at different replacement level of different supplementary cementitious materials (GGBFS and micro-fine) And also used of manufactured sand with natural river sand of higher percentage of replacement of GGBFS and micro-fine in mortar. GGBFS that is partial replaced with cement was 10–70%, and micro-fine was 5–50% with cement in mortar with standard sand. Different tests on cement like initial-final setting time, consistency, soundness of cement, and compressive strength of mortar were observed for 7 days and 28 days of curing period. From above combination, 40% replacement of GGBFS and 50% replacement of micro-fine give better results compared to cement. Plastering mortar (1:3) is prepared with at 0.5 constant w/c ratio using natural sand as the fine aggregate and replacing it with 20–100% manufactured sand. The cubes were cast and tested on the 7 and 28 days of curing period. In both cases, replacement with 60% manufactured sand has attained higher strength, but 100% replacement manufacture sand also has a better effect than 100% natural river sand. In conclusion, the strength characteristics of manufactured sand were studied, and due to decent bonding properties, manufactured sand exhibits better strength. This study shows that manufactured sand can be used as a replacement for natural river sand in mortar.

Because of global warming and carbon emission, sustainable development has always been in demand for many decades. Different manufacturing industries are increasingly developing sophisticated technology even while dealing with waste disposal challenges. Environmental pollution is induced by multiple sectors’ waste management problems. Concrete production is made possible by replacing cement with numerous manufacturing wastes, and efforts are made to mitigate environmental emissions and waste management concepts. The use of industrial waste in concrete is now being introduced to provide the best option for the environment and the infrastructure field to produce sustainable concrete. In present study, different percentage of industrial waste like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and silica fume is utilized for mortar production. Physical parameters like consistency, initial and final setting time, soundness, fineness, pozzolanic strength index and compressive strength of mortar were examined. To find out optimum replacement of wastes in place of cement, 10–50% GGBFS was used along with 5–20% silica fume in mortar preparation. The outcomes of this investigation were found to be satisfactory, showing that the mortar with the appropriate waste replacement enhances physical properties.

In the present study, zeolite was used to partially replace ordinary Portland cement at 10, 20, 40 and 60% by weight. Water to cementitious material ratio (w/c) was taken as 1 and 5 for preparing the grout. The results indicate that apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity and yield stress remains low up to limiting injection time and thereafter it increases rapidly reaching to gel time. For w/c 1 at 10% zeolite replacement minimum viscosity is observed and for w/c 5 at 40% zeolite replacement minimum viscosity is observed.

This current research scenario focuses on strengthening and rehabilitation of RC columns by CFRP and GFRP. The ongoing study reveals a new class of natural composites made of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bonded to concrete specimens with epoxy resin as an alternative confinement material. The experimental study was conducted for strengthening by partially and fully wrapped square RC columns using BFRP unidirectional and bidirectional. The behavior of stress-strain curves and failure modes was observed. The experimental results show a substantial increment in the ultimate load-displacement capacity and ultimate stress-ultimate axial and lateral strains of BFRP failure. The fully wrapped square reinforced concrete (RC) column gives a better stress-strain behavior and displacement limit than the partially covered system. However, the strengthening with partial wrapped with BFRP is a promising and economical alternative compared to the fully wrapped. The test results exhibit that the CNR-DT-R1 model is more reliable compare to the Lam-Teng model.

It is well recognized that the containment mechanism for reinforced concrete columns using glass fiber wraps is an economical solution for work rehabilitation and strengthening. This study aims to examine the partially and fully wrapped square RC columns strengthened by GFRP. The axial load-displacement, axial stress, axial and lateral strain behavior, and failure modes were observed. The experimental results show a substantial increment in ultimate load-displacement capacity and ultimate stress-ultimate axial and lateral strains of GFRP failure. The increase in load-carrying and displacement control capacity and stress-behavior was higher in the fully wrapped columns than in the partially wrapped columns. However, the strengthening with partial wrapped GFRP is a promising and economical alternative compared to the fully wrapped. The test results exhibit that the CNR-DT-R1 model is more reliable compare to the Lam-teng model.

The research on flexure, shear, and axial strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members has been conducted many times, but very few studies have been carried out on torsional strengthening of RC members. The main objective of the present study is to ascertain the better strengthening material in terms of torsional strength and damage patterns. A finite element (FE) study is carried out using ABAQUS software to understand the behavior of RC beam strengthened using different fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs), i.e., carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and stainless-steel wire mesh (SSWM). Total sixteen beams are adopted from literature. One beam is kept as a control beam, while the other fifteen beams are strengthened using CFRP, GFRP, and SSWM with five different wrapping configurations. Torque-twist response, ultimate torque and corresponding twist, damage pattern, and maximum principal strain are measured and compared with experimental results from the literature. The study reveals that the effectiveness of SSWM as a strengthening material is as good as CFRP and GFRP in terms of torsional strength, failure pattern, and maximum principal strain.

A large number of hospitals were damaged during the Bhuj earthquake of 2001, causing serious interruption in providing emergency medical services to injured people. Damage to hospital buildings resulted in not only deaths and injuries to people inside the hospital but also increased deaths due to non-availability of medical facilities after the earthquake, due to significant harm to medical equipment’s and facilities during the earthquake. The necessity of working of hospitals after a major quake is obvious. It will be much appreciated, at least a few important medical necessities were facilitated for the injured. By using seismic protection by floor isolation, we can manage to provide emergency healthcare services post-earthquake. Seismic floor isolation is an ideal and economical method for protecting critical medical facility in hospital structures. The floor isolation uncouples the floor mass from the building framed structure, which results in minimum damage or disturbance, and in case of earthquake event, this eventually facilitates the chance, to the safe transfer of medical services in post-earthquake scenario. A case study is conducted on three floors building of the hospital, only a floor containing the operation theatre room is isolated using floor isolators then performed time history analysis using SAP2000 software. The reduction in seismic response of isolated floor is observed when compared to non-isolated hospital building, so that the reduced floor response can ensure the safety of the equipment and services on the isolated floor.

Direct displacement-based design is performance-based design approach, and one has to check the suitability of the method against different types of ground motions, namely far field, near field fling step and near field forward directivity. The method is applied for the buildings with hysteretic isolation bearings. Fragility analysis is conducted on the buildings analysed by this method and is verified for maximum interstorey drift ratio (MIDR) and maximum isolator displacement (MID) as damage measures subjected to ground motions. The method is applied for eight- and twelve-storey reinforced concrete frame structures equipped with lead rubber bearing. The probability of exceedance was higher for near field forward directivity for all the buildings. Further, the base isolation was not much effective in twelve-storey building. The energy dissipation mechanism in the isolators controls the displacement of the structure within acceptable limits at the level of isolator.

In the emerging industrial sectors, energy to sectors is predominant need. Compare to all other energy sources, the nuclear power plant (NPP) is considered versatile in compensating energy consumption needs. So, the behavior of nuclear containment structures (NCS) in natural calamities like seismic scenarios has prime importance. In the present study, the dynamic behavior of NCS is considered, and containment structure was analyzed for various shell thicknesses. At the same time, the linear time history analysis was employed for soil stiffness evolution. A software tool SAP2000v21 package was used to model the geometry of the nuclear reactor's (NR) containment structure. This research summarizes several guidelines and techniques related to soil–structure interaction (SSI) analysis of structures. The obtained results of different shell element thickness parameters suggested that the SSI should be considered for the detailed analysis of essential structures.

The CFG (Cement Flash and Gravel) pile, one technique, is widely used to efficiently provide the support and transfer load of structures overlaying on the soft soil ground. The application includes high-railway embankment, high-rise buildings, and many more to reduce the effect of structure overall settlement and enhance the bearing capacity of soft soil. This research paper covered the construction technology and structure engineering feature of CFG piles. It also introduced the CFG pile construction process mix and main points of attention. It demonstrated that the CFG pile treatment system is practical and feasible in combination with engineering practises. The main objective of the study the axial, lateral behaviours of CFG pile under the static and seismic loading in the soft ground by numerical approach. Therefore, this paper represents a full numerical comparison study of CFG piles with variable properties and no CFG piles. For the considered earthquake time history, the CFG piles in uneven soil strata layers in the soft ground significantly impact relative horizontal displacement. Moreover, the relative vertical displacement of the CFG piles toe, acceleration of ground motion at the CFG pile near ground level, and post-factor of treated ground. Furthermore, it concluded that the selection of time histories is necessary for seismic analysis.

All planners are motivated to form structures in the best possible way to limit quakes in this time when sustainability is critical. Damages to the buildings during recent earthquakes in India lead to the need for seismic risk assessment, capable of predicting the probability of damage to the building. During analysis, seismic loads being implied is crucial to evaluate the provisional probability of structural response of the buildings considering realistic aspect by the generation of fragility curves to predict vulnerability index. Before an earthquake, fragility curves can be plotted to estimate losses, and after an earthquake, they can be used to assess seismic losses. Depending on the source of data and type of analysis, fragility curves may be derived using empirical or analytical methods and can be plotted to display the likelihood of any harm state being surpassed. For short-period, medium-period, and long-period structures, the work described here is compiled for building frame structures with deviations for 3, 6 and 12 storeys, respectively, each having variation in planar shape as a square shape, L-shape and T-shapes based on nonlinear static analysis, using SAP2000 as a software tool for analysing the structure and guidelines as per HAZUS technical manual for plotting fragility curves. The technique mentioned here is very useful for determining the seismic vulnerability of a building system using fragility analysis as an effective tool for risk and vulnerability assessment.

Any building should be designed in such a way that it should withstand an earthquake. The damage to the building construction during the earthquake demonstrated the need for seismic risk assessment to predict the consequences of earthquakes and evaluate their vulnerability. Engineered and non-engineered buildings may collapse during seismic events is the foremost contributor which leads to the loss of lives and wounds to individuals. The building deforms inelastically during the seismic action. Performance-based seismic design is a modernized technique that is earthquake resistance that can predict the performance of structure using rigorous nonlinear static analysis. Pushover analysis is a nonlinear static analysis that is mostly used for assessing the performance of the structure. Pushover analysis was introduced in the 1970s, and it is a standardized design approach for structures to accomplish the predictable overall performance of the structure. During a seismic action, pushover analysis consists gravity loads and monotonically increasing lateral forces till the design displacement is achieved. The structure is pushed until the limit state or collapse condition and plotted the graph of shear force v/s lateral displacement at each increment. It shows the seismic performance of the structure and additionally gives clues of forwarding movement of destruction and the end failure of the structural component.

Focussed on parametric analysis of irregular building, the paper encompasses a study of seismic behaviour of RCC multi-storey framed structures, comprising of different plan and vertical geometric irregularities, using incremental dynamic analysis. The frame design was meant to incorporate the effective moment of inertia clause prescribed in the latest revision of IS 1893 (part-1) 2016. Frames, when subjected to far-field, near-field and fling-step ground motions, revealed a wide range of difference between behaviour of regular and irregular buildings in terms of inter-storey drift demands at increasing ground acceleration values. Shape and behaviour of IDA curves were used to assess acceleration and deceleration experienced by the buildings. For far-field ground motions, buildings possessing less or no geometric irregularity were affected less as compared to buildings possessing more geometric irregularities. For near-field ground motions with and without fling-step characteristics, buildings possessing more geometric irregularities were affected less as compared to buildings possessing less or no geometric irregularity.

Since ages, bridges are pivotal and maintained to be the lifeline in the area transportation and allied services; beaming in demand of long to superlong bridges owing to modernization, globalization and increased population; leading to erection of numerous fascinating, mesmerizing bridges. For optimization, owing to their structural behaviour, cable supported bridges have been preferred nomenclatured as cable-stayed type of bridges (CSBs), suspension type of bridges (SBs), composite bridges (CBs), Cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridges (CSSHBs). CSSHB should inherently be preferred owing to the fact that it incorporates advantages of both CSBs and SBs for bridges having longer spans. The analysis of bridges is highly needed, as its failures may/can be catastrophic, thereby generating necessity to conceptualize the basic mechanism of loading and/or failures and incorporate them in the design/analysis—the possible reason(s) for such failures and possible remedial measures thereon. Some of the possible profile/arrangement/system of the cable supported bridges for very long-span are illustrated in this paper; wherein, models are prepared has using SAP2000 software. This study includes the response of the bridge(s) modelled (towards MTHA), with variation in cable system is adopted.

Dreadful scenario of loss of life and assets are witnessed during unpredictable earthquake due to unintended structural failure. Hence, assessment of seismic vulnerability is required. To portray a realistic structural behaviour, performance evaluation using nonlinear analysis is carried out here with fragility curve development. Regular and plan irregular reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames with 5 and 10 storeys are analysed for seismic zone III and V using ETABS software and designed as per IS code. The performance evaluation of frames is done with nonlinear pushover analysis using SeismoStruct. A probabilistic study of vulnerability is carried out in form of fragility curves with an assumption of lognormal distribution. Results are shown in terms of capacity curve profile and fragility curves considering performance levels as per ATC 40. It was observed that frames designed for seismic zone III has higher over-strength compared to its corresponding frame designed for zone V. It was also seen that there is negligible probability of exceedance of collapse prevention limit state for PGA corresponding to design basis earthquake.

The efficiency factors of bottle-shaped struts have been reanalysed using strut-and-tie models based on shear test data published in the literature. A total of 80 beam specimens made of recycled aggregate concrete, as well as control beam specimens of purely natural aggregate concrete, were considered in this study. The strut efficiency factor is the measure of performance of deep beams when they are analysed using strut-and-tie models. The measured values of efficiency factors of the recycled aggregate concrete bottle-shaped struts have been compared with those made of natural aggregate concrete and with the predictions of current design codes like the ACI 318-14, Eurocode2 and the AASHTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications. The comparison of code recommendations has been made in order to make sure is the strut-and-tie modelling provisions of current design codes to evaluate strut efficiency factors of natural aggregate concrete bottle-shaped struts can conservatively be used for recycled aggregate concrete bottle-shaped struts or not. The results of the reanalysis indicate that the efficiency factors of natural as well as recycled aggregate concrete bottle-shaped struts are highly conservative when figured out against the predictions of AASHTO-2014, whereas both ACI 318-14 and Eurocode 2 gave predominantly unconservative efficiency factor predictions.

The stress–strain relationship provides basis for analytical and numerical analysis of the structures. It is especially important in engineering designs. Material indices such as elastic modulus, peak-strain (ε0), peak-stress (f0 or f′c), ductility index and normalized toughness are being evaluated from the measured stress–strain relationships. The measured stress–strain relationship of recycled aggregate concrete, reported in the literature, was compared with the predictions of typical constitutive models for meant natural aggregate concrete. Moreover, to ascertain the efficacy of considered stress–strain relationships for normal strength natural aggregate concrete were revisited for normal strength recycled aggregate concrete in terms of toughness and normalized ductility. It has been observed that the predictions of reported stress–strain equations for natural aggregate concrete significantly differ especially in the post-peak region of measured stress–strain curves of recycled aggregate concrete.

Diagrid structural system is widely used for tall steel buildings due to its structural efficiency, architectural design, interior design point of view due to column free area and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. This paper provides comparative study of diagrid steel building of different five inclinations with horizontal and conventional steel building with inverted V-bracing. Also comparison made of varying inclination throughout the height for G + 36 storey steel structure considering earthquake forces and wind load, having plan dimensions of 40 m × 40 m and keeping storey height 3.6 m. The models are exported to structural engineering software such as ETABS for design and analysis. Results comparison made for storey displacement, storey drift, storey shear, steel quantity consumed.

Parametric sensitivity study of reinforced concrete (RC) wall panel under air blast loading was conducted using finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The RC wall was modelled using three-dimensional solid elements and the steel reinforcements were modeled as 3-D truss elements. The stress–strain response of concrete was simulated using concrete damaged plasticity model while the metal plasticity with isotropic linear elasticity material model was used for steel reinforcements. The blast load was simulated using inbuilt CONWEP blast function available with ABAQUS. After validating the numerical analysis model, the effect of different parameters such as thickness of RC wall panel, standoff distance, charge weight and boundary conditions were investigated. It was observed from the study that displacement and axial stress in reinforcement are considerably reduced by increasing thickness of RC wall panel and standoff distance of blast charge. It was also observed that displacement and axial stresses were increased with increase in charge weight. Out of other support conditions studied, cantilever boundary condition indicated higher displacement of the panel and higher axial stress in reinforcements.

Modal analysis is the study of dynamic properties of a system such as natural frequency, mode shape and damping. This paper presents a numerical and experimental analysis of a cantilever beam. The experimental procedure is carried by means of ambient vibration testing which involves applying random vibrations on the cantilever beam and capturing them using accelerometer. The dynamic properties of cantilever beam are extracted using enhanced frequency domain decomposition method (EFDD) and stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method in frequency and time domain, respectively, with the help of software ARTeMIS modal. The numerical results obtained using ABAQUS software are compared with the experimental results and a good agreement is found between the obtained modal parameters.

Progressive collapse is one of the failure mechanisms, in which the failure of a few critical structural elements leads to the collapse of large parts of a structure disproportionate to original failure. In the present study, the progressive collapse potential of a 9-story steel moment-resisting frame building strengthened by providing a combination of vertical and horizontal arrangement chevron bracings is assessed using the Alternate Path Method (APM) as specified by U. S. General Services Administration (GSA 2016) guidelines. Linear static, nonlinear static, and nonlinear dynamic analyzes are performed using SAP2000 software under the different column and/or brace removal scenarios from the ground floor of the exterior frame. Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR) of columns adjoining to the removed column are calculated from linear static analysis. The nonlinear analyzes are carried out to understand the failure mechanism and to obtain the vertical displacement time history at the column removal location. Linear static analysis results indicate that the provision of chevron bracing effectively limits the DCR value of critical columns within the acceptance criteria. Nonlinear dynamic analysis results advocate effective redistribution of additional loads to the adjoining members upon column removal.

Heritage buildings in Kerala is known for its architectural and aesthetic uniqueness, whose main materials of construction were sustainable goods like wood, stone, sand, etc.…. This paper is concerned with the structural analysis of timber joineries of Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple, which is one among the Divya Desams situated on the banks of river Pampa. It was constructed during 16A.D and is made of teak wood as well as granite which is elevated from the normal ground level approximately by 40ft. The noticeable feature about the structure is that even though the banks of the temple were affected by natural calamities (i.e., flood in 2018 and also the frequent wind loads as it is located on river banks), the structure still stays strong without any damage. It is believed that this can be due to the material characteristics of the structure as well as the joints and connections provided within the structure. In this paper, we will go through the finite element analysis of the different types of timber joints as well as the material tests of timber. The main focus of this work will be to incorporate these joints in the modern construction practices in order to make the structure more stable.

This paper deals with the study of variation in governing wind loads based on variation in dimensional parameter like H/Db ratio and tapered height of chimney. The analysis is carried out as per IS 4998: 2015. Parametric study has been carried out to study the wind force effects for total of 96 cases by varying parameters, namely basic wind speed, ratio of height to outer diameter at the bottom (H/Db), and tapered section height of the chimney. From the 96 cases, the case for basic wind speed of 47 m/s with H/Db ratios 10, 12, and 14 and tapering ratios 0, 1/3, and 1 has been discussed with the help of result tables and graphical output portraying the effects of above mentioned parameters on requirement of across wind load analysis, first mode frequency, second mode frequency, and governing wind loads on the chimney along its height. This study helps in identifying the range of dimensional parameters that are feasible for the analysis through comparison.

This dissertation work is concerned with a case study on ‘Banashankari temple, Badami, Bagalkot, Karnataka’, which is an ancient temple constructed during seventh century. The study involves detailed assessment and investigation of the Sandstone specimen, taken from the site, which was then used material for construction of this temple. The sample was examined under optical microscopy, SEM analysis and XRD analysis in order to determine the mineralogical composition and morphology. Further, compression test, non-destructive tests and also thermal conductivity test were conducted on the specimen in order to determine the structural and thermal properties. The physical properties of the sample were thus studied.

Day by day, the production of cement is increasing with the increase in demand for construction industries. In the process of cement manufacturing, a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the environment, which creates a global warming problem. Limestone calcinated clay cement (LCCC) can be used to partially solve this problem. In the present paper, the use of waste marble powder to manufacture calcinated limestone clay cement has been discussed. LCCC is an advanced ternary mixed cement made from a low grade mixture of 30% calcined clay, 15% limestone, 5% gypsum, and 50% cement clinkers. This means that 50% of cement clinkers are to be replaced by additional cementitious substances, which are beneficial for reducing CO2emissionsduringcement production. In the present study, two types of cements were prepared, one contains LCCC, and another contains marble stone calcined clay cement MCCC (Marble Stone-15%, Calcined clay-30%, Gypsum-5% and Clinker-50%) and these cements are compared to fly ash-based pozzolanic portland cement (PPC) and grade 53 ordinary portland cement (OPC).Characteristics of the prepared cement samples such as physical and chemical were carried out and compared with OPC and PPC. Similarly, prepared cement’s compressive strength (CS) was taken on cubes of 70.7 mm and tested after 3, 7, and 28 days, and results are compared with OPC and PPC.

Concrete is a paramount construction material, consuming naturally occurring ingredients such as fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and mainly, cement as binding material. Therefore, heed is required in order to understand optimum usage and application of these ingredients as it affects the environmental and ecological balance. Concrete is an excellent construction material when handled appropriately, but it has poor tensile, flexural, and toughness strength, which may be enhanced by adding fiber to it, resulting in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). Whereas, many waste materials have shown good capabilities of its utilization in concrete with enhancement in structural behavior. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most widely used thermoplastic polymer in the beverages and mineral water bottle packaging industries. These bottles have less residence time and have chances of being recycled and reused in concrete. Previous research has demonstrated that PET plastic may be used as a fibrous material or as a substitute for inert material in constructive and practical ways for concrete making. In this paper, a review of the literature is presented with applications, effects, and influence of PET fiber on concrete for mechanical behavior, as well as future research possibilities employing varied aspect ratios (AR), fiber topologies, and fiber volume (FV) are suggested. The utilization of PET showed improvement in tensile, bending, and impact strength also revealed decrement in thermal conductivity.

The use of industrial products is the main confront in India since it causes environmental problems. In this aspect, this current work has been carried out to utilize the eggshell powder and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement. In this study, concrete mixtures were prepared with the replacement of cement with fly ash of 20%, and the eggshell powder varied from 0 to 15%. The effect of cementitious material has been evaluated with the parameters, namely compressive strength, split tensile strength, rebound hammer test and electrical resistivity test. The effect of fly ash and egg shell powder on above parameters has been evaluated at the ages of 1, 7 and 28 days. From the results, it has been observed that the replacement with cementitious material with eggshell up to 10% and the 20% fly ash shown better performance as compared to reference mixture.

This study aimed to investigate the sustainable replacement of aggregates and cement in concrete. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) was added as a natural coarse aggregate (NCA) substitute to 50% and silica fume (SF) as a cement substitute in 5, 10, and 15%. This has the potential to reduce material costs and at the same time have a positive impact on the environment. A single size of recycled coarse aggregates was used and four sets of concrete mixes were made. A constant water/binder ratio of 0.40 was used in all concrete mixes. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete, have been investigated and compared to those of natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Test results showed that the SF has a positive effect on the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength if the RCA content in the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is approximately 50%. It was found that the use of SF 5 to 10% as a cement substitute for RAC improved the performance of concrete.

This current study was completed to analyze the adsorption limit of the Pongamia pinnata shell-waste for the expulsion of toxic Congo-red dye containing wastewater. The impact of pH, dosage, contact span, concentration, and temperature on adsorption was considered. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were applied to investigate adsorption information and were discovered to be relevant to this adsorption cycle. The mechanism of adsorption is researched by considering pseudo 1st and 2nd order kinetics. The adsorption study revealed that the ideal dosage for Pongamia pinnata shell-waste was discovered to be 2.5 gm/50 ml. Percent seizure of Congo-red dye increases with the increase in ideal dosage up to a specific breaking point and afterward remains practically steady. Adsorption is greatest in acidic pH range (pH = 6.88). The equilibrium time was discovered to be 3 h. The isotherm investigation shows that the Langmuir isotherm is best-fitted. Thermo-dynamic parameters show adsorption has unconstrained, arbitrary, and endothermic nature. The usage of Pongamia pinnata shell-waste as an adsorbent for the genuine wastewater containing dye can be the response for actuated carbon.

The increasing rate of plastic waste generated in the world day by day is alarming for humans. The illegal burning plastic waste result into the releasing of hydrocarbons is stringent pollutants. The amount of plastic waste is generated 0.4 kg per capita per day which is tremendously high as per GPCB and CPCB. In order to control the rate of the generation and disposal along with illegal burning, the pollution control board laid strong emphasis on utilization of the waste into the road construction and in other construction industry. This research presents the strength properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) containing recycled waste plastic aggregate as one of the constituents. Waste plastic products recycled into granules. The conventional constituents of GPC namely grit was partially replaced with recycled plastic granules in varying proportions. All the mechanical properties were obtained and test results revealed that inclusion of recycled plastics in GPC significantly improved the compression, tension and flexural strength and compared to the conventional GPC mixes.

Steel dross will accumulate year after year owing to the steel industry’s rapid expansion, occupying an excessive amount of farmland and presenting environmental and safety risks. India’s current comprehensive steel slag usage rate is appallingly low, lagging well behind developed countries. Steel slag has got a lot of coverage lately as a result of its new applications. Since slag is used in so many different ways, its properties have a significant effect on how it is used. For addressing these concerns and maintaining the steel industry’s long-term survival, rising the high usage rate of steel slag is important. Steel dross has a porous texture and a large surface area, as well as a high density that allows it to absorb water. Slag is manufactured in a variety of furnaces of differing operating conditions. Recent advances in well-known steel slag applications are examined in this article. This paper presented a consistent analysis of steel slag resource usage as waste water absorbent materials, as well as the important improved technique and challenging issues for steel slag as absorbent materials. In water and drainage, it is effective in the treatment of supplements, heavy metals, and polluted stream/stormwater.

The main characteristics of the clayey soil are poor shear strength, swelling potential, and excess settlement. Such soil always poses challenges for the development of infrastructure. The study of enhancing the strength of weak soil is an ongoing process. One of them is the utilization of industrial waste, which reduces waste management and is cost-effective. This paper presents experimental work on three different clayey soil, stabilized with a steel slag column. The height of steel slag columns was kept constant (150 mm), and the diameter of steel slag columns was adjusted so that the L/D ratio of 10, 6, 5, 4, 3 can be obtained. Clayey soil was stabilized with steel slag column as non-displacement in floating condition. Loading was applied through a 10 mm thick circular plate with a diameter equals to the diameter of a steel slag column. Load versus settlement curves were obtained for each soil with all L/D ratios. Experimental results were verified through a conventional mathematical equation. Adhesion factor between clay and steel slag was determined for each L/D ratio. An empirical correlation was established between the adhesion factor and the L/D ratio.

There are abundant amount of industrial wastes produced every year globally. These waste materials are stock piled on the earth surface and create problems related to the pollution of air, water and land. Industrial wastes like low- and high-calcium fly ash, slag, red mud, calcium carbide residue, mine tailings, copper slag and construction and demolition wastes need to be utilized in a systematic way for various applications in civil engineering. The alkali-activated binder, popularly known as geopolymer, is one of such emerging methodologies in a development stage, which can effectively utilize these industrial wastes and convert it to a valuable final product which can be comparable with cement (binder) like properties. The present review focuses on the various design parameters, and recent research work has been done in the geotechnical engineering field using these alternative binders. The review covers the various factors affecting the design of alkali-activated binders, their development study in the geotechnical engineering applications and future scope of work in the said domain. This presented study helps the prospect researchers to explore this new potential binders and work on the unexplored area of applications in the field of geotechnical engineering.

This research paper presents the performance of binary and ternary concrete prepared using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), which are agriculture and industrial waste, respectively. Two parameters were taken into account (a) binary concrete containing SCBA replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) (b) ternary concrete containing SCBA and GGBFS replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). Standard cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were made. The mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength, and split tensile strength) and microstructural properties were then determined and discussed. Test result reveals that compressive strength increases in binary concrete up to 15% replacement, whereas in ternary concrete, up to 25% replacement (SCBA 20% and GGBFS 05%). Flexure strength increases for 15% replacement in binary concrete, whereas for ternary concrete, decreases for all mixes. Split tensile strength decreases for all mixes.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastics in the packaging industry because of its advantages. However, PET waste slowly decomposes and needs hundreds of years to return to the cycle of nature. It can be managed by recycling PET and using it as resin in concrete for waste plastics management. It would save up to 15% of cement consumptions. The thermal power plant is producing pond ash as waste during the combustion of coal. The management of pond ash is another environmental threat. The used PET and pond ash in concrete would provide relief for the environment and sustainable development. In this work, PET resin is prepared and used as a cement substitute at 5, 10, and 15%, and pond ash is added in 10, 20, and 30% replacement to fine aggregate. The effect of PET resin on properties of cement paste was studied in this work. The effect on mortar properties with the replacement of pond ash and PET resin is studied. It is observed that 10% resin content and 20% replacement of pond ash have satisfactory slump flow, compressive strength, tensile strength, and water penetration resistance. PET resin and pond ash can effectively utilize in sustainable material production.