Skip to main content
Top

Hint

Swipe to navigate through the articles of this issue

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 11/2022

07-07-2022 | Original Paper

Tensile Strength of Cement-Treated Champlain Sea Clay

Authors: Jinyuan Liu, Kun Yang, Naresh Gurpersaud

Published in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Issue 11/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Champlain Sea clay, a sensitive marine clay, is commonly found along the Saint Lawrence River basin in Eastern Canada. According to recent studies, cement is efficient in treating Champlain Sea clay. However, there is no information available regarding the tensile strength of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. This paper presents an experimental investigation on its tensile strength using two indirect testing methods: the Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) test and the unconfined penetration (UP) test. The study shows that both the BTS test and the UP test can be easily implemented to study the tensile strength of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Compared to the UP test, the BTS test is recommended in future studies for its more consistent test results and more uniform sample failure modes. The tensile strength was correlated with the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Based on the BTS test results, the tensile strength can be estimated at approximately 7% of its compressive strength for cement-treated Champlain Sea clay.

To get access to this content you need the following product:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe



 


Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Literature
go back to reference Afroz M, Ahmad A, Sangiuliano T, Lesage K, Cavers W, Liu J (2018) Experimental Investigation of Cement Mixing to Improve Champlain Sea Clay: A Case Study. 71 st Canadian Geotechnical Conference Afroz M, Ahmad A, Sangiuliano T, Lesage K, Cavers W, Liu J (2018) Experimental Investigation of Cement Mixing to Improve Champlain Sea Clay: A Case Study. 71 st Canadian Geotechnical Conference
go back to reference Akin ID, Likos WJ (2017) Brazilian tensile strength testing of compacted clay. Geotech Test J 40(4):608–617 Akin ID, Likos WJ (2017) Brazilian tensile strength testing of compacted clay. Geotech Test J 40(4):608–617
go back to reference Al-Omar AJA (1983) Tensile strength of lime-stabilized cohesive soil. Master’s Thesis, University of Texas at El Paso, pp 61 Al-Omar AJA (1983) Tensile strength of lime-stabilized cohesive soil. Master’s Thesis, University of Texas at El Paso, pp 61
go back to reference American Society for Testing and Materials (2016) ASTM D3967, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens. ASTM International American Society for Testing and Materials (2016) ASTM D3967, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens. ASTM International
go back to reference American Society for Testing and Materials (2017) ASTM D1633. Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil Cement Cylinders, ASTM International American Society for Testing and Materials (2017) ASTM D1633. Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil Cement Cylinders, ASTM International
go back to reference Bruce MEC, Berg RR, Collin JG, Filz GM, Terashi M, Yang DS (2013) Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support. FHWA-HRT-13–046, Federal Highway Administration Bruce MEC, Berg RR, Collin JG, Filz GM, Terashi M, Yang DS (2013) Deep Mixing for Embankment and Foundation Support. FHWA-HRT-13–046, Federal Highway Administration
go back to reference Burn KN, Hamilton JJ (1968) Settlement of an embankment on Leda clay. Can Geotech J 5(1):16–27 CrossRef Burn KN, Hamilton JJ (1968) Settlement of an embankment on Leda clay. Can Geotech J 5(1):16–27 CrossRef
go back to reference Chen H (1985) Mechanical behavior of treated cohesive soil using cement hardening agent Doctoral Dissertation. National Central University, Taiwan Chen H (1985) Mechanical behavior of treated cohesive soil using cement hardening agent Doctoral Dissertation. National Central University, Taiwan
go back to reference Consoli NC, Winter D, Rilho AS, Festugato L, dos Santos Teixeira B (2015) A testing procedure for predicting strength in artificially cemented soft soils. Eng Geol 195:327–334 CrossRef Consoli NC, Winter D, Rilho AS, Festugato L, dos Santos Teixeira B (2015) A testing procedure for predicting strength in artificially cemented soft soils. Eng Geol 195:327–334 CrossRef
go back to reference Eden WJ, Mitchell RJ (1970) The mechanics of landslides in Leda clay. Can Geotech J 7(3):285–296 CrossRef Eden WJ, Mitchell RJ (1970) The mechanics of landslides in Leda clay. Can Geotech J 7(3):285–296 CrossRef
go back to reference Ewane MS, Silvestri V, James M (2020) The use of laboratory indentation testing to characterize Champlain Sea Clay. Geotech Geol Eng 38(6):6365–6383 Ewane MS, Silvestri V, James M (2020) The use of laboratory indentation testing to characterize Champlain Sea Clay. Geotech Geol Eng 38(6):6365–6383
go back to reference Fang HY, Chen WF (1971) New method for determination of tensile strength of soils. Highway Research Board, 62–68 Fang HY, Chen WF (1971) New method for determination of tensile strength of soils. Highway Research Board, 62–68
go back to reference Fang HY, Fernandez F (1981) Determination of tensile strength of soils by unconfined-penetration test. ASTM STP 740:130–144 Fang HY, Fernandez F (1981) Determination of tensile strength of soils by unconfined-penetration test. ASTM STP 740:130–144
go back to reference Gaspar TAV, Jacobsz SW (2020) Brazilian Tensile Strength Test Conducted on Ductile Unsaturated Soil Samples. Geotech Test J 44(3):799–810 Gaspar TAV, Jacobsz SW (2020) Brazilian Tensile Strength Test Conducted on Ductile Unsaturated Soil Samples. Geotech Test J 44(3):799–810
go back to reference Hudson WR, Kennedy TW (1968) An indirect tensile test for stabilized materials. University of Texas at Austin, Center for Highway Research Hudson WR, Kennedy TW (1968) An indirect tensile test for stabilized materials. University of Texas at Austin, Center for Highway Research
go back to reference Karrow PF (1961) The Champlain Sea and its sediments. Soils in Canada: Geol Pedological Eng Stud 97–108 Karrow PF (1961) The Champlain Sea and its sediments. Soils in Canada: Geol Pedological Eng Stud 97–108
go back to reference Kawasaki T (1981) Deep mixing method using cement hardening agent. Proc. of 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 721–724 Kawasaki T (1981) Deep mixing method using cement hardening agent. Proc. of 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 721–724
go back to reference Kim TH, Kim TH, Kang GC, Ge L (2012) Factors influencing crack-induced tensile strength of compacted soil. J Mater Civ Eng 24(3):315–320 CrossRef Kim TH, Kim TH, Kang GC, Ge L (2012) Factors influencing crack-induced tensile strength of compacted soil. J Mater Civ Eng 24(3):315–320 CrossRef
go back to reference Kitazume M, Terashi M (2013) The Deep Mixing Method, CRC press Kitazume M, Terashi M (2013) The Deep Mixing Method, CRC press
go back to reference Koseki J, Tsutsumi Y, Namikawa T, Mihira S, Salas-Monge R, Sano Y, Nakajima S (2008) Shear and tensile properties of cement-treated sands and their application to mitigation of liquefaction-induced damage. Proc. of the 4th International Symposium on Deformational Characteristics of Geomaterials 27–50 Koseki J, Tsutsumi Y, Namikawa T, Mihira S, Salas-Monge R, Sano Y, Nakajima S (2008) Shear and tensile properties of cement-treated sands and their application to mitigation of liquefaction-induced damage. Proc. of the 4th International Symposium on Deformational Characteristics of Geomaterials 27–50
go back to reference La Rochelle P, Chagnon JY, Lefebvre G (1970) Regional geology and landslides in the marine clay deposits of eastern Canada. Can Geotech J 7(2):145–156 CrossRef La Rochelle P, Chagnon JY, Lefebvre G (1970) Regional geology and landslides in the marine clay deposits of eastern Canada. Can Geotech J 7(2):145–156 CrossRef
go back to reference Law KT, Bozozuk M (1988) Engineering problems in Leda clay. International Conference of Engineering Problems of Regional Soils, Beijing China 775–792 Law KT, Bozozuk M (1988) Engineering problems in Leda clay. International Conference of Engineering Problems of Regional Soils, Beijing China 775–792
go back to reference Leavell DA, Peters JF (1987) Uniaxial Tensile Test for Soil (No. WES/TR/GL-87–10), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Leavell DA, Peters JF (1987) Uniaxial Tensile Test for Soil (No. WES/TR/GL-87–10), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
go back to reference Li HD, Tang CS, Cheng Q, Li SJ, Gong XP, Shi B (2019) Tensile strength of clayey soil and the strain analysis based on image processing techniques. Eng Geol 253:137–148 CrossRef Li HD, Tang CS, Cheng Q, Li SJ, Gong XP, Shi B (2019) Tensile strength of clayey soil and the strain analysis based on image processing techniques. Eng Geol 253:137–148 CrossRef
go back to reference Li K, Cheng Y, Yin ZY, Han D, Meng J (2020) Size effects in a transversely isotropic rock under brazilian tests: laboratory testing. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(6):2623–2642 Li K, Cheng Y, Yin ZY, Han D, Meng J (2020) Size effects in a transversely isotropic rock under brazilian tests: laboratory testing. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(6):2623–2642
go back to reference Li S, Kirstein A, Gurpersaud N, Liu J (2016) Experimental investigation of cement mixing to improve Champlain Sea clay. 69 th Canadian Geotechnical Conference Li S, Kirstein A, Gurpersaud N, Liu J (2016) Experimental investigation of cement mixing to improve Champlain Sea clay. 69 th Canadian Geotechnical Conference
go back to reference Liang Q, Wu X, Li C, Wang L (2014) Mechanical analysis using the unconfined penetration test on the tensile strength of Q3 loess around Lanzhou City, China. Eng Geol 183:324–329 CrossRef Liang Q, Wu X, Li C, Wang L (2014) Mechanical analysis using the unconfined penetration test on the tensile strength of Q3 loess around Lanzhou City, China. Eng Geol 183:324–329 CrossRef
go back to reference Liu J, Shi C, Afroz M, Kirstein A (2017) Numerical investigation of long-term settlement of Waba dam. Technical Report, Ryerson University, Canada Liu J, Shi C, Afroz M, Kirstein A (2017) Numerical investigation of long-term settlement of Waba dam. Technical Report, Ryerson University, Canada
go back to reference Lo KY, Ho KS (1991) The effects of electroosmotic field treatment on the soil properties of a soft sensitive clay. Can Geotech J 28(6):763–770 CrossRef Lo KY, Ho KS (1991) The effects of electroosmotic field treatment on the soil properties of a soft sensitive clay. Can Geotech J 28(6):763–770 CrossRef
go back to reference Locat A, Leroueil S, Bernander S, Demers D, Jostad HP, Ouehb L (2011) Progressive failures in eastern Canadian and Scandinavian sensitive clays. Can Geotech J 48(11):1696–1712 CrossRef Locat A, Leroueil S, Bernander S, Demers D, Jostad HP, Ouehb L (2011) Progressive failures in eastern Canadian and Scandinavian sensitive clays. Can Geotech J 48(11):1696–1712 CrossRef
go back to reference Locat J, Bérubé MA, Choquette M (1990) Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Can Geotech J 27(3):294–304 CrossRef Locat J, Bérubé MA, Choquette M (1990) Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Can Geotech J 27(3):294–304 CrossRef
go back to reference Marques MES, Leroueil S (2005) Preconsolidating clay deposit by vacuum and heating in cold environment. Ground Improvement – Case Histories, Edited by Buddhima Indraratna & Jian Chu 3: 1045-1063 Marques MES, Leroueil S (2005) Preconsolidating clay deposit by vacuum and heating in cold environment. Ground Improvement – Case Histories, Edited by Buddhima Indraratna & Jian Chu 3: 1045-1063
go back to reference Monsif MY, Liu J, Gurpersaud N (2019) Fundamental mechanism of cement in stabilizing Champlain Sea clay. Proceedings of Geo-St. John’s, 1–8 Monsif MY, Liu J, Gurpersaud N (2019) Fundamental mechanism of cement in stabilizing Champlain Sea clay. Proceedings of Geo-St. John’s, 1–8
go back to reference Monsif MY, Liu J, Gurpersaud N (2021b) Impact of salinity on strength and microstructure of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 39(11):1360–1372 CrossRef Monsif MY, Liu J, Gurpersaud N (2021b) Impact of salinity on strength and microstructure of cement-treated Champlain Sea clay. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 39(11):1360–1372 CrossRef
go back to reference Morris PH, Graham J, Williams DJ (1992) Cracking in drying soils. Can Geotech J 29(2):263–277 CrossRef Morris PH, Graham J, Williams DJ (1992) Cracking in drying soils. Can Geotech J 29(2):263–277 CrossRef
go back to reference Namikawa T, Koseki J (2007) Evaluation of tensile strength of cement-treated sand based on several types of laboratory tests. Soils Found 47(4):657–674 CrossRef Namikawa T, Koseki J (2007) Evaluation of tensile strength of cement-treated sand based on several types of laboratory tests. Soils Found 47(4):657–674 CrossRef
go back to reference Newman DA, Bennett DG (1990) The effect of specimen size and stress rate for the Brazilian test- A statistical analysis. Rock Mech Rock Eng 23(2):123–134 CrossRef Newman DA, Bennett DG (1990) The effect of specimen size and stress rate for the Brazilian test- A statistical analysis. Rock Mech Rock Eng 23(2):123–134 CrossRef
go back to reference Quigley RM, Gwyn QHJ, White OL, Rowe RK, Haynes JE, Bohdanowicz A (1983) Leda clay from deep boreholes at Hawkesbury, Ontario. Part I: Geology and geotechnique. Can Geotech J 20(2):288–298 CrossRef Quigley RM, Gwyn QHJ, White OL, Rowe RK, Haynes JE, Bohdanowicz A (1983) Leda clay from deep boreholes at Hawkesbury, Ontario. Part I: Geology and geotechnique. Can Geotech J 20(2):288–298 CrossRef
go back to reference Quinn PE, Hutchinson DJ, Diederichs MS, Rowe RK (2011) Characteristics of large landslides in sensitive clay in relation to susceptibility, hazard, and risk. Can Geotech J 48(8):1212–1232 CrossRef Quinn PE, Hutchinson DJ, Diederichs MS, Rowe RK (2011) Characteristics of large landslides in sensitive clay in relation to susceptibility, hazard, and risk. Can Geotech J 48(8):1212–1232 CrossRef
go back to reference Terashi M (1980) Fundamental Properties of Lime and Cement Treated Soils. Report of PHRI 19(1):33–62 Terashi M (1980) Fundamental Properties of Lime and Cement Treated Soils. Report of PHRI 19(1):33–62
go back to reference Terashi M (1997) Theme lecture: Deep mixing method-Brief state of the art. Proc. 14th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 4: 2475–2478 Terashi M (1997) Theme lecture: Deep mixing method-Brief state of the art. Proc. 14th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 4: 2475–2478
go back to reference Thuro K, Plinninger RJ, Zäh S, Schütz S (2001) Scale effects in rock strength properties. Part 1: Unconfined compressive test and Brazilian test. ISRM Regional Symposium, EUROCK 2001:169–174 Thuro K, Plinninger RJ, Zäh S, Schütz S (2001) Scale effects in rock strength properties. Part 1: Unconfined compressive test and Brazilian test. ISRM Regional Symposium, EUROCK 2001:169–174
go back to reference Topolnicki M (2013) In-situ soil mixing. Ground Improvement, 3rd Ed., 329–433 Topolnicki M (2013) In-situ soil mixing. Ground Improvement, 3rd Ed., 329–433
go back to reference Voottipruex P, Suksawat T, Bergado DT, Jamsawang P (2011) Numerical simulations and parametric study of SDCM and DCM piles under full scale axial and lateral loads. Comput Geotech 38(3):318–329 CrossRef Voottipruex P, Suksawat T, Bergado DT, Jamsawang P (2011) Numerical simulations and parametric study of SDCM and DCM piles under full scale axial and lateral loads. Comput Geotech 38(3):318–329 CrossRef
go back to reference Yu Y, Yin J, Zhong Z (2006) Shape effects in the Brazilian tensile strength test and a 3D FEM correction. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43(4):623–627 CrossRef Yu Y, Yin J, Zhong Z (2006) Shape effects in the Brazilian tensile strength test and a 3D FEM correction. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 43(4):623–627 CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Tensile Strength of Cement-Treated Champlain Sea Clay
Authors
Jinyuan Liu
Kun Yang
Naresh Gurpersaud
Publication date
07-07-2022
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Issue 11/2022
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Electronic ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02226-2

Other articles of this Issue 11/2022

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 11/2022 Go to the issue