Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction to Fuel Cell Basics Read chapter Read first chapter

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Testing of Electrodes, Cells, and Short Stacks

Authors : Anne Hauch, Mogens B. Mogensen

Published in: Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The present contribution describes the electrochemical testing and characterization of electrodes, cells, and short stacks. To achieve the maximum insight and results from testing of electrodes and cells, it is obviously necessary to have a good understanding of the fundamental principles of electrochemistry, but it also requires proper test geometries and set up, well-chosen operating conditions for different test purposes, correct probing of voltages and temperatures, and solid knowledge on benefits and drawbacks of different characterization techniques to obtain reliable, accurate, and reproducible electrochemical measurements, and this will be the focus of this chapter. First, the important issue of understanding potential differences and measurements of potentials, which is linked to the choice of proper electrode geometries and test set up configurations for electrode and cell testing, is presented. Then probing of voltages and temperatures, choice of sealing and contacting, as well as considerations regarding the choice of operating conditions for different purposes mainly for single cell testing are outlined. Having considered optimization of test set up, geometries, and the selection of optimal operating conditions, the details of measurement of the electrochemical performance of the electrode, cell, or stack are explained. As part of this, the concept of area specific resistance (ASR) and how DC and AC methods can be used and optimized to provide not only the total ASR, but also the electrochemical characterization of specific parts (electrolyte, each electrode) in a full cell are described. Some experimental results are provided including illustrative examples of breakdown of losses in full cells and determination of their temperature and gas composition dependencies, and finally, challenging issues, such as the effects of impurities and the problem of leakage in cell testing, are discussed as well.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Introduction to Fuel Cell Basics
next chapter Proton-Conducting Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications
Footnotes
1
Based on previous work by Mogensen and Hendriksen (2003).
 
Literature
Adler, S. B. (2002). Reference electrode placement in thin solid electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149(5), E166–E172.
Backhaus-Ricoult, M. (2008). SOFC-a playground for solid state chemistry. Solid State Sciences, 10(6), 670–688.
Barfod, R., Mogensen, M., Klemenso, T., Hagen, A., Liu, Y. L., & Hendriksen, P. V. (2007). Detailed characterization of anode-supported SOFCs by impedance spectroscopy. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154(4), B371–B378.
Barfod, R., Hagen, A., Ramousse, S., Hendriksen, P. V., & Mogensen, M. (2006). Break down of losses in thin electrolyte SOFCs. Fuel Cells, 6(2), 141–145.
Bessler, W. (2005). Gas dynamics impedance of solid oxide fuel cells. Proceedings of the 26th Risoe international symposium on materials science. Roskilde, Denmark: Risø National Laboratory.
Birkl, C. (2012). Effect of anode sintering temperature on microstructure and performance of multilayer tape cast SOFC. M.Sc. Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. Denmark: M.Sc. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark.
Bockris, J. O. M. (1970). Modern electrochemistry. An introduction to an interdisciplinary area (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum Press.
Boukamp, B. A. (2004). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in solid state ionics: recent advances. Solid State Ionics, 169, 65–73.
Cai, Z., Yener, K., Jeong, W. H., Yan, C., & Bilge, Y. (2011). Surface electronic structure transitions at high temperature on perovskite oxides: the case of strained La0. 8Sr0. 2CoO3 thin films. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(44), 17696–17704.
Carter, C. B. (2013). Ceramic materials: Science and engineering. Berlin: Springer.
Chen, M., Liu, Y. L., Bentzen, J. J., Zhang, W., Sun, X., Hauch, A., et al. (2013). Microstructural degradation of Ni/YSZ electrodes in solid oxide electrolysis cells under high current. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160(8), F883–F891.
Chou, Y.-S., Jeffry, W. S., & Robert, N. G. (2007). Novel alkaline earth silicate sealing glass for SOFC. Journal of Power Sources, 168(2), 426–433.
Cronin, J. S., James, R. W., & Scott, A. B. (2011). Impact of pore microstructure evolution on polarization resistance of Ni-Yttria-stabilized zirconia fuel cell anodes. Journal of Power Sources, 196(5), 2640–2643.
Ebbesen, S. D., Graves, C., Hauch, A., Jensen, S. H., & Mogensen, M. (2010). Poisoning of solid oxide electrolysis cells by impurities. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157(10), B1419.
Ebbesen, S. D., & Mogensen, M. (2010). Exceptional durability of solid oxide cells. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 13(9), D106–D108.
Ebbesen, S. D., & Mogensen, M. (2013). Kinetics of oxidation of H2 and reduction of H2O in Ni-YSZ based solid oxide cells. ECS Transactions, 50(49), 167–182.
Erning, J. W., Schaffrath, W., Stimming, U., Syskakis, E., & Wipperman, K. (1995). Improvement in the performance of screen printed SOFC cathodes by noble metal catalysts. Proceedings of SOFC IV. (p.492). Pennington, New Jersey, USA: The Electrochemical Society Inc. ISBN1-56677-095-5.
Faes, A., Hessler-Wyser, A., Presvytes, D., Vayenas, C. G., & Van Herle, J. (2009). Nickel–zirconia anode degradation and triple phase boundary quantification from microstructural analysis. Fuel Cells, 9(6), 841–851. ISI:000273394400008.
Gödickemeier, M., Sasaki, K., & Gauckler, L. J. (1995). Current-voltage characterics of fuel cells with ceria-based electrolytes. In M. Dokiya, O. Yamamoto, H. Tagawa, & S. C. Singhal (Eds.), Solid oxide fuel cells IV, Electrochemical society proceedings series, PV 95-1:1072. Pennington, NJ, USA: The Electrochemical Society Inc.
Graves, C., Ebbesen, S. D., Jensen, S. H., Simonsen, S. B., & Mogensen, M. B. (2015). Eliminating degradation in solid oxide electrochemical cells by reversible operation. Nature Materials, 14(2), 239–244.
Greef, R. (1985). Instrumental methods in electrochemistry. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
Hagen, A., Barfod, R., Hendriksen, P. V., Liu, Y. L., & Ramousse, S. (2006). Degradation of anode supported SOFCS as a function of temperature and current load. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153(6), A1165–A1171.
Hamann, C. H. (1998). Electrochemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Hansen, K. V., Kion, N., & Mogens, M. (2006). TOF-SIMS studies of yttria-stabilised zirconia. Surface and Interface Analysis, 38(5), 911–916.
Hansen, K. V., Norrman, K., & Mogensen, M. (2004). H-2-H2O-Ni-YSZ electrode performance-effect of segregation to the interface. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 151(9), A1436–A1444. ISI:000223622000021.
Hansen, K. V., Wu, Y., Jacobsen, T., Mogensen, M. B., & Theil Kuhn, L. (2013). Improved controlled atmosphere high temperature scanning probe microscope. Review of Scientific Instruments, 84(7), 073701.
Hauch, A., Birkl, C., Brodersen, K., & Jørgensen, P. S. (2012). Multilayer tape cast SOFC - effect of sintering temperature. Proceedings—10th European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum Chapter 8 (pp. 62–71). Switzerland: Lucerne.
Hauch, A., Bowen, J. R., Kuhn, L. T., & Mogensen, M. (2008). Nanoscale chemical analysis and imaging of solid oxide cells. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 11(3), B38.
Hauch, A., Hagen, A., Hjelm, J., & Ramos, T. (2014). Sulfur poisoning of SOFC anodes: effect of overpotential on long-term degradation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 161(6), F734–F743.
Hauch, A., Jensen, S. H., Bilde-Soerensen, J. B., & Mogensen, M. (2007). Silica Segregation in the Ni/YSZ Electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154(7), A619.
Hauch, A., Jørgensen, P. S., Brodersen, K., & Mogensen, M. (2011a). Ni/YSZ anode-effect of pre-treatments on Cell degradation and microstructures. Journal of Power Sources, 196(21), 8931–8941.
Hauch, A., Mogensen, M., & Hagen, A. (2011b). Ni/YSZ electrode degradation studied by impedance spectroscopy-effect of p(H2O). Solid State Ionics, 192, 547–551.
Hauch, A., K. Brodersen, M. Chen, and M.B. Mogensen. (2016). “Ni/YSZ Electrodes Structures Optimized for Increased Electrolysis Performance and Durability. Solid State Ionics, 293, 27–36.
Hendriksen, P. V., Koch, S., & Mogensen, M. (2003). Break-down of losses in thin electrolyte SOFCs. In S. C. Singhal & M. Dokiya (Eds.), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI, PV2003-07 (p. 1147). Pennington, NJ, USA: The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series.
Hjalmarsson, P., Sun, X., Liu, Y.-L., & Chen, M. (2013). Influence of the oxygen electrode and inter-diffusion barrier on the degradation of solid oxide electrolysis cells. Journal of Power Sources, 223, 349–357.
Holze, R. (2007). Electrochemistry. Berlin: Springer.
Holzer, L., Iwanschitz, B., Hocker, T., Münch, B., Prestat, M., Wiedenmann, D., et al. (2011). Microstructure degradation of cermet anodes for solid oxide fuel cells: Quantification of nickel grain growth in dry and in humid atmospheres. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 1279–1294.
Horita, T., Cho, D.-H., Wang, F., Shimonosono, T., Kishimoto, H., Yamaji, K., et al. (2012). Correlation between degradation of cathode performance and chromium concentration in (La,Sr)MnO3 cathode. Solid state Ionics 18 proceedings of the 18th international conference on solid state Ionics Warsaw, Poland, July 3–8, 2011 (Vol. 225(0), pp. 151–156).
Huang, Q. A., Hui, R., Wang, B. W., & Zhang, H. J. (2007). A review of AC impedance modeling and validation in SOFC diagnosis. Electrochimica Acta, 52(28), 8144–8164.
Ibach, H. (2009). Solid-state physics: An introduction to principles of materials science. Berlin: Springer.
Iwanschitz, B., Holzer, L., Mai, A., & Schuetze, M. (2012). Nickel agglomeration in solid oxide fuel cells: the influence of temperature. Solid State Ionics, 211, 69–73.
Jacobsen, T., Chatzichristodoulou, C., & Mogensen, M. B. (2014). Fermi potential across working solid oxide cells with zirconia or ceria electrolytes. ECS Transactions, 61(1), 203–214.
Jacobsen, T., Hendriksen, P. V., & Koch, S. (2008). Diffusion and conversion impedance in solid oxide fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 53(25), 7500–7508.
Jacobsen, T., & Mogensen, M. (2008). The course of oxygen partial pressure and electric potentials across an oxide electrolyte cell. ECS Transactions, 13(26), 259.
Jacobsen, T., & Skou, E. (1997). Proceedings of IEA workshop on materials and processes. Les Diablerets: Schweiz.
Jeangros, Q., Hansen, T. W., Wagner, J. B., Damsgaard, C. D., Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., Hébert, C., et al. (2012). Nickel oxide reduction studied by environmental TEM. Proceedings of 10th European SOFC Forum 2012, Chapter 14 (p. 25). Switzerland: Lucerne.
Jensen, S. H., Hauch, A., Hendriksen, P. V., & Mogensen, M. (2009a). Advanced test method of solid oxide cells in a plug-flow setup. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156(6), B757.
Jensen, S. H., Hauch, A., Hendriksen, P. V., Mogensen, M., Bonanos, N., & Jacobsen, T. (2007). A method to separate process contributions in impedance spectra by variation of test conditions. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154(12), B1325.
Jensen, S. H., Hjelm, J., Hagen, A., & Mogensen, M. (2009b). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as diagnostic tool. In W. Vielstich, H. Yokokawa, & H. A. Gasteiger (Eds.), Handbook of fuel cells—fundamental, technology and applications (Vol. 6, pp. 1090–1102). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Jensen, S. H., Sun, X., Ebbesen, S. D., Knibbe, R., & Mogensen, M. (2010). Hydrogen and synthetic fuel production using pressurized solid oxide electrolysis cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(18), 9544–9549.
Jiao, Z., & Shikazono, N. (2015). Quantitative study on the correlation between solid oxide fuel cell Ni-YSZ composite anode performance and reduction temperature based on three-dimensional reconstruction. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162(6), F571–F578.
Jørgensen, M. J., Primdahl S., & Mogensen, M. (1999). Characterization of composite sofc cathodes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochimica Acta, 44(24), 4195–4201.
Jørgensen, P. S., Ebbehøj, S. L., & Hauch, A. (2015). Triple phase boundary specific pathway analysis for quantitative characterization of solid oxide cell electrode microstructure. Journal of Power Sources, 279(April), 686–693.
Jørgensen, P S, K V Hansen, R Larsen, and J R Bowen. (2010). A Framework for Automatic Segmentation in Three Dimensions of Microstructural Tomography Data. Ultramicroscopy, 110(3), 216–28.
Khabibulakh, K., Yildiz, B., Kavaipatti, B., & Salvador, P. (2009). Correlations of electronic and chemical state on la. ECS Transactions, 25, 2309–2318.
Kharton, V. V. (2009). Solid state electrochemistry I : Fundamentals, materials and their applications. Germany: Wiley-VCH.
Kharton, V. V. (2011). Solid state electrochemistry/2, electrodes, interfaces and ceramic membranes. Germany: Wiley-VCH.
Kiebach, R., Norrman, K., Chatzichristodoulou, C., Chen, M., Sun, X., Ebbesen, S. D., et al. (2014). TOF-SIMS characterization of impurity enrichment and redistribution in solid oxide electrolysis cells during operation. Dalton Transactions, 43(40), 14949–14958.
Kishimoto, H., Yashiro, K., Shimonosono, T., Brito, M. E., Yamaji, K., Horita, T., et al. (2012). In situ analysis on the electrical conductivity degradation of NiO doped yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical Frontiers in Global Environment and Energy, 82, 263–267.
Kleinlogel, C., Gödickemeier, M., Honneger, K., & Gauckler, L. J. (1997). Solid oxide fuel cells operating with cathode supported thin film electrolyte. In T. A. Ramanarayanan, W. L. Worrell, H. L. Tuller, A. C. Khandkar, M. Mogensen, & W. Göpel (Eds.), Third international symposium on ionic and mixed conducting ceramics, PV-97-24 (p. 1072). Pennington, NJ, USA: The Electrochemical Society Inc.
Knibbe, R., Traulsen, M. L., Hauch, A., Ebbesen, S. D., & Mogensen, M. (2010). Solid oxide electrolysis cells: degradation at high current densities. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157(8), B1209.
Kornely, M., Leonide, A., Weber, A., & Ivers-Tiffée, E. (2011). Performance limiting factors in anode-supported cells originating from metallic interconnector design. Journal of Power Sources, 196(17), 7209–7216.
Kromp, A., Dierickx, S., Leonide, A., Weber, A., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2012). Electrochemical analysis of sulfur-poisoning in anode supported SOFCs fuelled with a model reformate. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 159(5), B597–B601.
Kromp, A., Leonide, A., Weber, A., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2011). Electrochemical analysis of reformate-fuelled anode supported SOFC. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(8), B980–B986.
Lawlor, V. (2013). Experimental and numerical study of various MT-SOFC flow manifold techniques: single MT-SOFC analysis. Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 10(1), 011003.
Leng, Yang. (2008). Materials characterization. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Leonide, A., Sonn, V., Weber, A., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2008). Evaluation and modeling of the cell resistance in anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155(1), B36–B41. ISI:000251241400020.
Li, X., Blinn, K., Fang, Y., Liu, M., Mahmoud, M. A., Cheng, S., et al. (2012). Application of surface enhanced raman spectroscopy to the study of SOFC electrode surfaces. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 14(17), 5919–5923.
Liu, Y.-L., & Jiao, C. (2005). Microstructure degradation of an anode/electrolyte interface in SOFC studied by transmission electron microscopy. Solid State Ionics, 176, 435–442.
Macdonald, J. R., & Barsoukov, E. (2005). Impedance spectroscopy. Theory, experiment, and applications (Vol. 2). Hoboken, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
McIntyre, M. D., Traulsen, M. L., Norrman, K., Sanna, S., & Walker, R. A. (2015). Polarization Induced Changes in LSM Thin Film Electrode Composition Observed by In Operando Raman Spectroscopy and TOF-SIMS. ECS Transactions, 66(2), 47–59.
Mogensen, M. B. (2002). Strategies for testing of solid oxide fuel cells and electrodes. In Proceedings European fuel cell forum (Vol. 2, pp. 893–902). Lucerne, Switzerland.
Mogensen, M., & Hendriksen, P. V. (2003). Testing of electrodes, cells and short stacks. In S. C. Singhal & K. Kendall (Eds.), High temperature solid oxide fuel cells—fundamentals, design and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 261–289). London: Elsevier.
Mogensen, M., & Jacobsen, T. (2009). Electromotive potential distribution and electronic leak currents in working YSZ based SOCs. ECS Transactions, 25, 1315–1320.
Mogensen, M., Larsen, P. H., Hendriksen, P. V., Kindl, B., Bagger, C., & Linderoth, S. (1999). Solid oxide fuel cell testing: results and interpretation. In S. C. Singhal & M. Dokiya (Eds.), Proceedings—the electrochemical society SOFC-VI, PV 99-19:904–15.
Mosbaek, R. R., Hjelm, J., Barfod, R., Høgh, J., & Hendriksen, P. V. (2013). Electrochemical characterization and degradation analysis of large SOFC stacks by impedance spectroscopy. Fuel Cells, 13(4), 605–611.
Nagata, M., Itoh, Y., & Iwaraha, H. (1994). Dependence of observed overvoltages on the positioning of the reference electrode on the solid electrolyte. Solid State Ionics, 67(3–4), 215–224.
Nielsen, J., Hagen, A., & Liu, Y. L. (2010). Effect of cathode gas humidification on performance and durability of solid oxide fuel cells. Solid State Ionics, 181(11–12), 517–524. ISI:000277926000009.
Nielsen, J., & Hjelm, J. (2014). A review and a comprehensive case study on the impedance of LSM: YSZ cathodes. Electrochimica Acta, 115, 31–45.
Nielsen, J., Jacobsen, T., & Wandel, M. (2011). Impedance of porous IT-SOFC LSCF:CGO composite cathodes. Electrochimia Acta, 56(23), 7963–7974.
Nielsen, K. A., Solvang, M., Nielsen, S. B. L., Dinesen, A. R., Beeaff, D., & Larsen, P. H. (2007). Glass composite seals for SOFC application. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27(2–3), 1817–1822.
Orazem, M. E. (2008). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Pihlatie, M., Ramos, T., & Kaiser, A. (2009). Testing and improving the redox stability of Ni-based solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 193(1), 322–330.
Primdahl, S., & Mogensen, M. (1998). Gas conversion impedance: a test geometry effect in characterization of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 145(7), 2431–2438.
Primdahl, S., & Mogensen, M. (1999). Gas diffusion impedance in characterization of solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 146(8), 2827–2833.
Ramos, T., Thydén, K., & Mogensen, M. (2010). Electrochemical characterization of Ni/(Sc) YSZ electrodes. ECS Transactions, 28(11), 123.
Rasmussen, J. F. B., & Hagen, A. (2010). The effect of H2S on the performance of SOFCs using methane containing fuel. Fuel Cells, 10(6), 1135–1142.
Rasmussen, J. F. B., Hendriksen, P. V., & Hagen, A. (2008). Study of internal and external leaks in tests of anode-supported SOFCs. Fuel Cells, 8(6), 385–393.
Reinhardt, G., & Göpel, W. (1998). Electrode reactions at solid electrolytes: finite difference calculations to describe geometric and electrtical properties of planar devices. In T. A. Ramanarayanan, W. L. Worrell, H. L. Tuller, A. C. Khandkar, M. Mogensen, & W. Göpel (Eds.), Proceedings of third international symposium on ionic and mixed conducting ceramics (p. 610). Pennington, NJ, USA: The Electrochemical Society Inc.
Reis, S. T., Pascual, M. J., Brow, R. K., Ray, C. S., & Zhang, T. (2010). Crystallization and processing of SOFC sealing glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 356(52–54), 3009–3012.
Schichlein, H., Muller, A. C., Voigts, M., Krugel, A., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2002). Deconvolution of electrochemical impedance spectra for the identification of electrode reaction mechanisms in solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 32(8), 875–882. ISI:000178472100007.
Schilm, J. (2010). Sealing glasses for SOFC-degradation behavior. Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells V, 30(4), 185–193.
Schmidt, M. S., Hansen, K. V., Norrman, K., & Mogensen, M. (2008). Effects of trace elements at the Ni/ScYSZ interface in a model solid oxide fuel cell anode. Solid State Ionics, 179(27–32), 1436–1441.
Shearing, P. R., Brett, D., & Brandon, N. P. (2010a). Towards intelligent engineering of SOFC electrodes: a review of advanced microstructural characterisation techniques. International Materials Reviews, 55, 347.
Shearing, P. R., Cai, Q., Golbert, J. I., Yufit, V., Adjiman, C. S., & Brandon, N. P. (2010b). Microstructural analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell anode using focused ion beam techniques coupled with electrochemical simulation. Journal of Power Sources, 195(15), 4804–4810.
Shimazu, M., Yamaji, K., Isobe, T., Ueno, A., Kishimoto, H., Katsumata, K., et al. (2011). Stability of Sc2O3 and CeO2 co-doped ZrO2 electrolyte during the operation of solid oxide fuel cells: Part II the influences of Mn, Al and Si. Solid State Ionics, 204–205, 120–128.
Shimura, T., Jiao, Z., Hara, S., & Shikazono, N. (2014). Quantitative analysis of solid oxide fuel cell anode microstructure change during redox cycles. Journal of Power Sources, 267, 58–68.
Smart, L., & More, E. (1996). Solid state chemistry—An introduction (2nd ed.). Cheltenham, UK: T.J. International Ltd.
Solheim, A., Tunold, R., & Ødegård, R. (1991). The relationship between electrical energy output and energy efficiency in plug flow solid oxide fuel cells. In F. Gross, P. Zegers, S. C. Singhal, & O. Yamamoto (Eds.), Solid oxide fuel cells II (p. 297). Luxemburg: European Communities, EUR13564EN.
Sonn, V., Leonide, A., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2008). Combined deconvolution and CNLS fitting approach applied on the impedance response of technical Ni/8YSZ cermet electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155(7), B675–B679. ISI:000256198900016.
Sun, X., Bonaccorso, A. D., Graves, C., Ebbesen, S. D., Jensen, S. H., Hagen, A., et al. (2015). Performance characterization of solid oxide cells under high pressure. Fuel Cells, 15(5), 697–702.
Thydén, K., Liu, Y.-L., & Bilde-Sørensen, J. B. (2008). Microstructural characterization of SOFC Ni–YSZ anode composites by low-voltage scanning electron microscopy. Solid State Ionics, 178, 1984–1989.
Tietz, F., Sebold, D., Brisse, A., & Schefold, J. (2013). Degradation phenomena in a solid oxide electrolysis cell after 9000 H of operation. Journal of Power Sources, 223, 129–135.
Utz, A., Hansen, K. V., Norrman, K., Ivers-Tiffee, E., & Mogensen, M. (2011). Impurity features in Ni-YSZ-H-2-H2O electrodes. Solid State Ionics, 183(1), 60–70.
Van Heuveln, F. H., van Berkel, F. P. F., & Huijsmans, J. P. P. (1993). Electrochemical characterization of porous electrodes and application in SOFC. In F. W. Poulsen, J. J. Bentzen, T. Jacobsen, E. Skou, & M. J. L. Østergård (Eds.), 14th Risø international symposium on materials science (p. 53). Roskilde, Denmark: Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark.
Vels Jensen, K., Primdahl, S., Chorkendorff, I., & Mogensen, M. (2001). Microstructural and chemical changes at the Ni/YSZ interface. Solid State Ionics, 144, 197–209.
Wiedenmann, D., Hauch, A., Grobéty, B., Mogensen, M., & Vogt, U. F. (2010). Complementary techniques for solid oxide electrolysis cell characterisation at the micro-and nano-scale. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(10), 5053–5060.
Wilson, J. R., Kobsiriphat, W., Mendoza, R., Chen, H.-Y., Miller, J. M., Miller, D. J., et al. (2006). Three-dimensional reconstruction of a solid-oxide fuel cell anode. Nature Materials, 5, 541–544.
Winkler, J., Hendriksen, P. V., Bonanos, N., & Mogensen, M. (1998). Geometric requirements of solid electrolyte cells with a reference electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 145(4), 1184–1192.
Wu, Y., Hansen, K. V., Norrman, K., Jacobsen, T., & Mogensen, M. (2013). Oxygen electrode kinetics and surface composition of dense (La0. 75Sr0. 25) 0.95 MnO3 on YSZ. ECS Transactions, 57(1), 1673–1682.
Zhang, H. S. (2012). Performance comparison on cross-flow and counter-flow planar solid oxide fuel cells. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2012 (Vol. 3, pp. 91–97).
Zhang, W., Chen, M., Theil Kuhn, L., Bowen, J. R., & Bentzen, J. J. (2014). Electrochemistry unlocks wettability: epitaxial growth of oxide nanoparticles on rough metallic surfaces. ChemElectroChem, 1(3), 520–523.
Metadata
Title
Testing of Electrodes, Cells, and Short Stacks
Authors
Anne Hauch
Mogens B. Mogensen
Copyright Year
2017
Book
Advances in Medium and High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46145-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-46146-5

Copyright Year: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46146-5_2