Synergistic Effect of Multiple Fields on Photovoltaic Performance in (1−x) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBa (Mn0.5Ti0.5) O3−δ Ceramics at the Morphotropic Phase Boundary

The article investigates the synergistic effects of multiple fields on the photovoltaic performance of (1−x) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBa(Mn0.5Ti0.5)O3−δ ceramics at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The study reveals that the co-doping of Ba and Mn ions significantly enhances the photovoltaic properties of these ceramics, particularly at the MPB, where rhombohedral and tetragonal phases coexist. This coexistence leads to improved ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, which are crucial for optimizing photovoltaic performance. The research demonstrates that the application of electric, light, mechanical, and thermal fields can further boost the photocurrent density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc), achieving values far beyond conventional ferroelectric materials. The article also explores the structural and electronic changes induced by doping, providing a detailed analysis of the bandgap modulation and the role of oxygen vacancies in enhancing carrier transport. The findings suggest that these ceramics hold great potential for advanced photovoltaic applications, offering a pathway to more efficient and versatile energy conversion technologies.