Sustainable Design and Eco Technologies for Infrastructure

The most commonly adopted material for grouting nowadays is Portland cement. It is used in many applications such as grouting of prestressed cable ducts, stopping major water inflows, rehabilitation of masonry and RCC structures and geotechnical applications. It is basically a mixture of cement, sand (if used), water and, possibly, admixture(s) along with non-shrink additives. Their properties such as fluidity, setting time, stability, strength and durability can be easily modified by adding various types of chemical admixtures. The major application of cement grouting is for prestressed bridge construction site as the grouting work involved is huge for filling the voids or gaps between post-tensioning cable ducts and prestressing strands. Durability of these structures is mainly dependent upon the level of corrosion protection offered to these structures as they are very much susceptible to corrosion especially in marine environments thus degrading strength and durability of stressing tendons. Also, the w/c ratio of the grout is the most important factor contributing significantly to the strength of the grout. Use of lower w/c ratios requires incorporation of certain additives so as to maintain the appropriate rheological properties of the grout. Therefore, to protect the prestressing strands from effects of corrosion and also to ensure complete filling of the cable ducts, enough precautions are required to be taken during entire grouting procedure from start to end. Grouts prepared with pure OPC bleeds reduce the w/c ratio thereby increasing the compressive strength. Presence of admixtures in the grout plays a vital role as they help in the production of more durable grouts with enhanced rheological and mechanical characteristics. Therefore, in this study certain admixtures like Cebex 100, Cebex 200 and Cebex EN will be added to the cement grout to modify their properties, and their characteristic behaviour will be studied. This study aims at understanding the performance of cementitious grouts based on the dosage of certain additives at a major River Bridge Project in Goa.

Chennai is a city with multidimensional socio-economic growth in population and infrastructures. Chennai Metro Railway provides an efficient, safer and high-capacity transport system of urban transportation network in Chennai. The Phase-II work of Chennai Metro is divided into three lines, i.e. Corridor 3, Corridor 4 and Corridor 5. Thirumayilai is an interchange station between Corridor 3 (C3) and Corridor 4 (C4) lines. It comprises an island station (Corridor C4) and a stacked station (Corridor C3) connected with various ventilation shafts and multiple entrances, and it is also connected with existing MRTS to promote the multimodal integration. There are three intermediate levels to connect the island station and the stacked station. The subsurface strata consist of cohesionless soil layers followed by weathered/fresh rock. In this complex hard rock strata, diaphragm walls are considered as external walls of the station box with slabs forming a part of internal framing. Due to variation in starting level of weathered rock layer throughout the station, two different sets of construction methodologies have been considered. Along with conventional top-down sequential method, bottom-up method has also been adopted with the help of rock-bolts, shotcrete and diaphragm walls with shear pins embedded into the rock strata. This paper describes the concept design, optimisation and challenges of this underground metro station having interchange in mixed ground conditions. The present paper also explains the construction sequence of four levels of slabs to connect the island station with stacked station. Soil structure interaction analysis has been performed in finite element-based software to get overall stability of the structure, surface settlements, bending moments, shear forces, etc.

Earthquake results in much damage and losses around the world, however the majority of fatalities due to earthquake is not due to the earthquake itself, but due to structural damage because of earthquake. The risk of structural damage will increase if the structures are not built with sufficient quality. Residential houses are an example of buildings that are more prone to earthquake damage, because typically residential houses are non-engineered and built without specific consideration against earthquake. It is estimated that 80% of buildings in cities in Indonesia are residential houses, making them vulnerable to earthquake. Not only that, areas with more percentage of poor households are more likely to experience a greater negative impact due to earthquake disasters. This indicates that there are differences in the quality of buildings that lead to differences in buildings vulnerability to disasters even between economic classes. This paper investigates structural typology of residential houses in Bandung and the differences of structural parameter between two economic classes and then extends these findings to calculate population risk. The method used is by conducting rapid visual screening and interviews in several sub-districts in North Bandung, which is considered vulnerable to its proximity to the nearest fault of Bandung city, the Lembang Fault. From this field survey, the residential houses are classified based on EMS98 type of structures. The field survey investigated 406 houses, out of which 27 socio-economic data and 15 detailed house characteristics data are obtained. Prediction of population vulnerability due to earthquake is calculated using the Lembang Fault earthquake scenario with the assumption that the population in one sub-district has the same distance from the epicenter. The results show that the residential houses consist of 57.9% confined masonry, 35% RC infilled frame, and 7.1% unconfined masonry. The average number of floors owned by the high economy class is two, with an area about 200 m2 per building floor. While the average wall thickness is 250 mm with a distance between tie columns 2.5 m, the average number of floors owned by the low economy class is one, with an area per building floor at 72 m2. The average wall thickness is 150 mm with a distance between tie columns of about 3 m. The results also show that if Bandung is shaken by the scenario of an earthquake caused by the Lembang Fault with a magnitude of 7, 20% of the houses will not be damaged, 34% have damage level 1, 35% have damage level 2, 11% have damage level 3, and 1% suffer damage level 4.

The present investigation reports a semi-analytical analysis of a open cellular porous beam for the study of nonlinear bending characteristics when subjected to transverse loading in the form of uniform or patch. The porous beam is mathematically modeled in programming software (MATLAB) using first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) in conjunction with von-Kármán nonlinearity. Firstly, the porosity of the beam is distributed throughout the thickness in the form of three distribution systems, i.e., either uniformly or non-uniform symmetrically or non-uniform unsymmetrically. Secondly, implementing minimization of total potential energy principle the partial differential equations (PDEs) of the beam is derived. These PDEs are simplified into nonlinear algebraic equations via. Galerkin’s method. Later, these equations are solved using the Newton–Raphson method to plot the load-deformation curves. Moreover, a parametric study is also reported to observe the characteristic of nonlinear bending with variation in different parameters like, types of porosity distribution, porosity coefficient, aspect ratio, different types of transverse loading, which may help the designers for appropriate design against large deformation.

Sustainable infrastructure underpins economic growth and aims to enhance the wellbeing and quality of life of the community as well as at protecting natural resources while achieving an efficient use of financial resources. Based on these considerations, well-articulated practice principles for sustainable infrastructure provide the basis for sound planning that supports the integration of sustainability principles into all phases of infrastructure projects. Such principles are applicable to new projects as well as to the rehabilitation, reuse and optimization of existing infrastructure. In Australia, extensive efforts have been devoted to date in promoting good practice in the infrastructure domain. Infrastructure Australia is an independent infrastructure advisor to the Australian Government. It focuses on disseminating knowledge and good practices. It recognizes that sustainable outcomes can be reached only through the balancing of social, economic, environmental and governance outcomes. In this context, this paper provides an overview of these principles which underpin Australian practice and shares the current vision and planning for sustainable infrastructure in Australia.

The boom in the development of infrastructures such as airports in the recent years in India has resulted in development of new green field airports as well as expansion of existing airports. All the developing airports infrastructures were being evolved with modern architectural design to match with global trend which in turn calls for a complex structural design with a combination of reinforced concrete and structural steel. To add further, there is a significant increase in the use of structural steel primarily to attain a column-free space and to achieve the desired architectural shapes. Usually most of the airports will be highly appealing and it forms the gate way for the big wide world outside. In any airport, passengers’ comfort must be ensured, journey time to be shortened, high standards of security to be maintained, operational efficiency to be enhanced along with stake holder requirements and various other needs have to be catered for, all under one roof. In airports, landside infrastructure includes Terminal Building, Piers, Concourse and Airside includes Runways. Terminal and Pier structures were designed and constructed with conventional reinforced concrete Beam-Column-slab system and foundation (Isolated and combined pad footing/pile) system as per the geotechnical investigation and recommendation. Based on the functional requirement and to have column-free space, the departure level was proposed to have steel roof system typically with 18 m × 45 m column grid spacing. Profile of the terminal roof is a unidirectional reverse compound curve, and the profile of the Pier roof is composed of bidirectional curvature, i.e., the profile is curved in both in longitudinal and transverse direction with a gradual increase in the level of the roof ridge. This paper narrates and focuses on the conceptualization of a peculiar architectural roof profile, the way supporting structural roof truss system was evolved, complexities involved in achieving the curved profiles, connection designs, coordination and detailing in BIM, and finally, the fabrication and erection of trusses by adopting the most appropriate construction methodologies.

The subject of this paper is to evaluate the emerging sustainable soil improvement techniques by using agricultural plant-based additives for problematic soils and their effectiveness in improving the mechanical and physical properties of the soil. This research focused on expansive black cotton soil, mostly problematic soil that causes damage to civil engineering infrastructures when it encounters moisture changes. Therefore, it is an engineering requirement to stabilize/change unsuitable soils by using local materials by blending one another or modifying the property to improve its state of weakness. In this study, the problematic expansive black cotton soil was artificially replicated from the combination/mixture of low expansive and highly expansive clay soils. The agricultural wastes/biomass such as rice husk powder, bamboo powder, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and shredded paper (celldoron) were used to investigate the improvement in the treated soil. These plant-based additives were selected based on local availability, Affordability, and efficiency. The replicated soil specimen was tested for the basic geotechnical engineering properties such as atterberg limit test (LL, PL) and free swell ratio (FSR). In additon, the agricultural waste additives were evaluated for water holding capacity and cellulosic composition.

The seismic fragility analysis is widely used worldwide to compute the seismic collapse probability of structures since last two decades. The evaluation of fragility functions using nonlinear structural analysis is a crucial step in many seismic assessment techniques. In the present study, four-storey mid-rise RC frame building located in Surat city (seismic Zone-III) is designed as per IS 456, (BIS IS 1893. (2016). Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Part-1 General Provisions and Buildings. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards) provisions and detailed as per IS 13920 provisions. The designed RC frame is analysed using nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The response modification (R) factor is estimated for designed RC frame as per ATC-19 guidelines from the data obtained using NSPA. The results of the NSPA and IDA are used to derive the fragility curves based on assumed performance limit criteria. The fragility curves derived from the data of NSPA are fitted through approximation of the normal to binomial distribution, while in the case of IDA, the multiple stripes’ analysis is used and fragility function is fitted through maximum likelihood. The probability of various damage states is determined at performance point for seismic hazard corresponding to Zone-III, IV, and V. The R factor for RC frame is estimated as 5.72, which justifies and validates the provisions of Indian seismic code for R factor. The probability of occurrences for various damage states is ranged from 10 to 50% for study RC frame building. Comparison of NSPA and IDA approach reveals the efficiency of both approaches in estimating the probability of occurrence of various damage states and post-seismic response for RC frame.

Due to the reduction in the availability of the good quality of land because of the various reasons, there has been growing demand of the lands for the various civil engineering purposes. Thereby, there has been a considerable rise in the demand for improving the quality of the land which cannot been used in their current form. As a result, engineers have little choice but to employ soft and weak soils in the area by enhancing their strength using modern ground improvement strategy for construction. Replacement of soil, stone columns, vertical drains, vibro-compaction, soil reinforcement, dynamic compaction, vibro-piers, in situ densification, grouting, pre-loadings, and admixture stabilization are currently accessible ground enhancement techniques. The major objective of all the above methods majorly is to improve the bearing strength of the weaker soil deposits and also reduction in the settlement. Steel, glass, various polymers shaped like strips or blocks, and geosynthetics are utilized to improve the ground by making the soil more robust. The geosynthetics material can be employed for a variety of functions in various applications. It can be utilized to strengthen the soil's capacity to support weight by reinforcing, filtering, separating, containing, protecting, and confining it. This paper provides an in-depth examination of several contemporary approaches for improving the ground and their modern uses in civil engineering. An efficient design can be designed and an appropriate ground improvement approach can be adopted for a given application based on results of different ground renovation methods’ long-term performance and their analysis.

The majority of deaths that happened due to disaster occurred in low- and middle-income countries. This high human cost is a byproduct of low-quality building structure, where large portion of the residential houses in these countries are considered as non-engineered buildings, typically without regulation and standards, making them more vulnerable to disasters such as earthquakes. This shows a deep need in improving the buildings and especially housing quality for earthquake-prone low-middle income population. As a response to this need for better and more resilient public housing, in 2004, the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing through its Center of Research and Development for Technology Regulation and Implementation (Puslitbang Kebijakan dan Penerapan Teknologi) developed and certified the application of Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat (RISHA) or Simple Instant Healthy House. RISHA is distinguished for its rapid construction, better quality control, simple technology, environmental friendliness, and cheap overall price. Although initially RISHA was planned to fulfill the high demand of housing needs in Indonesia, in its development, RISHA is extensively used for disaster recovery due to its construction speed. RISHA panels and installation can also be inclusively replicated by local producers without high expertise which increases its speed and size of production. As of 2021, it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of buildings have been built using RISHA in more than 60 different regions in Indonesia. Although in the beginning, RISHA was developed as a solution for housing, over the years it had been applied beyond housing structures. These structures include two-story commercial buildings (Ruko), schools, and public housing (indekos) with various changes from its initial design. It is also important to note that RISHA only provides a solution for the frame of the structure, whereas the connection between the frames to both its foundation and roofing is yet to be standardized, prompting different construction practices. This paper aims to document the various applications of RISHA in Indonesia as a baseline for discussion and evaluation of the potential application of this modular structure by drawing its conclusion on media analysis and literature study. This study aims to draw attention to the need to review the gap in the guidelines and the standard of construction implementation on the ground to avoid unexpected improvisation. It also wants to bring attention to the various applications of RISHA showing the need to accommodate the design in accordance to all the possible application by market demand.

Waste materials can be used as soil stabilizers instead of conventional methods of soil stabilization. This paper focuses on methods of soil stabilization using waste materials to avoid environmental deterioration. The present study is focusing on to compare the waste rubber chips and brick powder as soil stabilizer on the soil sample brought from one of the sites in Konkan railway near Margao railway station. The attempt was made to analyze the soil stabilized with 30% of brick powder and 10% rubber chips (3–5 mm scrap tires) and combinations of 10% rubber chips and 30% brick powder. Addition of brick powder has increased the maximum dry density of soil while addition of rubber chips reduces it. The combination of both the materials has reduced the maximum dry density. The optimum moisture content has increased on addition of rubber chips, whereas combination of both rubber chips and brick powder has reduced the effect. The angle of friction of the soil increases on addition of combination of rubber chips and brick powder but reduces its effect on adding individually. The cohesion of the soil has drastically reduced on addition of brick powder and rubber chips. California bearing ratio (CBR) value increased on addition of brick powder but reduced when used in combination. By comparing all the experimental test results, it can be concluded that the addition of rubber chips and brick powder has changed some properties of soil and can be utilized for construction purposes.

Bangladesh is located in an earthquake-prone zone near Eurasian Plate Boundary and has a potential risk of hazard in earthquakes. Moreover, the country has a large number of buildings with low strength of concrete, improper members sizing or high axial column load ratio, inadequate shear rebar, improper structural framing, etc. Considering all those limitations, government has started to assess and retrofit government buildings as well as private commercial buildings. Government of Japan through JICA and some other agencies is supporting in this respect to research and prepare several manuals. On behalf of the government, Public Works Department (PWD) is playing a vital role to expedite the process. The Japanese Guidelines for Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting Guidelines are following in Bangladeshi Building with necessary modifications. For last one decade, PWD has assessed and retrofitted several buildings in government and private sectors. This paper will focus on the seismic assessment and retrofitting design and construction of Bangladesh National Radio Station, namely “Betar Bhaban”. The building was designed as a ten-storied building in 1990 and constructed up to fifth floor level before 1998. In the year 2014, the authority of the Radio Station decided to construct rest of the floors and allowed PWD to assess and retrofit as the building found inadequate against seismic forces. The seismic index as found from the assessment was lower in respect to the current code requirements. The seismic index increased after adding retrofitting components. Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls, Steel frame bracing, etc., are used to retrofit the building.

Surface characteristics of the surface course in the pavement (highways and airfield) play an important role in ensuring safety of the road users under various conditions. The wet and contaminated runway pavements are known to contribute up to 40% toward runway veeroffs’ accidents. In general, the frequency of runway veeroff accidents is highest in the runways provided with dense asphaltic concrete (DAC) as wearing course. In addition to DAC, there are several asphalt mixtures, with the potential of being used as a surface course such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA) and open-graded friction course (OGFC). In this study, laboratory investigations were conducted on surface characteristics of DAC, SMA, and OGFC mixtures to understand the effect of temperature, surface condition (dry/wet), asphalt content, and compaction method adopted. The British pendulum number (BPN) and mean texture depth (MTD) were determined for different mixtures considering different experimental variables. The wet surface condition was more significant in reducing the BPN in DAC unlike SMA and OGFC. The BPN was found to be significantly depended on the temperature and asphalt content. The asphalt attains the shape of texture of aggregate at low temperature due to contraction and hence depicted higher BPN unlike high temperature. The temperature change was able to address higher degree of variability in BPN compared to asphalt content. However, as the thickness of asphalt coating increased around aggregate (OGFC), effect of temperature slightly reduced. The compaction method although found to be significant in affecting BPN, its contribution in variability was low.

The gradation in the bituminous mixtures plays a significant role in predicting its performance. Laboratory experiments such as centrifugal extraction method and ignition method are used to determine the gradation. However, the solvents used in centrifugal extraction method are considered to be carcinogenic. Since then, several studies have focused on using the principles of image analysis to determine the gradation from the images. However, limited studies are conducted on evaluating the suitability of image acquisition methods and comparing different particle size estimation algorithms. In this study, the gradation of dense bituminous concrete (BC-19) and open-graded friction course (OGFC) were predicted using the principles of image processing and analysis. The experimental variables included compaction method (Marshall and SuperPave gyratory method), sectioning method (vertical and horizontal sectioning’s), and particle size estimation algorithm (circle fitting and contour fitting methods). The analysis results indicated that gradation predicted from the images was found to be finer above the cut-off sieve size and coarser below the cut-off sieve size. The gradation predicted from images obtained using Marshall method of compaction agreed well with gradation that was used in specimen preparation compared to SuperPave gyratory compaction method. The combination of the horizontal sectioning method with circle fitting algorithm has resulted in highest R2.

Capacity estimation at uncontrolled intersections is vastly performed using probabilistic gap acceptance procedure (GAP) according to which the maximum sustainable hourly flow rate of minor stream vehicles is determined based on un-realistic assumptions and stochastic distribution of only major stream accepted or rejected gaps. In this paper, potential movement capacity has been estimated using the gap acceptance probabilistic procedure (GAP), the empirical regression-based deterministic (EMCAP) and the numerical additive conflict flow (ACF) technique. Three uncontrolled intersections with four-lane divided major roads (2 nos. three-legged and 1 no. four-legged) from urban regions of Bhopal, a city in Madhya Pradesh were chosen for this purpose, thus, having a total of 24 movement/potential capacities (2 nos. three-legged = 2 × 6 = 12 and 1 no. four-legged = 1 × 12 = 12). EMCAP model was created in SPSS and then validated after training adjustment factors in adaptive neuro fuzzy inference (ANFIS) tool keeping GAP capacities as base values. The difference in normalized mean absolute normalized errors (MANE) in volume to capacity (v/c) ratios for all three intersections during comparison of ACF and EMCAP with respect to GAP indicates that ACF (i.e., MAPEGAP-ACF = 3.13% < MAPEGAP-EMCAP = 4.85%) is more appropriate in estimating capacity appropriately, whereas EMCAP is more relevant in predicting level of service (with v/c ratios being > 0.80 operating in LOS E) than GAP, which suggests that there is a need to modify the current Indian Highway Capacity Manual guidelines considering uncontrolled intersections.

Urban regions are the developed areas having high density of human settlement. These regions are considered as the drivers of country’s progress. The economic activities in these regions boost development but at the same time give rise to numerous problems. Among them, controlling air pollution is one of the major challenges faced by many urban centres. The diverse economic sectors operating in these urban regions contributing different air pollutants to the environment include, Transportation sector, Industrial sector, Power plants, Domestic sector, Construction sector and other Miscellaneous activities. To understand the complex dynamics of air pollution, it is needed to study the relationship between these individual sectors and the environment. Each of these sectors has different variables which are interdependent, and their cyclic behaviour determines the dynamics of the system. In this regard, the paper focuses on studying the interaction between vehicular emission and air pollution for an urban region using (SD) system dynamics approach. This research is based on identifying the variables which constitute the system, forming a causal relationship between these variables and studying the impact of change in these relationships over time on the whole system. In addition to this, the paper also highlights the effects of different policies applied to transportation sector particularly vehicular emission to curb air pollution.

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), also known as the lifeline of Delhi, has begun construction of metro rail structures in the city in order to alleviate the challenges that Delhi commuters face, such as traffic congestion and pollution. The DMRC is constantly striving to use the finest building methods and contribute to the growth of society and the country. It has also embraced innovative construction technologies such as the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) for subterranean tunneling, segmental viaduct building, long span extra dosed bridges, and so on, resulting in the development of the country as a whole. DMRC has faced numerous hurdles from its inception in Phase-I to Phase-III, including constructing an underground station in one of the most crowded places in the city. In order to promote environmental development, solar panels have been installed at Metro Stations/Depots, and rainwater collecting has been implemented in entire corridors in Delhi. The installation of a Passenger Screen Door (PSD) for passenger safety at the platform and the implementation of the Multi-Modal Integration (MMI) concept to provide easy interchange of modes of transportation has long been top priorities for DMRC. DMRC has made extensive use of precast technology in its Phase-IV project in order to move forward in developing the nation and creating environment friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable structures at a faster rate of construction.

India, being a rapidly developing country with expanding economy, has its own issues as regarding road traffic accidents due to rapid proliferation of motorisation. Since the situation differs significantly between cities, it is important to evolve city-specific policies for safety intervention priorities. In view of the above, this research work examine, towards efficient and effective road engineering interventions for Patiala City (Punjab state). The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyse the reasons for road traffic accidents in Patiala. Also this study investigates the different causes of accidents occurred in past years in Patiala. Patiala was reported in one of the accident-prone zones in Punjab with having highest rate of road accidents. This study examines the underlying causes of accidents and strategies for preventing them.

This paper addresses the core problems of modeling delay causal factors, their interaction effects, and assessments using the structural equation modeling approach. The research forms part of a larger study aimed to develop a delay management framework for handling delays in highway projects in India. A total of 32 delay causal factors (identified from literature review) were part of the questionnaire survey and analysis. These were grouped into five categories, namely client-related (six factors), contractor-related (seven factors), finance-related (five factors), site-related (nine factors), and quality-related (five factors). PLS-SEM approach was used in the study to model the delay causal factors. A measurement model and a structural model were developed and validated as per the PLS-SEM procedure using SmartPLS-3 software. The results from the analysis revealed that site-related problems are the most significant category contributing to a major portion of project delay. The top three variables under this category were poor survey data/investigations, excessive variation of quantities, and obstruction to site work. The second important category contributing to a significant portion of delay was contractor-related category followed by the client-related category and finance-related category. It was found that the impact of the client-related category and finance-related category was higher if the site-related category was present at the same time. Also, the impact of the finance-related categoryincreased if the quality-related category was present at the same time. The contractor-related category alone had a significant impact on project delay and its effect appeared to relatively lessen when client-related and finance-related categories were present in the project. The presence of multiple categories of delay causal factorsat the same time will greatly add to project delay. The study greatly contributes to filling the gap in understanding the impact as well as interrelationships of delay causal factors on project duration. The study will prove to be helpful for project managers and construction managers in targeting their actions for ensuring project completion with a minimum amount of delay.

The world has been struggling to respond to multiple hazards during the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic along with simultaneously occurring disasters can cause cascading effects on various areas, such as employment, education, economic activities, finance, and human mobility. Managing the Covid-19 pandemic and reducing compound risks require a multi-hazard approach because the health sector alone cannot respond adequately. This study aims to propose methods for promoting a multi-hazard approach by studying cases of responses to Covid-19 and the management of disasters during the pandemic in selected countries. Countermeasures differ by disaster but share many similar aspects. It was found that some economies with developed institutions and legislations as a result of years of learning from natural disasters, could use the mechanisms of managing such disasters to respond effectively to the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, most economies in Asia could control the spread of Covid-19 infections during typhoon and flood disasters. The formulated evacuation guidelines and information and communications technology functioned well to manage the pandemic during disasters. Integrating knowledge of different disciplines, which are obtained from experience of managing various disasters, can contribute to reduce compound risks caused by multiple hazards.

Goal 6 of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), prescribed by the United Nations and signed by India, directs to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Some of the targets set to be accomplished by 2030 include to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. The demand for water has increased tremendously in the urban areas as in Bhubaneswar due to escalating population growth in the past decades and surge of migrants from all parts of the country, in turn soaring the water quality issues, as recently stated by the Public Health Laboratory, Bhubaneswar in 2019. The people lacking permanent settlement are mostly devoid of municipality water supply and the shallow tube wells are available source for fulfilling the demand of water. Researchers have warned that the pollution of shallow ground water of Bhubaneswar is a major threat at the moment. In this context a study has been done in the existing shallow tube wells of different wards of Bhubaneswar, mostly used by the people of low-income group for drinking water purposes. Water samples have been collected from different shallow tube wells using random sampling technique. The parameters like PH, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Conductivity, DO, TDS, BOD and Chloride have been measured and Water Quality Index has been calculated using Weighted Arithmetic Mean Method. The analysis reveals that the major quality deterioration has occurred Chirkhal Toli Slum tube well in ward no 1 and in the existing tube wells of ward no 2 in Prashanti Vihar, Munda Sahi, KIIT Campus and Sikharchandi Slum Area. Similarly, out of four samples in ward no 3, the tube well of Patia village indicates deterioration in the quality. However, the shallow tube well of ward numbers 6, 7 and 8 displays good water quality.

Flood has been considered as one of the most recurring and frequent disaster in the world. Due to recurrent prevalence, the economic loss and life damage caused by the flood has put more burdens on economy than any other natural disaster. Even a state like Goa suffers from flooding due to excessive rainfall and rise in river levels. Hence, flood management and mitigation are very important to avoid heavy loss of human life and properties. Creating a flood model and predicting its behavior is a helpful step in protecting nearby areas. An experimental model is created using HEC-RAS and other allied software such as arc map, and the output is represented with the help of RAS- mapper for better understanding.

The South Gobi region of Mongolia has had considerable mining growths, particularly in the recent 20 years, which has sparked social, economic and environmental changes in the region. The South Gobi region's ability to sustain economic growth is heavily reliant on its water resources. With the aid of its nonrenewable groundwater resources, the area has been able to meet the water needs of this rapid development and plans to do so in the future. However, in order to sustain regional development and meet the water-related objectives of Vision 2050: Mongolia's Long-Term Development Policy in accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and goal 13: Climate Action and the Impact of Climate Change, it is necessary to practice long-term adaptation and careful water management. Using the method of a system dynamic model for water management oriented with stakeholders, the water demands of this region with potential management and measure actions are examined based on historical water data that is already accessible. The dynamic system model for water management predicts that the South Gobi region's groundwater supplies could not be sufficient to satisfy their needs after 2032. The key to reducing future water threats and preserving the inuque water resources in the region is the long-distance water transfer projects, innovative solutions for effective water use, and improved management with a locally managed research and management center.

Climate and environmental change are significant problems all over the world. Today, it is sought after to make a manageable progress. Economic progress can be achieved by reexamining, reconsidering, reducing, and reusing. Because of its architecture, monetary, eco-friendly, and green restitutions, modern concrete consumes a lot of waste material (glass, plastic, slag, fly debris, and so on). As a result, repurposing waste materials in solid construction are extremely beneficial in achieving the manageability target. Waste material use will reduce the use of characteristic aggregates. Waste can help in maintaining the natural balance in this way. In the current study, creative tile squander was used as construction squander. In large-scale ventures, tile waste is a main problem. In India, tile waste, like other construction waste, is a problem to remove. This study is based on the presentation of three different cement blends with different proportions of squashed, waste tiles with a maximum size of 20 mm. Three mix used were M20, M25, and M30. Each bunch had its own blend setup. Cubes of concrete were casted with a waste replacement of 0, 7, 14, and 21% ceramic tile waste. Test was conducted on concrete, fine aggregates, and course aggregates. A total of 06 cubes were casted for each group. Experiment study shows that in the grade of the M30, there was no much effect on compressive strength when 21% alternate of ordinary 20-mm coarse aggregates with tile aggregate.

In this study, future extreme rainfall characteristics (frequency, duration, and intensity) over South Korea were analyzed using the ensemble mean climate models (based on HadGEM3-RA, WRF, CCLM, GRIMs, and RegCM4) from the CIP (climate information portal, http://www.climate.go.kr/ ). Four SSP–RCP (shared socioeconomic pathway–representative concentration pathway) scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) were used to estimate the rainfall quantiles. The observed data were collected for 615 sites in South Korea from 1961 to 2020. Furthermore, the simulated data from the climate model were produced into the historical period (1979–2014, S0) and the future period (2015–2100) focused on the East Asia region, and the spatial resolution is 25 km. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was used for extracting the rainfall data of interesting sites (spatial disaggregation). And then, the regional quantile delta mapping (RQDM) method was applied for the bias correction, and the future periods were divided into 2021–2040 (S1), 2041–2060 (S2), 2061–2080 (S3), and 2081–2100 (S4). The extreme rainfall quantiles were estimated using the regional frequency analysis (based on GEV and L-moments). In addition, the rainfall quantiles were compared for each future period, and the prospects of climate change were assessed spatially for the results of AR6 scenarios in South Korea.

Rapid urbanization and increased infrastructural growth had led to a rise in the requirement of natural aggregates and other resources. On the other hand, a rise in the generation of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) is also reported from all parts of the world which is putting immense pressure on our landfill system when these waste materials are not properly recycled or reused. Reuse of the recycled CDW in various minor applications are tried and found to be successful in different scenarios. This study aims to provide an insight into the use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) as a substitute for the Natural Aggregates (NA). RCA is engendered from the construction and demolition waste (CDW). The use of RCA in concrete has revealed to be a sustainable and economical alternative to natural aggregate where the properties of recycled aggregate concrete must be equal to that of NA concrete. This chapter focusses on experimental studies to understand the particle size distribution, water absorption, soundness of course aggregates, mechanical properties such as strength against impact, compressive and abrasive forces with respect to natural aggregates. The RCA has performed less compared to NA. It is found that studies are done to understand the strength degradation, and hardened properties of concrete when NA is replaced with RCA. The RCA has performed well as compared to concrete made of NA in the strength. This concludes that revising the w/c will help to meet the standards. It is observed that the quality of concrete made of RCA will have slight reduction as per regular standard design; this can be improved by the addition of saw dust. The concrete cubes have been designed with series of replacements of saw dust like 30%, 50% of RFA. It observed that 30% replacements of RFA with saw dust have met the standards. Thus, RCA can be effectively used for structural applications, thereby reducing the load on natural resources leading to a sustainable construction practice.

The low biodegradability of human hair results in huge accumulations of hair waste on land. Consequently, it causes a serious threat to the environment, human, and animal health. In addition to that, the decomposition of human hair by burning expels the chemical substance and produces odor in the air. Therefore, a safe clean decomposition of human hair is required to avoid hazards to the environment. The thin and long morphology of human hair is comparable with fibers. Various studies established the benefits of using the fibers (steel fibers and polypropylene fibers) to improve the properties of concrete. Hitherto, a very limited study has been reported on the usage of human hair microfibers (HHMF) in the field of concrete. Therefore, the present experimental study aims at finding the mechanical property, durability, and microstructure of concrete containing HHMF determining in mono and hybrid form. The addition of HHMF in mono and hybrid form improves the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The HHMF in hybrid form exhibits a better performance compare to mono-HHMF. The addition of human hair as microfiber using 12, 24, and 36 mm of length (hybrid form) in a fraction of 2% by weight of cement revealed the maximum improvement. The SEM images show that the HHMF provides a strong bonding with the matrix, arresting cracks efficiently and providing densified microstructure thus improving the properties of cement concrete.

As the world’s energy demand increased with the increase in the population, the use of conventional energy sources increased leading to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Over the decade the CO2 ratio has increased in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities, to lower the atmospheric CO2. International Energy Agency (IEA), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), have jointly reported that we need to decrease CO2 emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, carbon capture technology can minimize global CO2 emissions by 17% by 2050. CO2 capture technology is most feasible technology to reduce atmospheric CO2. The three main CO2 collection methods used for CCS are oxy-fuel combustion, pre-combustion, and post-combustion. Industries typically use post-combustion carbon capture to absorb CO2. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in oil and gas reservoirs, storage in impermeable coal beds, storage in saline aquifers, and deep ocean storage are the four main storage methods used in CO2 capture. It was determined that using CO2 storage with enhanced oil recovery applications concurrently increases oil production and stores CO2. There are several techniques used to separate CO2, but some important ones include adsorption, absorption, chemical separations, membrane separations, hydrate-based separation, and cryogenic distillation. Future research should take into account the need for scientific study on selective membrane applications in CO2 separation, Natural Gas Hydrates as a CO2 storage facility, and bio-additives for the creation of CO2 hydrates.

The budding energy demands of the world have resulted into increased requirement of energy resources. The lifecycle of conventional fuel from harness to consumptions results in the release of pollutant into the atmosphere. The growing environmental damages have forced the scientists to explore and develop cleaner energy sources. Energy from renewable sources, hydrogen and natural gas hydrates are considered as clean fuel. However, before adapting to a new energy sources, implementation of several strategies needs to be accomplished. Efficient strategies for energy exploitation, storage and transportation are highly essential for effective energy transition. Energy transition is currently an emerging area to reduce the carbon emissions. Decarbonization plays an important role in achieving a sustainable energy transition through Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) processes. This paper discusses the need of energy transition with changing times, challenges and future scopes in different energy production and storage prospective. An elaborate study on decarbonization and methods employed are studied in this paper. It was concluded that energy transition goals 2050 has been a priority of countries all over the globe. Development in application of renewable energy sources has helped the scientific community to form a sustainable environment. Carbon capture technologies are an important support system of energy transition. Considering the development in carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies, removal of greenhouse gases is being considered an achievable task.

X-ray tomography or neutron tomography are widely used as non-destructive methods that provide information on the internal microstructure of cement-based materials. Due to advancement of technologies, they are used to visualize concrete in 3D by stacking set of 2D images. Both methods are similar but provide different information: porosity of concrete or concrete durability. Using the combined X-ray and neutron tomography images, 2D images of the microstructure of concrete materials are obtained and can be reconstructed into 3D. The objectives of this study are to visualize the 3D reconstruction from the 2D images and characterize concrete microstructure using combined X-Ray and neutron tomography images already reconstructed into 3D. One also compares the reconstructed microstructure obtained with each imaging technics separately. The threshold value of each phases are already provided and directly used to segment voids and aggregates. The study on the reconstructed microstructure using a single tomogram (X-ray or neutron CT) has shown limitations for concrete that contains polymineral aggregates. However, the microstructure characterization based on the complementary image shows an accurate results similar to the mixing design of concrete. Finally, the 3D reconstruction successfully shows a realistic representation of the internal structure of concrete, which is often difficult to obtain.

Information modelling concept is as old as personnel computing era. This concept is widely adopted in building infrastructure and oil and gas industry. Few proprietary software tools are available in market in the name of building information modelling (BIM), but for bridges, very less work is done for such information modelling. This is a review paper showing status of bridge information modelling (BrIM) in life cycle analysis of bridges which includes all the phases from conceptual planning to maintenance. Emerging trends such as bridge health monitoring and digitalization of existing bridge data are also included. The use of potential future technology for automation of structural analysis and design of bridge structures (by adopting existing big data and with global optimisation) is explored. At the end of the paper, merits and demerits and future technologies in bridge information modelling are discussed.

Digital elevation model (DEM) is a three-dimensional representation of the earth’s surface which provides information regarding the terrain relief. Nowadays, DEM became an inevitable component in remote sensing and GIS because of its requirement in various fields like preparing 3D simulations, run-off modelling, topographic mapping, infrastructural studies, etc. DEMs can be generated using different techniques such as ground surveys, interpolation of contour maps, photogrammetric techniques using satellite stereo images and aerial stereo photographs, interferometry and air borne laser scanning. Some of the open-source DEMs available are SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), GTOPO30 and CARTOSAT-1. Each DEM contains some natural errors (gross, systematic and random errors) depending on technology used in its primary data acquisition and also on processing methodology in relation to the land cover type and particular terrain. The accuracy of these datasets is often unknown and non-uniform within each dataset. In this study, the elevation accuracies were assessed for some freely available DEMs like ASTER, SRTM and CARTOSAT-1. For this work, the study area taken was Prakasam district which lies along the coastal belt of Andhra Pradesh state in India. The study area has diversified terrain relief with hills in western part and plain region on east along the sea coast of Bay of Bengal. As a reference to validate the elevations of DEMs, total 100 ground control points (GCPs) were taken from Google Earth Pro software, in different terrains (accessible and inaccessible) of the study area. Over these GCP locations, the corresponding elevations on SRTM, ASTER and CARTOSAT DEMs were found out using geospatial techniques in QGIS 3.10 software. The RMS errors of elevations for the SRTM, ASTER and CARTOSAT-1 DEMs were resulted as 2.770, 11.71 and 85.33 m, respectively, from WGS84 datum. From the studies, it was observed that, for the study area of this research, SRTM DEM gives the highest accuracy in vertical elevations compared to other DEMs.

The purpose of the paper is to propose blockchain models for business. Blockchain is going to impact businesses across verticals as it promises to keep the data more secure and thereby build trust in the minds of the customers. Blockchain applications are being built upon digital data, computational infrastructure and communication networks. Financial services companies have already adopted blockchain; however, manufacturing companies are way behind in adopting blockchain. This paper intends to create a blockchain model to ease out the basic and prominent need of any industry, viz. land and building. Two models of Blockchain 1.0 and 2.0 have been proposed for addressing the challenges of land search, selection, transfer, ownership and mortgage using emerging technology like blockchain, NFT and metaverse.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in green infrastructure. In particular, in the field of disaster risk reduction (DRR), the concept of “ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction” (Eco-DRR) has been proposed. Furthermore, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment has prepared a handbook to promote its use (MOE in Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Japan: A handbook for practitioners. MOE, Tokyo, Japan, 2016). Therefore, in this study, we aim to review previous cases of Eco-DRR and comprehensively and integrally organize and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Eco-DRR, compared to conventional DRR with gray infrastructure. Regarding methodology, we reviewed previous literature on representative Eco-DRR cases in Japan and the US. According to Ishiwatari (2021), the river improvement project of the Kamisaigogawa River is an exemplary initiative in Japan and was planned with the participation of citizens and academics. Similarly, in the US, Narayan et al. (Scientific Reports, 7, 2017) pointed out that following Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the damage costs were reduced by 11% in areas characterized by wetlands. We further identified some issues that need to be addressed to ensure further promotion of Eco-DRR. First, few cost–benefit analyses of Eco-DRR compared with conventional DRR utilizing gray infrastructure are present in the existing literature. The results of such analyses will be essential for evidence-based policymaking. Second, some government agencies tend to be skeptical about actively promoting the introduction of Eco-DRR, as its benefits are unclear. In other words, without cost–benefit information, it is difficult for policymakers to secure a budget for Eco-DRR. We could find few accumulated cases on Eco-DRR. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to further develop technical standards and economic analysis methodology for Eco-DRR in future, considering that methods of conventional gray infrastructure are well established and widely applied worldwide, and various technical and economic manuals and guidelines are already available for its planning, construction, operation, and maintenance. In addition, based on the case of the Kamisaigogawa River reviewed in this study, we believe that the participation of many stakeholders, including academics, in Eco-DRR projects and the consensus-building process will be highly significant for the success of Eco-DRR projects. We also believe that the findings of this study can contribute positively to evidence-based policymaking for Eco-DRR.

This paper explains about the evaluation and rehabilitation of a portion of higher-level floors of the post-tensioned flat slab, which got deflected near the pour strip with larger overhang, due to partial failure of back props that were supporting the lower level while concreting the upper floor, without demolition.

Reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill walls are one of the most commonly constructed type of buildings. Previous studies based on post-earthquake damage surveys have stated the obvious and significant effects of the presence of infill in an RC building. In the design of RC buildings, mostly the weight of the infills is considered without the consideration of its contribution to stiffness of the building. Addition of infill walls, enhance the in-plane strength and stiffness of the RC buildings in the event of an earthquake. However, after the failure of the walls, the entire force initially resisted by the walls is transferred to the surrounding RC frames. Although masonry infill walls are considered as a non-structural element, it clearly interacts with the structure in contact. The openings in the infill walls are another significant parameter that cannot be avoided. Various kinds of opening corresponding to architectural need, aesthetic appearance, or any other functional requirements, such as doors and windows can exist in the infill walls. The presence of openings and their location can alter the global capacity of the structure entirely. These openings also vary in shape and size. There are existing provisions under seismic design guidelines to replace the infill in a fully infill frame by calculating the width of an equivalent diagonal compression member which provides the same magnitude of stiffness as an infill. Also, there are a few existing studies which inculcate the reduction in stiffness of the equivalent diagonal strut according to the size of the opening. The present study considers a mid-height building (three bay–four storeys) with openings in masonry infill walls. Influence of the location, size, and the aspect ratio of the openings in infills are also checked on the overall behaviour of the building frame.

The numerous ordinarily practiced artificial material used for civil infrastructure development on the globe is cement concrete. This is an essential building substance applied broadly in framed structures, roads, dams, and bridges. The amount and property of cement reveal the overall performance of dry and green concrete. As the amount of cement increases, it makes an addition in carbon dioxide discharges which leads to a negative environmental impact. However, the properties of cement are enhanced by nano-silica (nSiO2) as a composite choice to reduce the quantity of cement in concrete. Recently, researchers are highlighting primary investigation during the microscopic or nano-levels of the cement concrete composition. The investigations extend to improve the performance and durability of cement concrete to get a high-performance concrete for the new era. This research article sums up the influence of nano-silica on the physiological and mechanical qualities of cement concrete. This article further describes the shortcomings and limitations of adopting nano-silica to advance high-performance concrete (HPC). The use of SiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated to improve considerably the mechanical characteristics and sustainability of HPC; although by utilizing CNS, the flowability of new concrete is reduced.

In today’s busiest life, everybody wants to complete their construction work within shorter span with high strength. We all recognized that concrete is a huge utilizable material in construction field, but due to some weathering agencies and their concrete properties, we cannot get good strength from concrete in shorter span of time, that is why some engineers created a material which fulfils all our requirements and that material devotes good strength and durability within very shorter time infect within 24 h. Mainly, it is more popular for their own flexibility and very less requirement of labour on installation place. Here, we will discuss about that material, its history, its properties and worldwide application in construction field. Essentially, it is one type of pre-fabricated material which makes in factories under the various safety factors.

Since the dawn, reinforced concrete (RC) is deeply associated with the term infrastructure development throughout the world. Being a composite material, the mechanics of RC structures holds one of the most complex issue, the interaction between concrete and reinforcement. To understand the relation between these two extremely important but contrasting materials, accurate knowledge and understanding of concrete and the embedded reinforcement are essential. Focusing on the same, experimental studies have been carried out on reinforced concrete short tensile elements, thanks to its realistic strain transfer mechanism. Double pull-out tests were performed with two rectangular RC elements of identical cross-section but different lengths. Relying on the modern technology, multiple tensor strain gauges were installed inside the reinforcement core using the special technique to prepare the modified reinforcement for extracting the strain distribution data from the core of the embedded rebar, under various load levels. Extracted strain profiles can be used efficiently in the field of structural health monitoring and further to study the bond-slip relationships. For the purpose of validation, the experimental results were compared with the bond-slip model provided in the Model Code 2010. Beside the study of serviceability performance, extracted strain distribution is essential for other structural assessments such as crack monitoring and tension stiffening creep-shrinkage behavior. Along with the innovative technique of explicit strain measurement from the core of the embedded reinforcement, this study enables future researches related to bond interaction. No doubt in the study of bond- slip, limited results have been published based on the double pull-out test comparing to the conventional pull- out test. So a successful strain monitoring and bond-slip assessment from the present study can be a step forward toward the innovative and smart development of future research in the fundamentals of RC, concerning a resilient structure, its strength, and security.

The pervious concrete, a type of concrete made without fine aggregates or with minimum amount of fine aggregates, require deliberated caution for the production process. Having the ability to pass water through itself, pervious concrete is usually having lower strengths than the conventional concretes. Comparatively lower strength of pervious concrete has always prompted researchers to incorporate different types of materials in pervious concretes to enhance the performance. This paper will suggest the possible supplementary cementitious materials which can be used to enhance the mechanical properties of pervious concrete. Incorporation of Silica Fume (SF) and Metakaolin (MK) from 5–10% has been done in the binder mix of pervious concrete mixes. Percentage of Viscosity Modified Agent (VMA) and w/c ratio, both, have both been kept constant for all the mix combinations tested. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of pervious concrete mixes have been tested. Correlations between the properties tested have also been established. The optimum mix combination out of all pervious concrete mixes tested has also been tried to obtain. This study has conveniently established an environment friendly sustainable pervious concrete product incorporating alternatives of Portland Cement (PC) and having sufficient amount of strength for pedestrian walkways and parking lots.

The purpose of the current investigation is to study the effect of copper slag on the fresh and hardened properties of the self-compacting concrete (SCC). The cementitious content consists of ordinary Portland cement and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GG) in the proportion of 60% and 40%, respectively, which was constant for all mixes. A total of six mixes were prepared with constant water/binder (w/b) ratio and varied content of superplasticizer. The copper slag was used as replacement to the fine aggregates from 0 to 100% with concentration level of 20%. The test conducted on the SCC mixes include fresh properties such as L-box test, T50 time, slump flow test, and V-funnel test. Fresh properties were conducted in Aligarh Muslim University and hardened properties were tested in Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India. The hardened properties conducted on the SCC mixes were ultrasonic pulse velocity test, splitting tensile strength and compressive strength. Results revealed that fresh properties enhanced with increment in the content of copper slag. The slump flow values increased with rise in the concentration of copper slag. The T50 time decreased for SCC mixes containing copper slag. The values of L-box test increased with increment in the proportion of copper slag and time to empty the V-funnel decreased. The compressive strength enhanced up to 40% copper slag substitution, whereas strength decreased on full replacement of fine aggregates. The trend for splitting tensile strength was observed to be similar as compressive strength. The ultrasonic pulse velocity for the different SCC mixes was found to be in the range of good and excellent quality of concrete. The study illustrates that copper slag can be used as replacement to the fine aggregates in SCC.

Global warming has accelerated dramatically in recent years, and the spike in carbon emitted into the atmosphere is a major factor in this climatic change. Nearly 40% of total carbon dioxide in the environment comes from the construction industry, necessitating the use of structure insulators. Adoption of naturally occurring green materials is the best solution. One such material is technical hemp, and its use in construction has been rekindled recently. The advantages of incorporating hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) in concrete are described in this paper. Hemp in concrete not only improves the thermal attributes of the concrete, but it also promotes the structure's strength, by protecting it from corrosion and so prolong its life. The article analyses the properties of hemp-concrete (hempcrete) to traditional concrete such as mechanical performance and durability.

Recently, the interest in impact resistance design of structures is on the rise due to the increase in terror and collision accident, such as rock falling, collision of car, ship, and aircraft. Structural behavior under impact load conditions is very different from static load conditions. Consequently, the guidelines designed for static loads are not applicable to impact resistance design. There are UFC-3-340-02 and ACI 349-13 for impact resistance design, but these two are guidelines for high-velocity impact loads with special facilities such as military and nuclear power plants, respectively. Therefore, there are no guidelines for impact resistance design to infrastructure with a relatively high risk of low-velocity impact load. In order to propose guidelines for impact resistance design of infrastructure, performance-based design methods have been proposed through the maximum deflection of members under low-velocity impact loading. As a performance-based impact resistance approach, studies for the prediction of the maximum deflection of RC beam subjected to low-velocity impact loading by empirical formula have been conducted by many researchers. The simple equation to predict maximum deflection expressed as a ratio of impact energy and static flexural strength was proposed in many studies. To consider variables affecting the maximum deflection, the modified equation considering the additional variables, such as momentum of impact loading, cross-sectional size, concrete strength, was also suggested. However, these equations cannot reflect the effect of flexural stiffness affecting the member deflection. Therefore, in this study, the effect of flexural stiffness of RC beam on maximum deflection was experimentally investigated under different impact energy using drop weight impact tester. Finally, new empirical formula was proposed by modifying the previous empirical formulas based on the drop weight impact test. Previous and newly proposed empirical formulas were compared and analyzed through previous research data, confirming that the newly proposed empirical formula predicts well than other formulas. The empirical formula proposed in this work can be sufficiently utilized to predict maximum deflection over a wide range of variables.