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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Syria: The World Order Unchallenged or Power Politics Above All Else?

Author : Malte Brosig

Published in: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Abstract

In the case of Syria BRICS countries were determined to prevent the repeated application of the ‘Libyan model’. BRICS countries this time got actively engaged in the conflict. Any Security Council resolution hinting at a forceful removal of Assad was vetoed by Russia and China. IBSA countries started a short-lived mediation initiative. Lastly Russian military support for Assad turned the fortune in favor of the government. While BRICS agreed on the opposition to forceful regime change, there is a visible difference between IBSA and Russia and China. In particular Russia became a warring party to the conflict and played the role of a regional hegemon. IBSA countries favored non-coercive means of conflict mediation.

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previous chapter Libya: From R2P to Regime Change—The BRICS Awakening

next chapter Ukraine: Moving Borders Changing Orders?

Source: UNHCR https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria accessed 11 June 2018.

Specia, Megan (2018) “How Syria’s Death Toll Is Lost in the Fog of War” The New York Times 13 April 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/syria-death-toll.html accessed 11 June 2018.

Lundgren, Magnus (2016) “Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016,” Contemporary Security Policy 37(2) 273–288.

Humud, Carla, Blanchard, Christopher and Nikitin, Mary Beth (2017) Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response. Washington D.C. Congressional Research Service, p. 6.

UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library: Security Council – Veto List https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick accessed 11 June 2018.

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UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council, 3 August 2011.

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Hardeep, p. 125.

UN Security Council, draft resolution 612, 4 October 2011.

UN Security Council, 6627th meeting 4 October 2011, p. 3.

Ibid., pp. 6–7.

Ibid., p. 11.

Ibid.

Charap, Samuel (2013) “Russia, Syria and the Doctrine of Intervention”, Survival, 55(1), p. 37.

Ibid., p. 40.

UN Security Council, draft resolution 77, 4 February 2012, p. 3.

Saleh, Yasmine and Noueihed Lin (2012) “Arab League proposes new plan for Syrian transition” Reuters 22 January 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria/arab-league-proposes-new-plan-for-syrian-transition-idUSTRE8041A820120122 accessed 13 June 2018.

UN Security Council, 6711th meeting 4 February 2012, p. 8.

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UN General Assembly, Resolution 66/253. The situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, 21 February 2012.

Abdenur, Adriana (2016) “Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict” Rising Powers Quarterly, 1(1), p. 114.

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BRICS Summit Declaration, New Delhi, 29 March 2012, p. 21.

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Gladstone and Doubi.

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Edwards, Brett and Cacciatori, Mattia (2018): The politics of international chemical weapon justice: The case of Syria, 2011–2017, Contemporary Security Policy, 39(2), 280–297.

UN Security Council Referral of Syria to International Criminal Court Fails as Negative Votes Prevent Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution 22 May 2014, p. 5.

Ibid., p. 6.

Odeyemi, Christo (2016) “Re-emerging Powers and the Impasse in the UNSC over R2P Intervention in Syria,” Strategic Analysis, 40:2, 131.

Humud, et al. para. 8.

“Syria’s Assad wrote to Putin over military support: statement” Reuters 30 September 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-putin-idUSKCN0RU17Y20150930 accessed 22 June 2018.

UN Security Council, Resolution 2235, para. 5, 7 August 2015.

UN Security Council, Draft Resolution 970, 17 November 2017, https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick

OPCW, Conference of the States Parties, 27 June 2018. https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/CSP/C-SS-4/en/css403_e_.pdf accessed 30 July 2018.

BRICS Summit Declaration, Johannesburg 25–27 July 2018, p. 46.

BRICS Summit Declaration, Xiamen, 4 September 2017, p. 41.

BRICS Summit Declaration, Ufa, 9 July 2015, p. 36.

Ibid.

Ibid., para. 38.

Ibid., para. 36.

Aljazeera (2016) “Syria’s government recaptures all of Aleppo city” 22 December 2016 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/syria-government-recaptures-aleppo-161222184428465.html accessed 18 June 2018.

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Allison, Roy (2013) “Russia and Syria: explaining alignment with a regime in crisis” International Affairs 89(4), p. 809.

Ibid., p. 819.

Dannreuther, Roland (2012) “Russia and the Middle East: A Cold War Paradigm?” Europe-Asia Studies, 64(3), p. 545.

Allison, p. 802.

Russia Today (2013) “Russia to expand Mediterranean fleet to 10 warships – Navy chief” Russia Today 13 September 2013. https://www.rt.com/news/navy-warship-syria-mediterranean-800/ accessed 19 June 2018.

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Allison, p. 805.

Kathrin Hille, Henry Foy and Max Seddon (2018) “Russian business first in line for spoils of Syrian war” Financial Times, 2 March 2018. https://www.ft.com/content/c767cfba-1c9a-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6 accessed 20 June 2018.

Frolov, Vladimir (2017) “Two Years on, the Stakes of Russia’s War in Syria Are Piling (Op-ed) Russia may have helped Assad win the war, but crucial decisions lie ahead” The Moscow Times Sep 29, 2017. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/two-years-on-the-stakes-of-russias-war-in-syria-are-piling-59112 Accessed 20 June 2018.

Blanchard, Ben (2017) “Syria says up to 5000 Chinese Uighurs fighting in militant groups” Reuters 11 May 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-china/syria-says-up-to-5000-chinese-uighurs-fighting-in-militant-groups-idUSKBN1840UP accessed 21 June 2018.

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Huihou, An (2012) “The Turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa, and Western Neo-Interventionism” 270–285.

Speech by H.E. Xi Jinping President of the People’s Republic of China At the Arab League Headquarters “Work Together for a Bright Future of China-Arab Relations” Cairo, 21 January 2016 http://english.cntv.cn/2016/01/22/ARTIadCQDyVQjG0ADCkR2tcl160122.shtml accessed 21 June 2018.

Fung, Courtney (2018) “Separating Intervention from Regime Change: China’s Diplomatic Innovations at the UN Security Council Regarding the Syria Crisis” The China Quarterly 235, 693–712.

Swaine, Michael (2012) “Chinese Views of the Syrian Conflict” Chinese Leadership Monitor No 39 https://www.hoover.org/research/chinese-views-syrian-conflict accessed 21 June 2018.

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Speech by H.E. Xi Jinping, see above.

Interview Prof Wu, Bing Bing, Peking University 27 December 2017.

UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library: Security Council – Veto List https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick accessed 21 June 2018.

Brazil, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Geneva ll International Conference on Syria – Montreaux, January 22, 2014 – Intervention by Deputy Foreign Minister, Ambassador Eduardo dos Santos, January 22, 2014. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/3605-international-conference-of-syria-geneva-ii-montreaux-january-22-2014-speech-by-deputy-foreign-minister-ambassador-eduardo-dos-santos accessed 23 July 2018.

Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth special session S-17/1. Situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic.

Watts, Jonathan (2015) “A long way from home: Syrians find unlikely refuge in Brazil” The Guardian 11 March 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/11/syrians-refuge-brazil-latin-america-war-refugees accessed 23 July 2018.

Brazil, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: “Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian province of Idlib” 4 April 2017. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/16045-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-the-syrian-province-of-idlib accessed 23 July 2018.

South Africa, Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Deputy Minister Mfeketo is in Syria on an official visit. 18 May 2016. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2016/syri0518.htm accessed 23 July 2018.

South Africa, Department of International Relations and Cooperation: Deputy Minister Mfeketo met her Syrian counterpart for bilateral consultations. 4 August 2015. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/2015/syri0806.htm accessed 23 July 2018.

India, Ministry of External Affairs: External Affairs Minister’s Statement at the International Conference on Syria (Geneva-II) January 22, 2014. https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/22765/External_Affairs_Ministers_Statement_at_the_International_Conference_on_Syria_GenevaII accessed 24 July 2018.

Ibid.

India, Ministry of External Affairs: Address by Minister of State for External Affairs Shri E. Ahamed at High-level International Humanitarian Pledging Conference for Syria. January 30, 2013. https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/21138/Address_by_Minister_of_State_for_External_Affairs_Shri_E_Ahamed_at_Highlevel_International_Humanitarian_Pledging_Conference_for_Syria accessed 24 July 2018.

Title: Syria: The World Order Unchallenged or Power Politics Above All Else?
Author: Malte Brosig
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18536-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-18537-4

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4_4

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