Technologies for Organizations and Society

Digital technologies are increasingly pervasive, driving profound transformations across socio-economic and organizational landscapes. As rapid technological advancement intersects with intensifying global challenges, there is a growing priority to balance innovation with its social and environmental implications. This evolving context positions the Information Systems (IS) field at the forefront of addressing complex societal needs and shaping sustainable digital futures. This chapter focuses on the concept and development of Responsible IS, a research approach that refocuses IS scholarship on the common good by integrating ethical, theoretical, and practical considerations. It introduces the contributions of the volume to the discourse on how digital technologies can serve both organizations and society in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. The book collects 24 chapters from the Italian IS community that provide an interdisciplinary and multifaceted exploration of Responsible IS. The chapters are organized around four main thematic areas: the use of digital technologies to advance sustainability and the circular economy; the use of digital technologies for promoting social good, well-being, and digital inclusion; ethical and societal challenges related to the design and use of digital technologies; and digital ecosystems, organizational transformation, and stakeholder networks for responsible innovation. Collectively, these contributions exhibit how IS research can inform and guide digital innovation to maximize societal and environmental benefit while mitigating risks, advancing a more equitable and sustainable digital future.

This study offers a comprehensive examination of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) trends and collaborative dynamics, focusing on the impact of the European Green Deal and other global initiatives. By employing a combination of bibliometric and semi-systematic review methodologies, this study investigated the development of EMA practices, particularly in response to institutional pressures and new sustainability reporting standards. Despite extensive research on EMA worldwide, there is a noticeable concentration of scholarly activity in certain countries, with European nations excluding Germany showing limited engagement. This research emphasizes the progression of EMA in effectively managing environmental impacts within the corporate sector, revealing that while significant theoretical advancements have been made, the practical applications of EMA remain relatively underexplored. These findings underscore the need for increased research efforts and more effective policy frameworks, particularly in the European context, to facilitate the integration of EMA practices in line with recent legislative changes. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of global EMA trends, the state of collaborative research, and implications for policy and practice in environmental accounting.

This research investigates the relationship between digital innovations and sustainability performance, utilizing a firm-level, cross-industry global panel dataset from 2018 to 2022. We measure digital innovation by the number of digital patents filed, and we further capture the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) sustainability metrics. Our methodological approach employs a panel regression analysis incorporating a fixed effect model and a dynamic panel data (DPD) estimator. Our findings reveal mixed effects of digital innovation on sustainability. Specifically, the fixed effects model indicates a negative impact on environmental and governance aspects. In contrast, the dynamic estimator consistently shows a positive effect across all ESG pillars.

To be genuinely competitive today, organizations cannot ignore ethical issues and their impact on the environment and the community. In the fashion industry specifically, the issue of sustainability has become central as the socio-environmental impact of the industry is enormous. The fast fashion model adopted by so many companies operating on the global market is the exact opposite of the ethical dimension of fashion that has been needed in recent years. Can innovation and the opportunities the Metaverse offers be the way to a more sustainable fashion? In recent years, many start-ups have sprung up that exclusively produce digital fashion, and many other companies whose core business is mainly in real life (IRL) have integrated digital fashion into their business strategies. Through the investigation of four case studies, the paper aims to investigate the lights and shadows of digital fashion in the Metaverse, trying to clarify whether this model is compatible with the need for a more sustainable fashion, especially from an environmental point of view.

This study investigates circular business models (CBMs) within the “ECOSISTER: Ecosystem for Sustainable Transition in Emilia-Romagna” project, aligned with and funded by the NextGeneration EU plan. Focusing on the circular economy (CE) sub-area, we explore how CBMs contribute to the circular transition of Emilia-Romagna organisations operating in the agri-food ecosystem. Despite growing interest in CE, the comprehension of the role of organisational networks in new CBMs, remains limited due to limited theoretical grounds and scarce empirical investigations. This study aims to address such a gap by designing and conducting theory-grounded empirical research based on case study analysis, focusing on the representative cases of Parmigiano Reggiano and Mutti. Drawing on extant literature, we design semi-structured interviews, aiming to unfold the characteristics of organisational relationships and the role of organisational networks in innovative CBMs. This preliminary study lays the groundwork for data collection and analysis, proposing a semi-structured interview structure aimed at developing theoretical propositions on the role and characteristics of organisational networks in CBMs. Our findings contribute to the understanding and development of new network-based business models for implementing CE in agri-food industries.

This paper explores the intersection of corporate sustainability and recruitment perspectives in Swedish companies, examining the use of one hundred and seven sustainability keywords in more than 230,000 IS/IT job ads collected from the Swedish Public Employment Service. The study emphasizes the pressing need for a new breed of computing professionals to address environmental challenges and climate change. Despite the strategic nature of sustainability issues, the analysis reveals a surprising focus on operational occupations in both IS and Engineering job ads. The study suggests that companies are signaling an interest in sustainability, maybe even “greenwashing”, but often seek operational/micro rather than tactical/meso or strategic/macro business level competencies. Future work proposes a deeper content analysis using suitable AI applications and interviews with companies to study the contextual use of sustainability keywords and more nuanced perspectives of recruiters.

Circular platforms, digital business models designed to prioritize circular economy principles, are transforming how we approach sustainability. In an era where digital platforms and environmental consciousness are reshaping markets, circular platforms are striving to survive and success. This study investigates the organizational features that enable circular platforms to balance digital transformation and sustainability. Employing a qualitative multiple case study approach, it examines 28 circular platforms across various industries and geographical locations. The analysis identifies interaction complexity and organizational integration as important dimensions for balancing digital transformation and sustainability, proposing a framework which categorizes platforms into B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C models. Key challenges linked with digital transformation include market penetration, logistics, and regulatory barriers, while benefits encompass enhanced transparency and resource optimization. The proposed framework provides a first step to the categorization of circular platforms and its key managerial implications.

This study delves into computational sustainability, leveraging AI methods to address sustainable consumption and production challenges. Utilizing historical purchasing data from a prominent Icelandic supermarket chain spanning from 2018 to 2023, the study explores various dimensions of data aggregation, including macro-categories, micro-categories, and product labels. Six distinct forecasting methodologies are employed: regression-based, LLM, foundation models, and statistical approaches. Evaluating these models using Root-Mean-Squared-Error reveals different findings dependent on dataset aggregation. As a result, datasets with finer aggregation exhibit higher predictive accuracy, with the LLM model consistently outperforming others across macro and micro-category datasets. While one of the foundation models demonstrates comparable performances, LLM’s efficiency is notable despite GPU utilization and longer processing times. The regressor emerges as the most effective predictor for datasets categorized by product labels, with LLM and one foundation model also displaying commendable performance. These findings offer valuable insights for reducing overproduction and optimizing production planning in the production industry, underscoring the importance of leveraging advanced forecasting models to promote sustainability. Further details and implications are discussed in the paper.

This study explores Treedom’s role in advancing technology-led sustainability transitions. By examining Treedom’s innovative approaches to global reforestation and sustainable development, it highlights how technology can foster environmental stewardship and promote sustainable practices. Treedom’s contributions to environmental sustainability through technology-driven reforestation and habitat conservation are analysed, demonstrating how technological innovations can support global efforts in these areas and further sustainable development (Sreenivasan & Suresh, Management Research Review, 47(3), 390–405, 2024). The research investigates sustainability orientation as an emerging factor in evaluating startups, considering performance, communication, and technological managerial practices as sources of market competitiveness (Carle & Rayna, Journal of Management & Organization, 30, 1–17, 2023). It also assesses their capability to preserve natural resources, promote biodiversity, and mitigate climate change impacts. The research questions (RQs) are:This research employs a case study approach, reconstructing the current debate on sustainable startups as discussed by Trautwein (Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 125330, 2021). An analysis of online, offline, and confidential internal sources has been conducted.

The study offers both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, it highlights the evolution of literature on the topic and the challenges of promoting sustainability in startups (Di Vaio et al., Journal of Cleaner Production, 378, 134469, 2022). Practically, it identifies developmental elements and obstacles to the growth of sustainability orientation, along with suitable technological solutions to operationalize it (Horne and Fichter, Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, 131163, 2022).

This study examines the intersection of digital healthcare innovations and environmental sustainability within the framework of Institutional Theory. It systematically reviews literature to identify how healthcare organizations adapt to and integrate digital technologies and sustainable practices under institutional pressures. This research employs a comprehensive systematic review methodology, synthesizing findings from a broad range of studies to offer a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities at this nexus. The core objective is to uncover the dynamics between technological advancements and environmental strategies within healthcare systems, highlighting the roles of institutional pressures and organizational responses. Our analysis delves into several key areas, including the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), all within the context of striving for environmental sustainability. Results indicate a significant trend towards digitalization, driven by both the pursuit of enhanced patient care and the need to meet increasingly stringent environmental standards. However, the transition poses unique challenges, such as ensuring data security, managing the environmental footprint of digital solutions, and aligning with complex regulatory frameworks. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence-based insights and strategic recommendations for integrating digital health solutions with environmental sustainability efforts. It underscores the importance of institutional alignment and adaptive strategies in achieving these integrations, suggesting that future policy directions and organizational practices should consider these dual objectives to enhance the overall effectiveness and sustainability of healthcare delivery.

In the current economic climate, ESG ratings are becoming an increasingly crucial consideration for investors. However, it is notable that the scores assigned by different agencies to the same company can vary significantly. This divergence in ratings is attributable to the disparate methodologies. In particular, ESG rating agencies employ different degrees of weight assigned to each criterion in their calculations. In this regard, the divergences observed in ESG ratings raise questions about their reliability. The existing literature indicates that these divergences result from a lack of standardisation. Moreover, subjectivity also influences how ESG rating agencies conduct ESG ratings. One of the principal consequences is the dissemination of misleading information and the occurrence of information asymmetry among stakeholders and investors. In light of this, the present study employs a bibliometric analysis to examine academic research on ESG rating, focusing on topics encompassing ESG rating divergences and disagreements. The analysis demonstrates a growing interest in ESG rating research, particularly concerning the divergences observed among ESG rating agencies. This indicates an increasing awareness of the challenges associated with ESG ratings, metrics, and final evaluations. Overall, this work highlights the increasing importance of ESG ratings while acknowledging the need to address standardisation. This study provides valuable insights for future research in this evolving field by exploring existing academic publications and identifying key trends.

This work-in-progress study examines the emergence and development of Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) in Europe, focusing particularly on the recent regulatory framework established in Italy. Supported by significant incentive policies, RECs aim to accelerate the sustainable transition of inner-country-localised ecosystems, building on a community-centric approach to redesigning energy production and consumption. Although many studies contribute to such scientific literature on renewable energy (especially from a technical perspective), very little research examines the characteristics and implications of RECs (especially considering the relevance of the social objective relative to the phenomenon). Moreover, while the necessity for a social impact evaluation model of RECs is increasingly emerging from the practical realm, little is known from an integrated perspective of organisational, managerial, and information systems (IS) aspects. Following in the footsteps of the IS tradition, this study seeks to contribute to such a discourse by considering technology as a component of the solution for addressing this need. We adopt a Design Science Research (DSR) approach for designing and developing an IT artefact crafted on RECs. At the same time, this artefact intends to enhance operational efficiency and establish a robust social impact evaluation system. The out-comes of this research are twofold: (1) to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and challenges RECs face, and (2) to propose a novel IT-based solution for evaluating and maximising the social impact of RECs. This paper focuses particularly on the first two steps of the proposed DSR approach, providing the groundwork for the next steps.

The aim of this research is to systematize existing knowledge on the social sustainability dimension of well-being by identifying and organizing its key constructs and related indicators. Although studies on social and organizational well-being have developed along separate paths, there is a growing interest in bridging these perspectives, particularly in light of recent transformations of work modalities that blur the boundaries between personal and professional life. Furthermore, the Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) literature urges consideration of the effects of HRM practices, including those related to organizational well-being, both inside and outside organizational boundaries. Through a systematic review, the research collects and analyzes contributions from both fields to clarify how well-being is defined and measured across different contexts. Particular attention is given to the variety of indicators used, the methodological approaches adopted, and the ways in which organizational practices and policy decisions influence individual and collective well-being.

This systematization serves as a foundation for future empirical work, which will be further developed and validated using a citizen science approach in the next phase of the research.

The use of ICT resources in healthcare has been growing since the 2000s because can lead to cost saving, time saving, errors reduction, improvement of medical practice. In Italy, Mission 6 of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (M6-PNRR) allocates 8.6 billions for disseminating telemedicine strengthening the healthcare system’s information and digital tools. Considering the theories on ecosystem innovation in healthcare, this study, using a mixed-method approach, investigates the gaps between ideas and design by the policymakers and the correspondences by the side of health operators. Our results confirm that, a huge problem in the health sector is not innovation per se, but the dissemination of innovative concepts. Service innovation in healthcare is successful only if it can satisfy users’ needs. A fundamental role has been found in the GPs, seen as strategical promoters. Another important aspect has been found in Covid health crisis as a buster of digitalization, thus confirming previous research. But another important aspect has been found in the need of “educating/training” patients, thus revealing the importance of really creating a co-production scheme for developing a real effective digitalized system. The commitment and active participation of patients represents indeed a prerequisite for obtaining high adherence, but if users are culturally not keen in contributing to the process, the potential of digitalization remains unexploited.

Social sustainability is increasingly important in higher education, especially concerning student employment and educational programmes. Educational institutions are incorporating sustainability into their curricula and aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to enhance student learning and societal impact. However, measuring the impact of these initiatives on student employment and entrepreneurial attitudes is challenging. There are no standardised metrics, and it is difficult to isolate the effects of specific programmes from other factors influencing career paths. To address this, we conducted a framed field experiment. This experiment compared students, entrepreneurs, and university professors involved in the “Impresa IN Accademia” (IINA) project (treatment group) with those who were not (control group). The goal is to quantify differences in employment, motivation, and benefits between the two groups, focusing on students. The study aims to determine if participation in the IINA project has a measurable impact on students’ career outcomes and overall university experience. The results of the data analysis indicate that the IINA project had a mixed effect on students, entrepreneurs, and university professors. Participation in the project did not significantly affect students’ employment and motivation to work in companies. However, all categories showed substantial direct and indirect benefits from participation, con-firming the project’s potential to bridge the gap between universities and the world of work.

Over the past decade, numerous studies have examined the remarkable appreciation of cryptocurrencies, typically focusing on their prices and predictive factors. In contrast, this paper posits that the success of a cryptocurrency is determined not only by its monetary value but also by its adoption, influenced by recurring seasonality. This study specifically examines the role of seasonality and the impact of developers’ and miners’ activities on cryptocurrency adoption. Utilizing Bitcoin data, we employ a seasonal autoregressive model to analyze 4632 daily observations, investigating the effects of miners and developer’s activity on the number of end users. Our findings indicate that miners’ activity plays a crucial role in cryptocurrency adoption. These results contribute to the conventional understanding of cryptocurrency success, highlighting the significance of seasonality. By elucidating the drivers of adoption and the influence of key stakeholders, this study provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the evolving field of fintech adoption.

Design best practices for creating reliable visualisations have been extensively researched. However, such design practices are not always present in the visualisations we interact with in our everyday lives. Visualisations influence how information is interpreted and understood, so evaluating them critically is a valuable skill. High school students are constantly exposed to visual content, so understanding how they process visualisations is crucial. This study explores the ability of 396 students to identify misleading graphical and textual elements and their perceptions of deceiving elements in real-world and synthetic visualisations. Results suggest high school students are limited in their ability to identify misleading elements. Furthermore, the way components are perceived can lead to deception even when no explicit errors exist. The study highlights the need to improve students’ critical analysis of visualisations, providing a basis for future research to empower young individuals to critically engage with visualisations and enhance ethical design practices.

In the realm of Information Systems (IS), shared responsibility is a crucial yet ambiguously defined concept. This study addresses the research gap by applying the Gioia Methodology to a dataset of first-order concepts derived from a systematic literature review. These concepts were distilled into second-order concepts and further aggregated into three overarching dimensions: Technological Adoption and Resistance, Information Control and Power Dynamics, and Trust and Transparency. Our findings emphasize the critical role of digital technologies in mediating shared responsibility. By comparing Internet of Things (IoT) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) technologies, we illustrate how each influence these aggregated dimensions differently. IoT enhances operational efficiency and transparency but can reinforce existing power structures, while Generative AI democratizes access to advanced capabilities yet complicates accountability due to its black-box nature. This study contributes to the IS field by providing a structured framework for understanding and defining shared responsibility, highlighting the evolving dynamics of human-technology interaction. Future research should focus on developing robust frameworks to support transparent and trustworthy relationships in digital ecosystems.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is becoming increasingly pervasive in our daily lives, facilitating a wide range of tasks. However, the expanded deployment of AI also broadens the spectrum of potential problems that can impact both individuals and organizations. In this paper, we present a multiple case study based on semi-structured interviews to explore entrepreneurs’ perceptions of AI bias within the solutions designed and developed by their firms. Our results reveal two distinct interpretations of bias: the first based on technical (computational) bias and the second based on societal (systemic) bias. In particular, a coding analysis of such empirical evidence is provided. Then, drawing on these assumptions, we propose a matrix useful to assess the potential negative outcomes that different types of bias (technical vs social) can have at various decision levels. This work contributes to research by providing insights and practical tools for understanding and mitigating AI bias and a lens of analysis to foster more equitable and effective AI implementations in organizational contexts.

The study addresses a crucial question regarding the (ir)responsible use of digital technology in education. By “responsible use of technology,” we refer to an approach that integrates technology into the educational process, carefully considering its impacts (both positive and negative) on the state of the educational process’s stakeholders. To gauge the extent of responsible technology use in education, this research contrasts digital technology’s positive and negative effects in business education settings. Furthermore, we focused on the student-centered perspective since students are major stakeholders in education.

The paper utilizes a survey of students (n = 285) and applies partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).

The results confirm that digital technology in business education context has a dual effect. On one hand, digital technology enhances engagement; on the other hand, it increases the level of distraction. The engagement has then a positive impact on task performance, while the link from distraction to task performance is positive and not statistically significant. This supports our perspective that technology exerts a complex and multifaceted impact. We argue that responsible use of technology necessitates studying and accounting for these diverse effects.

The research attempts to extend the framework of responsible use of technology by deepening understanding of digital technology’s impact on student performance. Furthermore, the study compared the positive and negative impacts of digital technology use. Lastly, we explore the phenomenon in business education settings.

The Italian Third Sector Code established the shared administration paradigm as a new mode of relationship between Public Administration and non-profit organizations based on a collaborative mode of governance. Under the new paradigm, third sector organizations can be involved in co-programmazione (co-planning) and co-progettazione (co-design) exercises with public sector organizations, different from the traditional client-provider contractual relationship. The exploratory paper investigates whether the shift from the contractual to the collaborative mode of relationship with Public Administration requires social cooperatives, as a particular type of third sector organizations, to undergo organizational change processes, and what such processes entail. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with eight highly reputed expert of shared administration belonging to social cooperatives that experienced both the contractual and the collaborative mode of relationship with Public Administration. From the interviews it emerges that the establishment of the shared administration paradigm is perceived by social cooperatives as an environmental evolution that requires them to change their mindset, their strategies, their operational modalities, and their management system. Fostering organizational flexibility and inter-functional (horizontal) integration, developing better planning and design capabilities, and improving management practices to support organizational and social entrepreneurship are the measures that social cooperatives should implement under the new regime.

Design Science Research (DSR) projects significantly increase the knowledge base while delivering practical results. These projects involve collaboration between practitioners seeking functional solutions and researchers aiming to contribute to knowledge generation. This difference in goals can lead to challenges. To date, there is little research on the collaboration between researchers and practitioners during the different phases of DSR. As the start of a larger research initiative, this paper provides preliminary insights into practitioner-researcher collaborations within DSR projects. The work is structured around four core areas of investigation: first, the project phase in which the collaboration occurs; second, the parties involved; third, the kind of artifact developed; and fourth, the challenges encountered during the collaboration between practitioners and researchers. The aim of this research initiative is to explore these collaborations in depth and to develop implications and innovative procedural models for DSR. This paper represents the first phase of an ongoing research initiative. Preliminary findings suggest that the documentation of these collaborations lacks precision and adequate oversight. The purpose of this study is to highlight the need for further research in this area, with the final goal of establishing a framework to guide future research efforts in practitioner-researcher collaborations.

This study investigates non-financial accounting novelties within the “ECOSISTER: Ecosystem for Sustainable Transition in Emilia-Romagna” project, aligned with and funded by the “NextGeneration EU” plan. Sustainability is still an urgent challenge for organisations increasingly compelled to acknowledge the significance of integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their operations. In addition, accounting for non-financial purposes often appears as a voluntary, self-crafted practice that organisations develop to gain competitive advantage and visibility. In light of this, the European Union (EU) Taxonomy emerges as one of the latest methodologies the EU defines for accounting and measuring industrial ecosystems toward the transition to sustainable activities. This work aims to examine whether the Emilia-Romagna regional industrial ecosystems recognise and align to such new metrics. We aim to explore organisational and managerial implications for enterprises and how these regulations influence their actions. Contributing to developing and interpreting an extensive survey questionnaire intersecting various academic disciplines, this work draws on the literature based on isomorphism and institutional theories. We design a framework to examine the three isomorphic forces: normative, coercive, and mimetic. The outcomes of this work are twofold: (1) to qualitatively describe the existing research interconnecting isomorphic forces, information technology, and non-financial accountability practices; (2) to recognise the main drivers that could contribute to targeting the Italian production ecosystem toward sustainable transition. Hence, this preliminary study lays the groundwork for examining a large-scale survey, building theoretical and methodological foundations for examining the “alignment” of Italian’s industrial ecosystems to the EU Taxonomy.

Data-sharing ecosystems offer a transformative approach to addressing critical societal challenges through multi-stakeholder collaboration. However, existing literature suggests a need to explore how diverse perceptions and practices influence the functioning of these ecosystems. This study addresses the following research questions: what factors shape data-sharing practices in big data ecosystems, and how do they do so? We emphasize the importance of understanding how different actors influences sharing practices, particularly in relation to differing perceptions of the opportunities and risks of data sharing and the motivations behind these practices. Through a qualitative study within a data sharing ecosystem, we identified three distinct categories of data-sharing practices: diving, scaffolding, and pushing. These practices are shaped by stakeholders’ attitudes toward data sharing, which are influenced by cognitive and social evaluations of risks and opportunities, as well as their motivational orientations (whether utilitarian or socially driven). Our findings reveal that stakeholders’ data sharing behaviors vary significantly depending on whether they prioritize utilitarian benefits or broader societal impacts. Notably, we found no significant correlation between stakeholders’ socio-demographic attributes and their data-sharing practices. This research contributes to the literature on data-sharing ecosystems and the dynamics of sharing data in complex multi-stakeholder organizations.

Leveraging big data in the mobility sector can help address some of today’s most significant challenges, from enhancing sustainability to optimizing mobility services and improving the quality of life for users. However, despite the recognized potential of data sharing to generate social impact, those entering data sharing partnerships often express concerns regarding cost-benefit uncertainties, data use risks, and the operational and organizational challenges associated with collaboration. Our research adopts a collaborative perspective on data sharing, investigating how perceptions of the benefits and risks influence participation strategies in such partnerships. We conducted empirical research within the context of the European project MobiDataLab, which aims to prototype new solutions for mobility data sharing, increasing data sharing culture. This study involved collecting archival data and conducting semi-structured interviews with key actors in the transport sector, analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Our findings underscore the role of trust and satisfaction in shaping attitudes toward data sharing and behaviors within large cross-sectoral partnerships. These attitudes and behaviors are influenced by perceptions of data sharing risks and opportunities, leading to varied satisfaction levels with the status quo and trust in data sharing processes and partners. These factors, in turn, pave the way for three attitudes and corresponding data sharing strategies: refraining, improving, and maintaining. By elucidating how different attitudes and beliefs regarding data sharing impact strategies at the partnership level and thus influence a partnership’s trajectory and outcomes, we contribute to the literature on cross-sectoral partnerships and the collaborative dynamics of data sharing.