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2011 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

System Dynamics and Organizational Learning

Author : Kambiz Maani

Published in: Complex Systems in Finance and Econometrics

Publisher: Springer New York

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Article Outline

Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Systems Thinking and Modeling Methodology
Organizational Learning
Modeling for Organizational Learning
Future Directions
Bibliography

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go back to reference Forrester JW (1987) Fourteen ‘Obvious Truths’. Syst Dyn Rev 3(2):156–159 (The core of the system dynamics paradigm, as seen by the founder of the field.)CrossRef Forrester JW (1987) Fourteen ‘Obvious Truths’. Syst Dyn Rev 3(2):156–159 (The core of the system dynamics paradigm, as seen by the founder of the field.)CrossRef
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go back to reference Forrester JW (1987) Nonlinearity in high-order models of social systems. Europ J Operat Res 30(2):104–109 (Nonlinearity is pervasive, unavoidable, and essential to the functioning of natural and human systems. Modeling methods must embrace nonlinearity to yield realistic and useful models. Linear and nearly‐linear methods are likely to obscure understanding or lead to erroneous conclusions.)CrossRef Forrester JW (1987) Nonlinearity in high-order models of social systems. Europ J Operat Res 30(2):104–109 (Nonlinearity is pervasive, unavoidable, and essential to the functioning of natural and human systems. Modeling methods must embrace nonlinearity to yield realistic and useful models. Linear and nearly‐linear methods are likely to obscure understanding or lead to erroneous conclusions.)CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Homer JB (1983) Partial‐model testing as a validation tool for system dynamics. In: International System Dynamics Conference, pp 920–932 (How model validity can be improved through partial model testing when data for the full model are lacking.) Homer JB (1983) Partial‐model testing as a validation tool for system dynamics. In: International System Dynamics Conference, pp 920–932 (How model validity can be improved through partial model testing when data for the full model are lacking.)
83.
go back to reference Legasto AA Jr, Forrester JW, Lyneis JM (eds) (1980) System dynamics. In: TIMS studies in the management sciences, vol 14. North‐Holland, Amsterdam (Collection of papers focused on methodology. Includes Forrester and Senge on Tests for Building Confidence in System Dynamics Models and Gardiner & Ford's discussion on Which Policy Run is Best, and Who Says So?) Legasto AA Jr, Forrester JW, Lyneis JM (eds) (1980) System dynamics. In: TIMS studies in the management sciences, vol 14. North‐Holland, Amsterdam (Collection of papers focused on methodology. Includes Forrester and Senge on Tests for Building Confidence in System Dynamics Models and Gardiner & Ford's discussion on Which Policy Run is Best, and Who Says So?)
84.
go back to reference Mass N (1991) Diagnosing surprise model behavior: A tool for evolving behavioral and policy insights. Syst Dyn Rev 7(1):68–86 (Guidelines for learning from surprise model behavior with tests to resolve anomalous behavior.)CrossRef Mass N (1991) Diagnosing surprise model behavior: A tool for evolving behavioral and policy insights. Syst Dyn Rev 7(1):68–86 (Guidelines for learning from surprise model behavior with tests to resolve anomalous behavior.)CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Morecroft JDW (1982) A critical review of diagramming tools for conceptualizing feedback system models. Dynamica 8(1):20–29 (Critiques causal‐loop diagrams and proposes subsystem and policy structure diagrams as superior tools for representing the structure of decisions in feedback models.) Morecroft JDW (1982) A critical review of diagramming tools for conceptualizing feedback system models. Dynamica 8(1):20–29 (Critiques causal‐loop diagrams and proposes subsystem and policy structure diagrams as superior tools for representing the structure of decisions in feedback models.)
86.
go back to reference Randers J (ed) (1980) Elements of the system dynamics method. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Includes Mass on Stock and Flow Variables and the Dynamics of Supply and Demand; Mass & Senge on Alternative Tests for Selecting Model Variables; and Randers' very useful Guidelines for Model Conceptualization.) Randers J (ed) (1980) Elements of the system dynamics method. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Includes Mass on Stock and Flow Variables and the Dynamics of Supply and Demand; Mass & Senge on Alternative Tests for Selecting Model Variables; and Randers' very useful Guidelines for Model Conceptualization.)
87.
go back to reference Richardson GP (1986) Problems with causal‐loop diagrams. Syst Dyn Rev 2(2):158–170 (Causal‐loop diagrams cannot show stock-and-flow structure explicitly and can obscure important dynamics. Offers guidelines for proper use and interpretation of CLDs.)CrossRef Richardson GP (1986) Problems with causal‐loop diagrams. Syst Dyn Rev 2(2):158–170 (Causal‐loop diagrams cannot show stock-and-flow structure explicitly and can obscure important dynamics. Offers guidelines for proper use and interpretation of CLDs.)CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Richardson GP, Pugh AL III (1981) Introduction to system dynamics modeling with DYNAMO. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Introductory text with excellent treatment of conceptualization, stocks and flows, formulation, and analysis. A good way to learn the DYNAMO simulation language as well.) Richardson GP, Pugh AL III (1981) Introduction to system dynamics modeling with DYNAMO. Productivity Press, Cambridge (Introductory text with excellent treatment of conceptualization, stocks and flows, formulation, and analysis. A good way to learn the DYNAMO simulation language as well.)
89.
go back to reference Roberts N, Andersen DF, Deal RM, Grant MS, Shaffer WA (1983) Introduction to computer simulation: A system dynamics modeling approach. Addison‐Wesley, Reading (Easy-to‐understand introductory text, complete with exercises.) Roberts N, Andersen DF, Deal RM, Grant MS, Shaffer WA (1983) Introduction to computer simulation: A system dynamics modeling approach. Addison‐Wesley, Reading (Easy-to‐understand introductory text, complete with exercises.)
90.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1984) Appropriate Summary Statistics for Evaluating the Historical Fit of System Dynamics Models. Dynamica 10(2):51–66 (Describes the use of rigorous statistical tools for establishing model validity. Shows how Theil statistics can be used to assess goodness-of-fit in dynamic models.) Sterman JD (1984) Appropriate Summary Statistics for Evaluating the Historical Fit of System Dynamics Models. Dynamica 10(2):51–66 (Describes the use of rigorous statistical tools for establishing model validity. Shows how Theil statistics can be used to assess goodness-of-fit in dynamic models.)
91.
go back to reference Wolstenholme EF (1990) System enquiry – A system dynamics approach. Wiley, Chichester (Describes a research methodology for building a system dynamics analysis. Emphasizes causal‐loop diagramming, mapping of mental models, and other tools for qualitative system dynamics.) Wolstenholme EF (1990) System enquiry – A system dynamics approach. Wiley, Chichester (Describes a research methodology for building a system dynamics analysis. Emphasizes causal‐loop diagramming, mapping of mental models, and other tools for qualitative system dynamics.)
92.
go back to reference Modeling for Learning: Systems Thinking and Organizational Learning Modeling for Learning: Systems Thinking and Organizational Learning
93.
go back to reference Kim D (1989) Learning laboratories: Designing a reflective learning environment. In: Milling PM, Zahn EOK (eds) Computer‐based management of complex systems: International system dynamics conference. Springer, Berlin (A case-study of a process designed to convey dynamic insights to participants in a workshop setting designed around a management flight simulator game.) Kim D (1989) Learning laboratories: Designing a reflective learning environment. In: Milling PM, Zahn EOK (eds) Computer‐based management of complex systems: International system dynamics conference. Springer, Berlin (A case-study of a process designed to convey dynamic insights to participants in a workshop setting designed around a management flight simulator game.)
94.
go back to reference Morecroft JDW (1988) System dynamics and microworlds for policymakers. Europ J Operat Res 35(3):301–320 (Describes the model‐building tools available to managers and policymakers.)CrossRef Morecroft JDW (1988) System dynamics and microworlds for policymakers. Europ J Operat Res 35(3):301–320 (Describes the model‐building tools available to managers and policymakers.)CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Morecroft JDW, Sterman JD (eds) (1992) Modelling for Learning. Eur J Operat Res Special Issue 59(1) (17 papers describing models and methods to enhance learning, both for individuals and organizations. Covers elicitation and group process techniques, management flight simulators, and tools for capturing, representing, and simulating mental and formal models.) Morecroft JDW, Sterman JD (eds) (1992) Modelling for Learning. Eur J Operat Res Special Issue 59(1) (17 papers describing models and methods to enhance learning, both for individuals and organizations. Covers elicitation and group process techniques, management flight simulators, and tools for capturing, representing, and simulating mental and formal models.)
96.
go back to reference Richmond B (1990) Systems thinking: A critical set of critical thinking skills for the 90's and beyond. In: Andersen DF, Richardson GP, Sterman JD (eds) International System Dynamics Conference, 1990 (Proposes a process and skill set to teach systems thinking. The process relies on learner‐directed learning. The skill set includes general scientific reasoning and SD, supported by simulation.) Richmond B (1990) Systems thinking: A critical set of critical thinking skills for the 90's and beyond. In: Andersen DF, Richardson GP, Sterman JD (eds) International System Dynamics Conference, 1990 (Proposes a process and skill set to teach systems thinking. The process relies on learner‐directed learning. The skill set includes general scientific reasoning and SD, supported by simulation.)
97.
go back to reference Senge PM (1990) Catalyzing systems thinking within organizations. In: Masarik F (ed) Advances in organization development. Ablex, Norwood (Presents a case study in which the use of system dynamics generated insights into a chronic business problem. Steps in generating, testing and disseminating a system dynamics model are described.) Senge PM (1990) Catalyzing systems thinking within organizations. In: Masarik F (ed) Advances in organization development. Ablex, Norwood (Presents a case study in which the use of system dynamics generated insights into a chronic business problem. Steps in generating, testing and disseminating a system dynamics model are described.)
98.
go back to reference Senge PM (1990) The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday Currency, New York (Introduces systems thinking as part of a wider approach to organizational learning. Conveys basic system structures to a non‐technical business audience by means of anecdotes and archetypes.) Senge PM (1990) The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday Currency, New York (Introduces systems thinking as part of a wider approach to organizational learning. Conveys basic system structures to a non‐technical business audience by means of anecdotes and archetypes.)
100.
go back to reference Morecroft JDW (1983) System dynamics: Portraying bounded rationality. Omega 11(2):131–142 (SD models represent decision making as boundedly rational. Reviews and contrasts the concept of bounded rationality as developed by Herbert Simon. Uses Forrester's Market Growth model to show how locally rational decision rules can interact to yield globally dysfunctional outcomes.)CrossRef Morecroft JDW (1983) System dynamics: Portraying bounded rationality. Omega 11(2):131–142 (SD models represent decision making as boundedly rational. Reviews and contrasts the concept of bounded rationality as developed by Herbert Simon. Uses Forrester's Market Growth model to show how locally rational decision rules can interact to yield globally dysfunctional outcomes.)CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Morecroft JDW (1985) Rationality in the Analysis of Behavioral Simulation Models. Manag Sci 31(7):900–916 (Shows how the intended rationality of decision rules in SD models can be assessed, and how one analyzes a simulation model and output to understand the assumed bounds on rationality in dynamic models. A model of salesforce effort allocation is used to illustrate.)CrossRef Morecroft JDW (1985) Rationality in the Analysis of Behavioral Simulation Models. Manag Sci 31(7):900–916 (Shows how the intended rationality of decision rules in SD models can be assessed, and how one analyzes a simulation model and output to understand the assumed bounds on rationality in dynamic models. A model of salesforce effort allocation is used to illustrate.)CrossRef
102.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1987) Expectation formation in behavioral simulation models. Behav Sci 32:190–211 (Proposes and tests a simple dynamic model of expectation formation in dynamic models (the TREND function). Shows how the TREND function explains a forty year history of inflation forecasts and several different types of long-term energy demand forecasts.)CrossRef Sterman JD (1987) Expectation formation in behavioral simulation models. Behav Sci 32:190–211 (Proposes and tests a simple dynamic model of expectation formation in dynamic models (the TREND function). Shows how the TREND function explains a forty year history of inflation forecasts and several different types of long-term energy demand forecasts.)CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1989) Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 43(3):301–335 (Describes an experiment with a simple economic system in which subjects systematically generate costly oscillations. Estimates decision rules to characterize subject behavior. Finds that people systematically ignore feedbacks, time delays, accumulations, and nonlinearities. These misperceptions of feedback lead to poor quality decisions when dynamic complexity is high.)CrossRef Sterman JD (1989) Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 43(3):301–335 (Describes an experiment with a simple economic system in which subjects systematically generate costly oscillations. Estimates decision rules to characterize subject behavior. Finds that people systematically ignore feedbacks, time delays, accumulations, and nonlinearities. These misperceptions of feedback lead to poor quality decisions when dynamic complexity is high.)CrossRef
104.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1989) Modeling managerial behavior: Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiment. Manag Sci 35(3):321–339 (Analyzes the results of the Beer Distribution Game. Misperceptions of feedback are found to cause poor performance in the beer game, as in other experiments. Estimates of the subjects' decision rules show they ignore time delays, accumulations, feedbacks, and nonlinearities.)CrossRef Sterman JD (1989) Modeling managerial behavior: Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiment. Manag Sci 35(3):321–339 (Analyzes the results of the Beer Distribution Game. Misperceptions of feedback are found to cause poor performance in the beer game, as in other experiments. Estimates of the subjects' decision rules show they ignore time delays, accumulations, feedbacks, and nonlinearities.)CrossRef
106.
go back to reference Abdel-Hamid TK, Madnick SE (1991) Software project dynamics: An integrated approach. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (Integrated SD model of the software development process. The model covers design, coding, reviewing, and quality assurance; these are integrated with resource planning, scheduling, and management of software projects. Includes full documentation, validation, and policy tests.) Abdel-Hamid TK, Madnick SE (1991) Software project dynamics: An integrated approach. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (Integrated SD model of the software development process. The model covers design, coding, reviewing, and quality assurance; these are integrated with resource planning, scheduling, and management of software projects. Includes full documentation, validation, and policy tests.)
107.
go back to reference Cooper KG (1980) Naval ship production: A claim settled and a framework built. Interfaces 10(6) (An SD model was used to quantify the causes of cost overruns in a large military shipbuilding project. One of the first and most successful applications of system dynamics to large-scale project management; initiated a long line of related project modeling work.) Cooper KG (1980) Naval ship production: A claim settled and a framework built. Interfaces 10(6) (An SD model was used to quantify the causes of cost overruns in a large military shipbuilding project. One of the first and most successful applications of system dynamics to large-scale project management; initiated a long line of related project modeling work.)
108.
go back to reference Ford A, Bull M (1989) Using system dynamics for conservation policy analysis in the pacific northwest. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):1–15 (Describes the use of an extensive SD model of electric power generation with endogenous demand. The model is used to evaluate strategies for conservation and new generation capacity. Includes discussion of implementation and integration of the SD model with other existing planning tools.)CrossRef Ford A, Bull M (1989) Using system dynamics for conservation policy analysis in the pacific northwest. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):1–15 (Describes the use of an extensive SD model of electric power generation with endogenous demand. The model is used to evaluate strategies for conservation and new generation capacity. Includes discussion of implementation and integration of the SD model with other existing planning tools.)CrossRef
109.
go back to reference Gardiner LK, Shreckengost RC (1987) A system dynamics model for estimating heroin imports into the United States. Syst Dyn Rev 3(1):8–27 (Describes how the CIA used SD to estimate the illegal importation of drugs to the US.)CrossRef Gardiner LK, Shreckengost RC (1987) A system dynamics model for estimating heroin imports into the United States. Syst Dyn Rev 3(1):8–27 (Describes how the CIA used SD to estimate the illegal importation of drugs to the US.)CrossRef
110.
go back to reference Homer JB (1985) Worker burnout: A dynamic model with implications for prevention and control. Syst Dyn Rev 1(1):42–62 (Explains how knowledge workers can experience cycles of burnout through a simple system dynamics model. Avoiding burnout requires that one work at less than maximum capacity.)CrossRef Homer JB (1985) Worker burnout: A dynamic model with implications for prevention and control. Syst Dyn Rev 1(1):42–62 (Explains how knowledge workers can experience cycles of burnout through a simple system dynamics model. Avoiding burnout requires that one work at less than maximum capacity.)CrossRef
111.
go back to reference Homer JB (1987) A diffusion model with application to evolving medical technologies. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 31(3):197–218 (Presents a generic model of the diffusion of new medical technologies. Case studies of the cardiac pacemaker and an antibiotic illustrate how the same model can explain the different diffusion dynamics of successful and unsuccessful technologies.)CrossRef Homer JB (1987) A diffusion model with application to evolving medical technologies. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 31(3):197–218 (Presents a generic model of the diffusion of new medical technologies. Case studies of the cardiac pacemaker and an antibiotic illustrate how the same model can explain the different diffusion dynamics of successful and unsuccessful technologies.)CrossRef
112.
go back to reference Homer JB (1993) A system dynamics model of national cocaine prevalence. Syst Dyn Rev 9(1):49–78 (An excellent model of the interacting dynamics of addiction, policy‐setting, and enforcement.)CrossRef Homer JB (1993) A system dynamics model of national cocaine prevalence. Syst Dyn Rev 9(1):49–78 (An excellent model of the interacting dynamics of addiction, policy‐setting, and enforcement.)CrossRef
113.
go back to reference Jensen KS, Mosekilde E, Holstein‐Rathlou N (1985) Self‐sustained oscillations and chaotic behaviour in kidney pressure regulation. In: Prigogine I, Sanglier M (eds) Laws of nature and human conduct. Taskforce of Research Information and Study on Science, Brussels (Presents a system dynamics model of the dynamics of rat kidneys. Experimental data show previously unexplained oscillations, sometimes chaotic. The model explains how these fluctuations arise. Excellent example of SD applied to physiology.) Jensen KS, Mosekilde E, Holstein‐Rathlou N (1985) Self‐sustained oscillations and chaotic behaviour in kidney pressure regulation. In: Prigogine I, Sanglier M (eds) Laws of nature and human conduct. Taskforce of Research Information and Study on Science, Brussels (Presents a system dynamics model of the dynamics of rat kidneys. Experimental data show previously unexplained oscillations, sometimes chaotic. The model explains how these fluctuations arise. Excellent example of SD applied to physiology.)
114.
go back to reference Levin G, Hirsch GB, Roberts EB (1975) The persistent poppy: A computer‐aided search for heroin policy. Ballinger, Cambridge (Examines the interactions within a community among drug users, the police and justice system, treatment agencies, and the citizens. Analyzes policies designed to restore the community's health.) Levin G, Hirsch GB, Roberts EB (1975) The persistent poppy: A computer‐aided search for heroin policy. Ballinger, Cambridge (Examines the interactions within a community among drug users, the police and justice system, treatment agencies, and the citizens. Analyzes policies designed to restore the community's health.)
115.
go back to reference Levin G, Roberts EB, Hirsch GB, Kligler DS, Roberts N, Wilder JF (1976) The Dynamics of Human Service Delivery. Ballinger, Cambridge (Presents a generic theory of human service delivery, with case studies and examples drawn from mental health care, dental planning, elementary education, and outpatient care.) Levin G, Roberts EB, Hirsch GB, Kligler DS, Roberts N, Wilder JF (1976) The Dynamics of Human Service Delivery. Ballinger, Cambridge (Presents a generic theory of human service delivery, with case studies and examples drawn from mental health care, dental planning, elementary education, and outpatient care.)
116.
go back to reference Naill RF (1992) A system dynamics model for national energy policy planning. Syst Dyn Rev 8(1):1–19CrossRef Naill RF (1992) A system dynamics model for national energy policy planning. Syst Dyn Rev 8(1):1–19CrossRef
117.
go back to reference Naill RF, Belanger S, Klinger A, Peterson E (1992) An analysis of the cost effectiveness of US energy policies to mitigate global warming. Syst Dyn Rev 8(2):111–128 (Reviews the 20 year history of the SD energy models used by the US Dept. of Energy to forecast and analyze policy options for national energy security, including the impact of US policies on global climate change.)CrossRef Naill RF, Belanger S, Klinger A, Peterson E (1992) An analysis of the cost effectiveness of US energy policies to mitigate global warming. Syst Dyn Rev 8(2):111–128 (Reviews the 20 year history of the SD energy models used by the US Dept. of Energy to forecast and analyze policy options for national energy security, including the impact of US policies on global climate change.)CrossRef
118.
go back to reference Sklar Reichelt K (1990) Halter marine: A case study of the dangers of litigation. (Working Paper No. D-4179). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (A case-study illustrating the use of system dynamics in litigation. Suitable for classroom teaching.) Sklar Reichelt K (1990) Halter marine: A case study of the dangers of litigation. (Working Paper No. D-4179). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (A case-study illustrating the use of system dynamics in litigation. Suitable for classroom teaching.)
119.
go back to reference Sturis J, Polonsky KS, Mosekilde E, Van Cauter E (1991) Computer model for mechanisms underlying ultradian oscillations of insulin and glucose. Am J Physiol 260(Endocrinol. Metab. 23):E801–E809 (New experimental data show that the human glucose/insulin system is inherently oscillatory. An SD model explains these dynamics. The model is validated against detailed physiological data.) Sturis J, Polonsky KS, Mosekilde E, Van Cauter E (1991) Computer model for mechanisms underlying ultradian oscillations of insulin and glucose. Am J Physiol 260(Endocrinol. Metab. 23):E801–E809 (New experimental data show that the human glucose/insulin system is inherently oscillatory. An SD model explains these dynamics. The model is validated against detailed physiological data.)
120.
go back to reference Cross-Fertilization and Comparative Methodology Cross-Fertilization and Comparative Methodology
121.
go back to reference Allen PM (1988) Dynamic models of evolving systems. Syst Dyn Rev 4(1–2):109–130 (Reviews approaches to nonlinear dynamics, self‐organization, and evolution developed in the Brussels school by Prigogine, Allen, and others. Provides illustrations and examples.)CrossRef Allen PM (1988) Dynamic models of evolving systems. Syst Dyn Rev 4(1–2):109–130 (Reviews approaches to nonlinear dynamics, self‐organization, and evolution developed in the Brussels school by Prigogine, Allen, and others. Provides illustrations and examples.)CrossRef
122.
go back to reference Kim DH (1990) Toward learning organizations: Integrating total quality control and systems thinking. (Working Paper No. D-4036). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (Argues that SD and Total Quality Management are complementary approaches to improvement and organizational learning. Systems thinking and modeling are needed to speed the improvement cycle for processes with long time delays.) Kim DH (1990) Toward learning organizations: Integrating total quality control and systems thinking. (Working Paper No. D-4036). System Dynamics Group, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge (Argues that SD and Total Quality Management are complementary approaches to improvement and organizational learning. Systems thinking and modeling are needed to speed the improvement cycle for processes with long time delays.)
123.
go back to reference Meadows DH, Robinson JM (1985) The electronic oracle: Computer models and social decisions. Wiley (Comparative assessment of the underlying assumptions, boundary, limitations, and uses of different models, including optimization, simulation, and econometrics. Offers guidelines for assessing model assumptions, including ways to recognize the implicit biases of each modeling paradigm.) Meadows DH, Robinson JM (1985) The electronic oracle: Computer models and social decisions. Wiley (Comparative assessment of the underlying assumptions, boundary, limitations, and uses of different models, including optimization, simulation, and econometrics. Offers guidelines for assessing model assumptions, including ways to recognize the implicit biases of each modeling paradigm.)
124.
go back to reference Powers WT (1990) Control theory: A model of organisms. Syst Dyn Rev 6(1):1–20 (An explicit feedback control perspective on perception and decision making in living organisms. Argues the behaviorist and cognitive paradigms have fundamentally misunderstood the concept of feedback. For Powers, feedback allows organisms to control perceptions by altering behavior.)CrossRef Powers WT (1990) Control theory: A model of organisms. Syst Dyn Rev 6(1):1–20 (An explicit feedback control perspective on perception and decision making in living organisms. Argues the behaviorist and cognitive paradigms have fundamentally misunderstood the concept of feedback. For Powers, feedback allows organisms to control perceptions by altering behavior.)CrossRef
125.
go back to reference Radzicki MJ (1990) Methodologia oeconomiae et systematis dynamis. Syst Dyn Rev 6(2):123–147 (Surveys the institutionalist paradigm in economics and argues that system dynamics is compatible with the institutionalist perspective. The SD approach offers a means by which institutional theories can be formalized and tested.)CrossRef Radzicki MJ (1990) Methodologia oeconomiae et systematis dynamis. Syst Dyn Rev 6(2):123–147 (Surveys the institutionalist paradigm in economics and argues that system dynamics is compatible with the institutionalist perspective. The SD approach offers a means by which institutional theories can be formalized and tested.)CrossRef
126.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1985) The growth of knowledge: Testing a theory of scientific revolutions with a formal model. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 28(2):93–122 (Presents a formal dynamic model of TS Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions.)CrossRef Sterman JD (1985) The growth of knowledge: Testing a theory of scientific revolutions with a formal model. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 28(2):93–122 (Presents a formal dynamic model of TS Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions.)CrossRef
127.
go back to reference Sterman JD (1988) A skeptic's guide to computer models. In: Grant L, Lanham MD (eds) Foresight and national decisions. University Press of America (Reviews different modeling methods and their underlying assumptions in nontechnical language. Provides a list of questions model users should ask to assess whether a model or method are appropriate to the problem.) Sterman JD (1988) A skeptic's guide to computer models. In: Grant L, Lanham MD (eds) Foresight and national decisions. University Press of America (Reviews different modeling methods and their underlying assumptions in nontechnical language. Provides a list of questions model users should ask to assess whether a model or method are appropriate to the problem.)
128.
129.
go back to reference Cooper K, Steinhurst W (eds) (1992) The system dynamics society bibliography. System Dynamics Society. Available from Julie Pugh, 49 Bedford Rd., Lincoln MA, USA 01773. (Lists over 3,000 system dynamics journal articles, books, conference proceedings and working papers. Available in computer‐readable format and compatible with bibliographic software) Cooper K, Steinhurst W (eds) (1992) The system dynamics society bibliography. System Dynamics Society. Available from Julie Pugh, 49 Bedford Rd., Lincoln MA, USA 01773. (Lists over 3,000 system dynamics journal articles, books, conference proceedings and working papers. Available in computer‐readable format and compatible with bibliographic software)
130.
go back to reference Meadows DH (1989) System dynamics meets the press. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):68–80 (Reviews the history of encounters between SD and the media. Offers guidelines for effective communication to the public at large. Stresses the importance of communicating even the simplest system concepts.)CrossRef Meadows DH (1989) System dynamics meets the press. Syst Dyn Rev 5(1):68–80 (Reviews the history of encounters between SD and the media. Offers guidelines for effective communication to the public at large. Stresses the importance of communicating even the simplest system concepts.)CrossRef
131.
go back to reference Meadows DH (1991) The global citizen. Island Press, Washington (A collection of Dana's syndicated newspaper columns applying system dynamics principles to problems of everyday life, from organic farming to the fall of the Soviet Union. Emphasizes environmental issues.) Meadows DH (1991) The global citizen. Island Press, Washington (A collection of Dana's syndicated newspaper columns applying system dynamics principles to problems of everyday life, from organic farming to the fall of the Soviet Union. Emphasizes environmental issues.)
132.
go back to reference Richardson GP (1991) Feedback thought in social science. University of Pennsylvania Press (Traces the history of the concept of feedback in the social sciences through two threads of thought – the cybernetic and feedback threads. System dynamics is placed in context in a readable and scholarly manner.) Richardson GP (1991) Feedback thought in social science. University of Pennsylvania Press (Traces the history of the concept of feedback in the social sciences through two threads of thought – the cybernetic and feedback threads. System dynamics is placed in context in a readable and scholarly manner.)
134.
go back to reference DYNAMO. Pugh‐Roberts Associates, Cambridge MA. (The first widely‐used computer language developed to simulate system dynamics models, DYNAMO is still in use, available for mainframes and PCs. Many of the models in the system dynamics literature were simulated in DYNAMO) DYNAMO. Pugh‐Roberts Associates, Cambridge MA. (The first widely‐used computer language developed to simulate system dynamics models, DYNAMO is still in use, available for mainframes and PCs. Many of the models in the system dynamics literature were simulated in DYNAMO)
135.
go back to reference DYSMAP. University of Salford, UK (PC-based simulation language with syntax similar to DYNAMO. Includes optimization capability based on hill‐climbing.) DYSMAP. University of Salford, UK (PC-based simulation language with syntax similar to DYNAMO. Includes optimization capability based on hill‐climbing.)
136.
go back to reference Microworld Creator and S^4. Microworlds Inc., Cambridge MA (Easy to use environment for simulation and gaming. S^4, the ‘industrial strength’ version, supports arrays and includes diagnostics for analyzing behavior. Both Creator and S^4 support user‐defined information displays and facilitate rapid development of management flight simulators.) Microworld Creator and S^4. Microworlds Inc., Cambridge MA (Easy to use environment for simulation and gaming. S^4, the ‘industrial strength’ version, supports arrays and includes diagnostics for analyzing behavior. Both Creator and S^4 support user‐defined information displays and facilitate rapid development of management flight simulators.)
137.
go back to reference STELLA and ithink. High Performance Systems, Hanover NH. (User‐friendly modeling software with full graphical interface. Models are entered graphically, at the level of the stock and flow diagram. Widely used in education from elementary school up; also used in research and practice.) STELLA and ithink. High Performance Systems, Hanover NH. (User‐friendly modeling software with full graphical interface. Models are entered graphically, at the level of the stock and flow diagram. Widely used in education from elementary school up; also used in research and practice.)
138.
go back to reference Vensim. Ventana Systems, Harvard MA. (Powerful simulation environment for SD models. Runs on workstations and PCs. Includes array capability and a wide range of features for analyzing model behavior.) Vensim. Ventana Systems, Harvard MA. (Powerful simulation environment for SD models. Runs on workstations and PCs. Includes array capability and a wide range of features for analyzing model behavior.)
Metadata
Title
System Dynamics and Organizational Learning
Author
Kambiz Maani
Copyright Year
2011
Publisher
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7701-4_40