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2019 | Book

Maritime Transport: The Sustainability Imperative Read chapter Read first chapter

Sustainable Shipping

A Cross-Disciplinary View

Editor: Harilaos N. Psaraftis

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

International shipping is currently at a crossroads. The decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in April 2018 to adopt an Initial Strategy so as to achieve by 2050 a reduction of at least 50% in maritime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions vis-à-vis 2008 levels epitomizes the last among a series of recent developments as regards sustainable shipping. It also sets the scene on what may happen in the future. Even though many experts and industry circles believe that the IMO decision is in line with the COP21 climate change agreement in Paris in 2015, others disagree, either on the ground that the target is not ambitious enough, or on the ground that no clear pathway to reach the target is currently visible. This book takes a cross-disciplinary view of the various dimensions of the maritime transportation sustainability problem. “Cross-disciplinary” means that a variety of angles are used to examine the book topics, and these mainly include the technological angle, the economics angle, the logistics angle, and the environmental angle. The book reviews models that can be used to evaluate decisions, policy alternatives and trade-offs. For sustainable shipping, a spectrum of technical, logistics-based and market based measures are being contemplated. All may have important side-effects as regards the economics and logistics of the maritime supply chain, including ports and hinterland connections. The objective to attain an acceptable environmental performance, while at the same time respecting traditional economic performance criteria so that shipping remains viable, is and is likely to be a central goal for both industry and policy-makers in the years ahead. At the same time, policy fragmentation is likely to create distortions of competition and sub-optimal solutions. This book attempts to address these issues and identify better solutions. Sustainable Shipping: A Cross-Disciplinary View includes chapters that cover many relevant topics. These include a general view of maritime transport sustainability, green ship technologies, information and communication technologies (ICTs) for sustainable shipping, green tramp ship routing and scheduling, green liner network design and speed optimization. Market based measures, oil pollution, ship recycling, sulphur emissions, ballast water management, alternative fuels and green ports are also covered. The book concludes by discussing prospects for the future, with a focus on the IMO Initial Strategy

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Maritime Transport: The Sustainability Imperative
Abstract
The role of maritime transport in addressing the global sustainability imperative is increasingly recognized. Safe, secure, energy-efficient, affordable, reliable, low-carbon, climate-resilient and rule-based maritime transport systems contribute to achieving an economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sound development. However, for this role to effectively materialize, unsustainable maritime transport practices that result in wide-ranging external costs need to be addressed.
In the context of the ongoing implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on climate change, there is a renewed opportunity to tap the sustainability potential of the maritime transport sector. Leveraging maritime transport in support of the sustainable development agenda requires that economic, social and environmental sustainability criteria be fully integrated and mainstreamed into relevant maritime transport planning processes, policies and investment decisions.
This chapter highlights key issues lying at the interface of maritime transport and sustainable development while emphasizing the role of the sector as a catalyst of a development path that promotes people, prosperity, environment and effective and relevant partnerships.
Hassiba Benamara, Jan Hoffmann, Frida Youssef
Chapter 2. Green Ship Technologies
Abstract
This chapter provides information on green ship technology measures. Included are background information, descriptions of the technologies, explanation of key issues, general pros and cons of each measure, and limits of applicability or effectiveness, as well as practical issues related to implementation. The technical measures described here include the design of energy-efficient ships using hull form optimization, efficient propellers, energy-saving devices, and other novel technologies; attention is paid also to air lubrication, wind-assisted propulsion, and solar power. A subsequent section on machinery systems covers key areas for machinery technology efficiency improvements including the main and auxiliary engines, waste heat recovery systems, auxiliary machinery, and hybrid power storage/production equipment. The last section on ballast water management addresses regulations and provides an overview of ballast water treatment systems and related issues.
Jan Otto de Kat, Jad Mouawad
Chapter 3. The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
Abstract
Thus far the only regulatory measure to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) from ships is the adoption of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) by the IMO in 2011. This chapter will go over the rationale behind EEDI and the important factors that influence compliance of a vessel’s Attained EEDI with the regulatory limit of ship-type specific reference lines (Required EEDI) set by the IMO. This chapter will also go over related concepts and requirements, such as the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI). Concerns around possible implications directly linked or relevant to the EEDI framework will be outlined, including EEDI vs minimum propulsion power. The Existing Vessel Design Index (EVDI) rating of RightShip will also be presented. Last but not least, a discussion of the weaknesses of EEDI will be provided.
Maria Polakis, Panos Zachariadis, Jan Otto de Kat
Chapter 4. ICT for Sustainable Shipping
Abstract
When Titanic hit an iceberg off the coast of Newfoundland in 1912, information about drifting icebergs had not reached the ship officers and navigators, and it took a long time before nearby vessels received a request for assistance. Maxim Gorkiy, which sailed into an ice belt southwest of Svalbard in 1989, experienced a similar lack of information. The hull was damaged, and passengers, crew, and ships were rescued due to extremely good weather conditions and courageous on-scene commanders. For both accidents, had the navigators on board received information in time, they would have been able to choose another and safer route, and the accidents could have been avoided.
From the Titanic days up to now, the ICT maturity has grown rapidly. We are also heading for digital transformation in shipping, that we do not know the consequences of, but we know that shipping sector will be changed, and the ICT will be one of the most important driving factors for sustainability. In parallel with the development, we must ensure that the human interactions will be taken care of. Therefore, the introduction of new technology should include the “human in the loop,” the user aspects, and must have focus on the integration between Man, Technology, and Organization (MTO).
In this chapter we will describe some of the central ICT solutions used for sustainable shipping and the way they are operated and give examples on existing and future trends that influence sustainability where the ICT’s role in the process is elaborated.
Kay Fjørtoft, Svein Peder Berge
Chapter 5. Oil Pollution: Sustainable Ships and Shipping
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to highlight the most significant attributes ofoil pollution in the context of the sustainable shipping. The chapter presents the current legislative framework for the environmental protection against oil pollution and depicts the utility of the implementation of risk control options (RCOs). Furthermore, the measures of containment of the oil pollution cost are illustrated along with the incorporation of the Environmental Risk Evaluation Criteria in IMO’s Formal Safety Assessment. Finally, the chapter discusses feasible ways of achieving a sustainable future without undermining the environmental integrity.
Nikolaos P. Ventikos, Konstantinos Louzis, Panagiotis Sotiralis
Chapter 6. Ship Recycling
Abstract
This chapter addresses the recycling of ships, otherwise known as dismantling, ship breaking, scrapping, and demolition. The size and age profile of the world fleet, the conditions that lead to ending the operating life of a ship, and the countries where the recycling of ships is concentrated are first examined. This is followed by an analysis of the economic drivers of ship recycling, which have resulted in the industry being dominated by five countries and also analyzes steelmaking as the main driving force for ship recycling. We then discuss the sale and purchase market for end-of-life ships, explain the roles of brokers and cash buyers, and provide a simplified inventory of the components that are recycled out of a ship. We outline the efforts to implement existing international legislation to ship recycling, and the development of the Hong Kong Convention, and provide a critical analysis of the development of regional legislation by the European Union. We finally discuss the combination of voluntary and legislative mechanisms that will secure the global implementation of minimum standards for safe and environmentally sound ship recycling.
Nikos Mikelis
Chapter 7. Reducing Sulfur Emissions: Logistical and Environmental Considerations
Abstract
In recent years the issue of sulfur emissions from maritime transport has seen newfound attention. This chapter presents an overview of the main issues of sulfur emissions and the legislative framework that seeks to reduce the sulfur footprint of the maritime sector. It also analyzes potential modal shifts toward less efficient land-based modes which may happen as a result of sulfur regulations and investigates the related potential economic damage to ship operators. To that effect, this chapter presents findings from a recently finished project at DTU and the developed methodological framework that can be used to estimate such modal shifts, as well as to measure the efficacy of policy and ship operators’ measures to reverse such shifts.
Thalis P. V. Zis, Harilaos N. Psaraftis
Chapter 8. Green Tramp Shipping Routing and Scheduling: Effects of Market-Based Measures on CO2 Reduction
Abstract
In this chapter we examine, from a tramp ship operator’s point of view, how potential CO2 emission reduction measures impact the operational decisions and their economic and environmental consequences. Two market-based measures (MBMs) are discussed, the bunker levy scheme and the emission trading scheme, and we show that both can be incorporated in a similar way into a typical tramp ship routing and scheduling model. We also demonstrate with a computational study the environmental benefits of these CO2 reduction schemes.
Xin Wang, Inge Norstad, Kjetil Fagerholt, Marielle Christiansen
Chapter 9. Green Liner Shipping Network Design
Abstract
Green Liner Shipping Network Design refers to the problems in green logistics related to the design of maritime services in liner shipping with a focus on reducing the environmental impact. This chapter discusses how to more efficiently plan the vessel services with the use of mathematical optimization models. A brief introduction to the main characteristics of Liner Shipping Network Design is given, as well as the different variants and assumptions that can be considered when defining this problem. The chapter also includes an overview of the algorithms and approaches that have been presented in the literature to design such networks.
Erik Hellsten, David Pisinger, David Sacramento, Charlotte Vilhelmsen
Chapter 10. Speed Optimization for Sustainable Shipping
Abstract
Among the spectrum of logistics – based measures for sustainable shipping – this chapter focuses on speed optimization. This involves the selection of an appropriate speed by the vessel, so as to optimize a certain objective. As ship speed is not fixed, depressed shipping markets and/or high fuel prices induce slow steaming which is being practiced in many sectors of the shipping industry. In recent years the environmental dimension of slow steaming has also become important, as ship emissions are directly proportional to fuel burned. Win-win solutions are sought, but they will not necessarily be possible. The chapter presents some basics, discusses the main trade-offs and also examines combined speed and route optimization problems. Some examples are presented so as to highlight the main issues that are at play, and the regulatory dimension of speed reduction via speed limits is also discussed.
Harilaos N. Psaraftis
Chapter 11. Reducing GHGs: The MBM and MRV Agendas
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of market-based measures (MBMs) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships and review several distinct MBM proposals that were under consideration by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The chapter then moves on to discuss the concept of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of CO2 emissions and the distinct mechanisms set up by the European Union (EU) and the IMO for MRV. The reason the MBM and MRV subjects are treated in the same chapter is twofold: (a) the MRV discussion essentially started when the MBM discussion was suspended in 2013, and (b) MRV is a critical step for any eventual MBM implementation in the future.
Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Poul Woodall
Chapter 12. Green Ports
Abstract
Sustainable shipping involves not only ships but ports as their extension. This chapter examines the issues associated with a green port operation. These include technologies such as cold ironing; market-based practices such as differentiated fairway dues, speed reduction, and noise and dust abatement; and others. The legislative framework in various countries is explained, and various environmental scorecards are discussed. This chapter starts with a brief review on recent academic research in the field of environmental management of ports and presents the status quo in leading ports around the world. The chapter emphasizes on the implementation of speed reduction programmes near the port, the use of cold ironing at berth, and the effects of fuel quality regulation, considering the perspectives of the port authority and the ship operator. The emerging environmental and economic trade-offs are discussed. The aim of this chapter is to be a starting point for researchers seeking to work on green ports. Insights of this chapter may also be useful for stakeholders seeking to select the best emissions reduction option depending on their unique characteristics.
Thalis P. V. Zis
Chapter 13. The Way Ahead
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to attempt to make an assessment on what may lie ahead as regards sustainable shipping. The focus of the chapter is the April 2018 decision of the International Maritime Organization on the formulation of an Initial Strategy to reduce maritime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In that context, an assessment of the prospects for alternative fuels, which figure centrally in the Initial Strategy, is also included.
Harilaos N. Psaraftis, Panos Zachariadis
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Sustainable Shipping
Editor
Harilaos N. Psaraftis
Copyright Year
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-04330-8
Print ISBN
978-3-030-04329-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8