2. Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

Carbon-based catalytic materials have the advantage of structural stability, adjustable morphology, and high tolerance to acid/alkaline media, for which they have always been a research hotspot in the field of catalysis. However, the original carbon material is inert to electrochemical reactions, so the activation and enhancement of its catalytic performance is very important. In addition to improving the carbon materials themselves, more and more researchers are devoted to promoting the development of metal carbon-based catalysts. Recently, based on the relationship between structure and performance, synthetic strategies such as defect engineering, surface engineering, and confinement effects have been proposed to modify and rationally design the morphology and structure of carbon-based nanomaterials. At the same time, with the continuous in-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism, the carbon-based materials are doped with metal atoms, doped with heteroatoms, metal particles and hybrids are loaded, in order to obtain more excellent catalytic performance is feasible. In this chapter, the synthesis of carbon-based catalytic nanomaterials with different catalytic sites is firstly summarized. Based on the synthesis strategies and methods proposed in recent years as well as the understanding of the catalytic mechanism of the catalytic active center, the composition and the modified rational design of carbon-based catalysts have also reviewed. Hope it would provide reference and guidance for the application of carbon-based nanomaterials in the field of energy conversion.