Sustainable Enhancement of Flexible Pavements: Integrating Copper Slag and Fly Ash with Hydraulic Binders

The escalating demand for durable and sustainable infrastructure has led to a critical examination of industrial by-products in construction. This chapter investigates the viability of copper slag and fly ash, combined with hydraulic binders such as lime and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), to enhance the structural and environmental performance of pavement base layers. Through rigorous laboratory tests, including assessments of compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and durability, the research elucidates the potential of these materials to significantly improve pavement quality, sustainability, and longevity. The study addresses the need for innovative approaches to material usage, focusing on the bulk utilization of these by-products to reduce the environmental footprint of construction activities. It also underscores the importance of integrating sustainable practices into mainstream construction projects, advocating for the broader adoption of industrial by-products in road construction methodologies. The findings reveal that the optimal mix of 56% copper slag, 40% fly ash, 1% lime, and 3% GGBS not only meets the required strength criteria but also proves to be more cost-effective, highlighting the practical significance of the research.