Sustainable Design and Eco Technologies for Infrastructure
Select Proceedings of CECAR 9
- 2024
- Book
- Editors
- Rajinder Ghai
- Luh-Maan Chang
- Raju Sharma
- Anush K. Chandrappa
- Book Series
- Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Singapore
About this book
This book presents the select proceedings of Civil Engineering Conference in the Asian Region (CECAR 9) hosted by the ICE (I) under the aegis of ACECC at Goa, India, from 21-23 September, 2022. It presents innovations and recent trends in civil engineering technologies, research and infrastructural developments and facilitates new ideas in the field of infrastructure design and construction. Various topics covered include innovative infrastructure, design practice and construction technology for sustainability, infrastructure development for smart and sustainable cities and affordable housing for developing economies, new construction materials and sustainability of infrastructure, geotechnical management, operation and safety, eco technology in pavement design and construction of roads and airport. This book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of civil engineering.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Infrastructure Design and Construction
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Frontmatter
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Study on Cementitious Grouts
Yogita Gaude, K. G. Guptha, Er. T. MohanThe study delves into the composition and properties of cementitious grouts, essential for prestressed bridges and structural elements. It highlights the challenges posed by inadequate grouting, such as corrosion and reduced tensile strength of tendons. The research focuses on optimizing grout mix ratios and additives like Cebex 100, Cebex 200, and Cebex EN to enhance fresh-state properties, mechanical strength, and durability. The impact of temperature variations on grout performance is also examined, with specific temperature thresholds recommended to maintain the integrity of the grout. Laboratory and on-site experiments are conducted to evaluate the effects of these additives on bleeding, flowability, temperature, density, compressive strength, and durability properties. The study concludes with recommendations on the best-suited grout additives for achieving optimal performance in prestressed cable ducts, emphasizing the superiority of Cebex EN in terms of fresh-state, mechanical, and durability features.AI Generated
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AbstractThe most commonly adopted material for grouting nowadays is Portland cement. It is used in many applications such as grouting of prestressed cable ducts, stopping major water inflows, rehabilitation of masonry and RCC structures and geotechnical applications. It is basically a mixture of cement, sand (if used), water and, possibly, admixture(s) along with non-shrink additives. Their properties such as fluidity, setting time, stability, strength and durability can be easily modified by adding various types of chemical admixtures. The major application of cement grouting is for prestressed bridge construction site as the grouting work involved is huge for filling the voids or gaps between post-tensioning cable ducts and prestressing strands. Durability of these structures is mainly dependent upon the level of corrosion protection offered to these structures as they are very much susceptible to corrosion especially in marine environments thus degrading strength and durability of stressing tendons. Also, the w/c ratio of the grout is the most important factor contributing significantly to the strength of the grout. Use of lower w/c ratios requires incorporation of certain additives so as to maintain the appropriate rheological properties of the grout. Therefore, to protect the prestressing strands from effects of corrosion and also to ensure complete filling of the cable ducts, enough precautions are required to be taken during entire grouting procedure from start to end. Grouts prepared with pure OPC bleeds reduce the w/c ratio thereby increasing the compressive strength. Presence of admixtures in the grout plays a vital role as they help in the production of more durable grouts with enhanced rheological and mechanical characteristics. Therefore, in this study certain admixtures like Cebex 100, Cebex 200 and Cebex EN will be added to the cement grout to modify their properties, and their characteristic behaviour will be studied. This study aims at understanding the performance of cementitious grouts based on the dosage of certain additives at a major River Bridge Project in Goa. -
Design Concepts, Optimisation and Challenges of an Underground Metro Interchange Station in Mixed Ground Conditions
Chiranjib Sarkar, Sai Krishna BuggaThe chapter delves into the intricate design and optimization of the Thirumayilai underground metro interchange station, a key component of Chennai's metro network. The station's unique layout, consisting of three levels in the island station and four levels in the stacked station, presents significant structural challenges. The text explores the adoption of unconventional approaches in structural modeling, including the use of diaphragm walls and shear pins embedded in rock strata. The authors discuss the top-down and bottom-up construction sequences, highlighting the advantages and complexities of each method. Additionally, the chapter addresses the geotechnical conditions of the project location, showcasing the varying rock layers and their impact on the station's design. The authors also present detailed analysis and modeling techniques used to ensure the stability and safety of the station and adjacent structures. Throughout the chapter, the challenges faced during the design process are discussed, along with the innovative solutions implemented to overcome them. The case study of the Thirumayilai station serves as a valuable reference for engineers working on similar complex infrastructure projects.AI Generated
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AbstractChennai is a city with multidimensional socio-economic growth in population and infrastructures. Chennai Metro Railway provides an efficient, safer and high-capacity transport system of urban transportation network in Chennai. The Phase-II work of Chennai Metro is divided into three lines, i.e. Corridor 3, Corridor 4 and Corridor 5. Thirumayilai is an interchange station between Corridor 3 (C3) and Corridor 4 (C4) lines. It comprises an island station (Corridor C4) and a stacked station (Corridor C3) connected with various ventilation shafts and multiple entrances, and it is also connected with existing MRTS to promote the multimodal integration. There are three intermediate levels to connect the island station and the stacked station. The subsurface strata consist of cohesionless soil layers followed by weathered/fresh rock. In this complex hard rock strata, diaphragm walls are considered as external walls of the station box with slabs forming a part of internal framing. Due to variation in starting level of weathered rock layer throughout the station, two different sets of construction methodologies have been considered. Along with conventional top-down sequential method, bottom-up method has also been adopted with the help of rock-bolts, shotcrete and diaphragm walls with shear pins embedded into the rock strata. This paper describes the concept design, optimisation and challenges of this underground metro station having interchange in mixed ground conditions. The present paper also explains the construction sequence of four levels of slabs to connect the island station with stacked station. Soil structure interaction analysis has been performed in finite element-based software to get overall stability of the structure, surface settlements, bending moments, shear forces, etc. -
Rapid Visual Assessment to Classify Residential Houses Typology and Predict Population Vulnerability to Earthquake in North Bandung, Indonesia
Sophia C. Sharon, Prasanti W. Sarli, Erwin Lim, Iswandi ImranThe chapter focuses on a rapid visual assessment method to classify residential house typologies in North Bandung, Indonesia, aiming to predict population vulnerability to earthquakes. It emphasizes the importance of building quality and economic ability in determining structural damage. The study uses the EMS98 method to classify buildings into confined masonry, unconfined masonry, and RC infilled frames, and estimates vulnerability classes ranging from A to F. The research also explores the relationship between building typology and economic ability, revealing that higher economic ability correlates with better building quality and larger housing areas. The findings provide valuable insights into the vulnerability of urban populations to earthquakes and the need for improved building standards and economic support.AI Generated
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AbstractEarthquake results in much damage and losses around the world, however the majority of fatalities due to earthquake is not due to the earthquake itself, but due to structural damage because of earthquake. The risk of structural damage will increase if the structures are not built with sufficient quality. Residential houses are an example of buildings that are more prone to earthquake damage, because typically residential houses are non-engineered and built without specific consideration against earthquake. It is estimated that 80% of buildings in cities in Indonesia are residential houses, making them vulnerable to earthquake. Not only that, areas with more percentage of poor households are more likely to experience a greater negative impact due to earthquake disasters. This indicates that there are differences in the quality of buildings that lead to differences in buildings vulnerability to disasters even between economic classes. This paper investigates structural typology of residential houses in Bandung and the differences of structural parameter between two economic classes and then extends these findings to calculate population risk. The method used is by conducting rapid visual screening and interviews in several sub-districts in North Bandung, which is considered vulnerable to its proximity to the nearest fault of Bandung city, the Lembang Fault. From this field survey, the residential houses are classified based on EMS98 type of structures. The field survey investigated 406 houses, out of which 27 socio-economic data and 15 detailed house characteristics data are obtained. Prediction of population vulnerability due to earthquake is calculated using the Lembang Fault earthquake scenario with the assumption that the population in one sub-district has the same distance from the epicenter. The results show that the residential houses consist of 57.9% confined masonry, 35% RC infilled frame, and 7.1% unconfined masonry. The average number of floors owned by the high economy class is two, with an area about 200 m2 per building floor. While the average wall thickness is 250 mm with a distance between tie columns 2.5 m, the average number of floors owned by the low economy class is one, with an area per building floor at 72 m2. The average wall thickness is 150 mm with a distance between tie columns of about 3 m. The results also show that if Bandung is shaken by the scenario of an earthquake caused by the Lembang Fault with a magnitude of 7, 20% of the houses will not be damaged, 34% have damage level 1, 35% have damage level 2, 11% have damage level 3, and 1% suffer damage level 4. -
Semi-Analytical Study of a Functionally Graded Open Cellular Porous Beam to Analyze Its Nonlinear Bending Characteristics
Vishal Singh, Rajesh Kumar, N. C. Pal, B. G. MohapatraThe chapter delves into the intricate analysis of functionally graded open-cellular porous beams, emphasizing their nonlinear bending behavior under different loading conditions and porosity distributions. By employing a semi-analytical approach, the study investigates the effects of uniformly distributed and patch transverse loading on the beam's deflection and stiffness. The research highlights the influence of porosity distribution types, porosity coefficients, and aspect ratios on the beam's performance, offering valuable insights for designers aiming to optimize lightweight structures. The use of advanced mathematical methods, such as the Galerkin method and Fourier series expansion, ensures a rigorous and accurate assessment of the beams' mechanical properties. The findings are validated through comparisons with theoretical models, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed methodology. This chapter is a must-read for professionals seeking to understand the complex interplay between porosity and loading in composite materials, particularly in applications requiring enhanced energy absorption and temperature management.AI Generated
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AbstractThe present investigation reports a semi-analytical analysis of a open cellular porous beam for the study of nonlinear bending characteristics when subjected to transverse loading in the form of uniform or patch. The porous beam is mathematically modeled in programming software (MATLAB) using first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) in conjunction with von-Kármán nonlinearity. Firstly, the porosity of the beam is distributed throughout the thickness in the form of three distribution systems, i.e., either uniformly or non-uniform symmetrically or non-uniform unsymmetrically. Secondly, implementing minimization of total potential energy principle the partial differential equations (PDEs) of the beam is derived. These PDEs are simplified into nonlinear algebraic equations via. Galerkin’s method. Later, these equations are solved using the Newton–Raphson method to plot the load-deformation curves. Moreover, a parametric study is also reported to observe the characteristic of nonlinear bending with variation in different parameters like, types of porosity distribution, porosity coefficient, aspect ratio, different types of transverse loading, which may help the designers for appropriate design against large deformation. -
Sustainable Infrastructure Practice in Australia
Gianluca Ranzi, Brett C. PhillipsThis chapter delves into the sustainable infrastructure practices in Australia, highlighting the critical role of Infrastructure Australia in promoting sustainability across social, economic, environmental, and governance dimensions. It outlines the principles and strategies for sustainable infrastructure development, emphasizing the need to balance growth with resilience against climate change and natural disasters. The 2021 Australian Infrastructure Plan is thoroughly examined, including its vision for 2036, which focuses on enhancing the quality of life for Australians and building resilient infrastructure. The chapter also discusses the multi-criteria analysis framework used to assess and prioritize infrastructure reforms, ensuring that future investments align with policy priorities and address various future scenarios.AI Generated
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AbstractSustainable infrastructure underpins economic growth and aims to enhance the wellbeing and quality of life of the community as well as at protecting natural resources while achieving an efficient use of financial resources. Based on these considerations, well-articulated practice principles for sustainable infrastructure provide the basis for sound planning that supports the integration of sustainability principles into all phases of infrastructure projects. Such principles are applicable to new projects as well as to the rehabilitation, reuse and optimization of existing infrastructure. In Australia, extensive efforts have been devoted to date in promoting good practice in the infrastructure domain. Infrastructure Australia is an independent infrastructure advisor to the Australian Government. It focuses on disseminating knowledge and good practices. It recognizes that sustainable outcomes can be reached only through the balancing of social, economic, environmental and governance outcomes. In this context, this paper provides an overview of these principles which underpin Australian practice and shares the current vision and planning for sustainable infrastructure in Australia. -
Design and Erection of Complex Steel Roof Structures in Airports
J. R. Rajarajan, Panchakarla D. P. BhushanThe chapter explores the necessity for airport expansion due to increased passenger traffic, detailing the key facilities of the terminal building and the conceptualization of the roof profile inspired by bird wings. It delves into the structural system, including the design of the processor and pier roofs, and the innovative use of Pratt truss configurations. The erection process is highlighted, particularly the strand jack method used to lift and position the 450MT space truss as a single entity, demonstrating advanced engineering techniques. The chapter also discusses the integration of existing roof structures and the use of BIM for coordination, making it a valuable resource for professionals in the field.AI Generated
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AbstractThe boom in the development of infrastructures such as airports in the recent years in India has resulted in development of new green field airports as well as expansion of existing airports. All the developing airports infrastructures were being evolved with modern architectural design to match with global trend which in turn calls for a complex structural design with a combination of reinforced concrete and structural steel. To add further, there is a significant increase in the use of structural steel primarily to attain a column-free space and to achieve the desired architectural shapes. Usually most of the airports will be highly appealing and it forms the gate way for the big wide world outside. In any airport, passengers’ comfort must be ensured, journey time to be shortened, high standards of security to be maintained, operational efficiency to be enhanced along with stake holder requirements and various other needs have to be catered for, all under one roof. In airports, landside infrastructure includes Terminal Building, Piers, Concourse and Airside includes Runways. Terminal and Pier structures were designed and constructed with conventional reinforced concrete Beam-Column-slab system and foundation (Isolated and combined pad footing/pile) system as per the geotechnical investigation and recommendation. Based on the functional requirement and to have column-free space, the departure level was proposed to have steel roof system typically with 18 m × 45 m column grid spacing. Profile of the terminal roof is a unidirectional reverse compound curve, and the profile of the Pier roof is composed of bidirectional curvature, i.e., the profile is curved in both in longitudinal and transverse direction with a gradual increase in the level of the roof ridge. This paper narrates and focuses on the conceptualization of a peculiar architectural roof profile, the way supporting structural roof truss system was evolved, complexities involved in achieving the curved profiles, connection designs, coordination and detailing in BIM, and finally, the fabrication and erection of trusses by adopting the most appropriate construction methodologies.
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Geotechnical Engineering
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Frontmatter
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Evaluation of Plant-Based Additives for Stabilization of Problematic Soils: Preliminary Results
Frehaileab Admasu Gidebo, Hideaki Yasuhara, Naoki KinoshitaThe chapter focuses on the evaluation of plant-based additives for stabilizing problematic soils, with a particular emphasis on expansive black cotton soil. It begins by highlighting the significance of soil as a crucial construction material and the challenges posed by expansive soils. The study introduces the use of agricultural plant-based waste as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for soil stabilization, addressing both waste management issues and the need for cost-effective solutions. The methodology involves replicating expansive black cotton soil and testing various plant-based additives, such as rice husk, bamboo stalk, and wheat straw, to evaluate their effectiveness in improving soil properties. The preliminary results indicate that these additives can enhance the properties of problematic soils, although further investigation is needed to fully understand their impact on engineering parameters. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the potential of plant-based additives for soil stabilization and the need for further research in this area.AI Generated
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AbstractThe subject of this paper is to evaluate the emerging sustainable soil improvement techniques by using agricultural plant-based additives for problematic soils and their effectiveness in improving the mechanical and physical properties of the soil. This research focused on expansive black cotton soil, mostly problematic soil that causes damage to civil engineering infrastructures when it encounters moisture changes. Therefore, it is an engineering requirement to stabilize/change unsuitable soils by using local materials by blending one another or modifying the property to improve its state of weakness. In this study, the problematic expansive black cotton soil was artificially replicated from the combination/mixture of low expansive and highly expansive clay soils. The agricultural wastes/biomass such as rice husk powder, bamboo powder, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and shredded paper (celldoron) were used to investigate the improvement in the treated soil. These plant-based additives were selected based on local availability, Affordability, and efficiency. The replicated soil specimen was tested for the basic geotechnical engineering properties such as atterberg limit test (LL, PL) and free swell ratio (FSR). In additon, the agricultural waste additives were evaluated for water holding capacity and cellulosic composition. -
Comparison of Methodologies for Seismic Fragility Analysis of Designed RC Frame Building as Per Indian Provisions
Kaushik Gondaliya, Jignesh Amin, Sandip Vasanwala, Atul DesaiThe chapter delves into the comparison of methodologies for seismic fragility analysis of designed RC frame buildings in Surat, India. It begins by highlighting the seismic activity in the region, including the devastating 2001 Bhuj earthquake, and the subsequent growth in residential and commercial buildings. The study focuses on a four-storey RC frame building, employing Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis (NSPA) and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) to assess its seismic performance. The chapter details the modelling and design of the RC frame, the normalisation and scaling of ground motions, and the damage states examined. It also explains the R µ –µ– T relationship used to evaluate the ductility factor and the process of deriving fragility curves using both the Capacity-Spectrum Method (CSM) and Multistrip Analysis (MSA). The results and discussions compare the collapse probabilities obtained from the CSM and IDA approaches, concluding that both methods provide comparable predictions, with CSM being more efficient. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of these analyses for ensuring the seismic safety of RC frame buildings in Surat.AI Generated
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AbstractThe seismic fragility analysis is widely used worldwide to compute the seismic collapse probability of structures since last two decades. The evaluation of fragility functions using nonlinear structural analysis is a crucial step in many seismic assessment techniques. In the present study, four-storey mid-rise RC frame building located in Surat city (seismic Zone-III) is designed as per IS 456, (BIS IS 1893. (2016). Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Part-1 General Provisions and Buildings. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards) provisions and detailed as per IS 13920 provisions. The designed RC frame is analysed using nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The response modification (R) factor is estimated for designed RC frame as per ATC-19 guidelines from the data obtained using NSPA. The results of the NSPA and IDA are used to derive the fragility curves based on assumed performance limit criteria. The fragility curves derived from the data of NSPA are fitted through approximation of the normal to binomial distribution, while in the case of IDA, the multiple stripes’ analysis is used and fragility function is fitted through maximum likelihood. The probability of various damage states is determined at performance point for seismic hazard corresponding to Zone-III, IV, and V. The R factor for RC frame is estimated as 5.72, which justifies and validates the provisions of Indian seismic code for R factor. The probability of occurrences for various damage states is ranged from 10 to 50% for study RC frame building. Comparison of NSPA and IDA approach reveals the efficiency of both approaches in estimating the probability of occurrence of various damage states and post-seismic response for RC frame. -
A Basic Study on Ground Improvement Techniques and Its Applications
Srijan Srijan, A. K. GuptaThe chapter delves into the necessity of soil improvement techniques in areas with poor subgrade soil conditions, emphasizing the benefits of methods like soil substitution, pre-loading, and vertical drains. It also explores the use of additives and grouting techniques such as cement and lime stabilization, and innovative thermal methods like soil heating and freezing. The study underscores the need for further research that considers all governing criteria for optimal soil improvement. By comparing various techniques and their applications, the chapter offers valuable insights into enhancing soil properties and reducing construction costs.AI Generated
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AbstractDue to the reduction in the availability of the good quality of land because of the various reasons, there has been growing demand of the lands for the various civil engineering purposes. Thereby, there has been a considerable rise in the demand for improving the quality of the land which cannot been used in their current form. As a result, engineers have little choice but to employ soft and weak soils in the area by enhancing their strength using modern ground improvement strategy for construction. Replacement of soil, stone columns, vertical drains, vibro-compaction, soil reinforcement, dynamic compaction, vibro-piers, in situ densification, grouting, pre-loadings, and admixture stabilization are currently accessible ground enhancement techniques. The major objective of all the above methods majorly is to improve the bearing strength of the weaker soil deposits and also reduction in the settlement. Steel, glass, various polymers shaped like strips or blocks, and geosynthetics are utilized to improve the ground by making the soil more robust. The geosynthetics material can be employed for a variety of functions in various applications. It can be utilized to strengthen the soil's capacity to support weight by reinforcing, filtering, separating, containing, protecting, and confining it. This paper provides an in-depth examination of several contemporary approaches for improving the ground and their modern uses in civil engineering. An efficient design can be designed and an appropriate ground improvement approach can be adopted for a given application based on results of different ground renovation methods’ long-term performance and their analysis. -
A Review of RISHA Application: An Affordable Modular Housing Structure for Earthquake Mitigation in Indonesia
Prasanti Widyasih Sarli, Christian Adinata, Dibya KusyalaThe chapter 'A Review of RISHA Application: An Affordable Modular Housing Structure for Earthquake Mitigation in Indonesia' delves into the design, testing, and application of RISHA, a prefabricated housing solution aimed at improving housing quality in earthquake-prone regions. It highlights the advantages of modular housing, such as speed, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, and examines the extensive use of RISHA in disaster recovery efforts in Indonesia. The study also uncovers significant divergences between the design intentions of RISHA and its actual implementations, including layout changes, component mixing, non-standard connections, and material defects. These findings underscore the importance of reviewing and updating construction guidelines to ensure the structural safety and effectiveness of RISHA and similar modular structures.AI Generated
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AbstractThe majority of deaths that happened due to disaster occurred in low- and middle-income countries. This high human cost is a byproduct of low-quality building structure, where large portion of the residential houses in these countries are considered as non-engineered buildings, typically without regulation and standards, making them more vulnerable to disasters such as earthquakes. This shows a deep need in improving the buildings and especially housing quality for earthquake-prone low-middle income population. As a response to this need for better and more resilient public housing, in 2004, the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing through its Center of Research and Development for Technology Regulation and Implementation (Puslitbang Kebijakan dan Penerapan Teknologi) developed and certified the application of Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat (RISHA) or Simple Instant Healthy House. RISHA is distinguished for its rapid construction, better quality control, simple technology, environmental friendliness, and cheap overall price. Although initially RISHA was planned to fulfill the high demand of housing needs in Indonesia, in its development, RISHA is extensively used for disaster recovery due to its construction speed. RISHA panels and installation can also be inclusively replicated by local producers without high expertise which increases its speed and size of production. As of 2021, it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of buildings have been built using RISHA in more than 60 different regions in Indonesia. Although in the beginning, RISHA was developed as a solution for housing, over the years it had been applied beyond housing structures. These structures include two-story commercial buildings (Ruko), schools, and public housing (indekos) with various changes from its initial design. It is also important to note that RISHA only provides a solution for the frame of the structure, whereas the connection between the frames to both its foundation and roofing is yet to be standardized, prompting different construction practices. This paper aims to document the various applications of RISHA in Indonesia as a baseline for discussion and evaluation of the potential application of this modular structure by drawing its conclusion on media analysis and literature study. This study aims to draw attention to the need to review the gap in the guidelines and the standard of construction implementation on the ground to avoid unexpected improvisation. It also wants to bring attention to the various applications of RISHA showing the need to accommodate the design in accordance to all the possible application by market demand. -
Experimental Study on Waste Rubber Chips and Brick Powder for Soil Stabilization
Rohit Ravi, Hrishabh Bhat, Ramnath Nayak, Pradhum Phadte, Paritosh Sawant, Shwetha Prasanna, Kaushik Pai FondekarThe chapter presents an experimental study on the use of waste rubber chips and brick powder for soil stabilization. It discusses the challenges of weak soils in construction and the need for appropriate stabilization techniques. The research focuses on the reuse of waste materials to enhance soil properties, including tensile strength, volume stability, and ease of handling. The study compares the effects of adding brick powder, rubber chips, and their combination on soil properties such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, cohesion, angle of friction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The results demonstrate that while brick powder significantly improves soil properties, rubber chips have a more nuanced impact, suggesting their combined use for specific applications like affordable slope construction. The chapter concludes with recommendations for further research and practical applications in road and railway subgrade construction and slope stability.AI Generated
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AbstractWaste materials can be used as soil stabilizers instead of conventional methods of soil stabilization. This paper focuses on methods of soil stabilization using waste materials to avoid environmental deterioration. The present study is focusing on to compare the waste rubber chips and brick powder as soil stabilizer on the soil sample brought from one of the sites in Konkan railway near Margao railway station. The attempt was made to analyze the soil stabilized with 30% of brick powder and 10% rubber chips (3–5 mm scrap tires) and combinations of 10% rubber chips and 30% brick powder. Addition of brick powder has increased the maximum dry density of soil while addition of rubber chips reduces it. The combination of both the materials has reduced the maximum dry density. The optimum moisture content has increased on addition of rubber chips, whereas combination of both rubber chips and brick powder has reduced the effect. The angle of friction of the soil increases on addition of combination of rubber chips and brick powder but reduces its effect on adding individually. The cohesion of the soil has drastically reduced on addition of brick powder and rubber chips. California bearing ratio (CBR) value increased on addition of brick powder but reduced when used in combination. By comparing all the experimental test results, it can be concluded that the addition of rubber chips and brick powder has changed some properties of soil and can be utilized for construction purposes. -
Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of the National Radio Station in Bangladesh
Md. Jahidul Islam Khan, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Akira Inoue, Yosuke Nakajima, Abdul Malek SikderThe chapter explores the seismic assessment and retrofitting of the National Radio Station in Bangladesh, employing the JBDPA Standard with necessary modifications. It begins with an introduction to the Public Works Department's manuals and the technical assistance provided by JICA. The methodology of seismic assessment is explained, including the calculation of Seismic Index (I s) and Seismic Demand Index (I so), which are crucial for determining a building's safety against seismic forces. The chapter then delves into the methodology of seismic retrofitting, presenting various retrofit methods such as strength-oriented, ductility-oriented, and combined strength and ductility retrofit. The application of the JBDPA Standard in Bangladesh is discussed, highlighting the modifications made to suit local conditions. The case study of the National Radio Station is presented, detailing the structural assessment and retrofitting considerations. The chapter concludes with recommendations for seismic assessment and retrofitting of RC frame structures in Bangladesh, emphasizing the suitability of external retrofitting elements and strength-based retrofit designs.AI Generated
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AbstractBangladesh is located in an earthquake-prone zone near Eurasian Plate Boundary and has a potential risk of hazard in earthquakes. Moreover, the country has a large number of buildings with low strength of concrete, improper members sizing or high axial column load ratio, inadequate shear rebar, improper structural framing, etc. Considering all those limitations, government has started to assess and retrofit government buildings as well as private commercial buildings. Government of Japan through JICA and some other agencies is supporting in this respect to research and prepare several manuals. On behalf of the government, Public Works Department (PWD) is playing a vital role to expedite the process. The Japanese Guidelines for Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting Guidelines are following in Bangladeshi Building with necessary modifications. For last one decade, PWD has assessed and retrofitted several buildings in government and private sectors. This paper will focus on the seismic assessment and retrofitting design and construction of Bangladesh National Radio Station, namely “Betar Bhaban”. The building was designed as a ten-storied building in 1990 and constructed up to fifth floor level before 1998. In the year 2014, the authority of the Radio Station decided to construct rest of the floors and allowed PWD to assess and retrofit as the building found inadequate against seismic forces. The seismic index as found from the assessment was lower in respect to the current code requirements. The seismic index increased after adding retrofitting components. Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls, Steel frame bracing, etc., are used to retrofit the building.
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- Title
- Sustainable Design and Eco Technologies for Infrastructure
- Editors
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Rajinder Ghai
Luh-Maan Chang
Raju Sharma
Anush K. Chandrappa
- Copyright Year
- 2024
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Singapore
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-981-9984-65-7
- Print ISBN
- 978-981-9984-64-0
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8465-7
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