The Construction Industry in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Construction projects plays an important role in nation’s development. The complexity and dynamic environment of the construction industry characterized it frequent cost, time overruns, low quality, etc. for construction project management. This study therefore uses a systems thinking approach to identify the key variables that are affecting this trend. Casual loop and Systems Archetypes were used to develop systems models to determine the components and interactions between the policy and the social, environmental and economic dimensions of the industry. As demonstrated in the aforementioned CLD and archetypes, construction projects will remain to be the engine that develops and empowers the emerging and existing commercial business, housing sectors and nation building across Africa. This systems thinking approach will also provide more clarity in dealing with the complex management challenges and gradually replace the traditional theoretical approach of dealing with construction project management.

This research was centred on examining the barriers of project bond initiatives in infrastructure financing in Ghana. The use of project bond; an alternative form of financing infrastructural projects throughout the world became intensified after the global financial crisis which led to stricter banking regulations. The introduction of project bonds in Ghana has not seen much growth due to some inherent challenges identified. The analysis depicted predominant challenges like lack of industrial expertise, currency issues, being the cedi-dollar exchange rate due to the constant depreciation of the Ghanaian Cedi and unavailability of project bond investors. The gaps in literature identified in this study set the course for future studies in this field in Ghana. The paper provides information for policy makers and investors on the major barriers affecting project bond initiatives in infrastructure in Ghana. The evidence suggests that these challenges have curtailed project bond initiatives in the country.

Successive administrations in Nigeria have expended several efforts on housing delivery through either the traditional (TRD), or public-private partnership (PPP) procurement route among others. Considering the relationship between housing demand and supply, there is no record of meaningful achievements due to several factors. This study explored the factors affecting the cost performance of TRD and PPP with a view to enhance their performance. Eighty questionnaires retrieved from two sets of respondents were analysed on housing project at Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria. Mean score and Mann-Whitney test were used to assess the influence of these factors, and test the significance of the difference between the views of both set of respondents. The study revealed that economic conditions, unforeseen ground conditions and cash flow/finance as the key factors influencing TRD, while fluctuation in prices of materials, late delivery of materials, and economic conditions are the key factors influencing PPP.

Stakeholders’ influence on construction project is of great importance in any sustainable construction development. This study presents the assessment of the influence of stakeholder’s contribution on sustainable building construction, with a view to ascertaining the respective role of stakeholders on construction projects. Data obtained for the study were, through well-structured questionnaires distributed to professionals in construction industry. Out of the eighty-six (86) questionnaires that was administered, seventy-three (73) questionnaires were collected and analysed using Mean Item Score (MIS). The data were analysed and presented with tables, considering the influences of different stakeholders at different stages of construction stages, Mean Item Scores (MIS) was used to rank the divers’ influences that stakeholders can have on a project. The results show that Government authorities were highly ranked for the pre-construction stage. For the construction stage, stakeholders have the highest dominant role in the construction stage. It was therefore concluded that the general public ranked the highest influence in the post construction stage.

Despite its significant contribution regarding employment in South Africa, women remain severely underrepresented in the construction industry. Men have become the primary beneficiaries of these job opportunities and the determinants of the construction industry’s culture. This extreme gender stratification and macho nature of construction work has been identified as one of the main obstacles influencing women’s career decisions and forms the basis for their significantly low participation in the construction industry. This study explores female students’ perceptions and experiences of gendered cultures in male-dominated spaces, such as the construction workplace. The study adopted a quantitative descriptive survey design. Thirty-five purposively sampled female students, across different levels of study, completed a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The samples were drawn from student cohorts enrolled in the construction studies; civil engineering, property development, land surveying and civil engineering program. Responses were that a majority of the students experienced consistent masculine gendered cultures or practices at their workplaces. The experiences presented in the study could be adapted to promote and enhance the inclusiveness of all genders. The study is a reflection of female students’ memoirs of experiences at the workplace. The sample is drawn from only one university in South Africa and is not confirmed as a representation of women employed in the construction profession in South Africa.

The execution of construction projects involves cost other than that of production, erecting and putting in place structures; usually this is as a result of economic exchange. Optimization of construction project transaction cost is a much desired eventuality mostly on the part of owners of construction projects. Hence, construction project transaction cost is a vital anchorage in the deliberations of project success. This study sets out to examine the influencing factors of construction project transaction costs with Lagos state, Nigeria as the research area. Responses were gotten from construction professionals through the use of questionnaire survey with three hundred and thirty-seven distributed and two hundred and sixty-four retrieved and was fit for analysis. Mean Item Score, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Student Newman Kaul (SNK) Post-Hoc Test were adopted for analysis of obtained data. Findings from the study revealed that the major influencing factors of construction project transaction costs are Leadership, Quality of decision making and Competition between bidders. Equally, factor analysis revealed four underlying constructs which are Client’s behavioral traits, Contractor’s behavioral traits, Managerial skills and Project characteristics. The hypothesis of the study was subjected to a test; the result revealed that there is a significant difference in professionals’ perceived influencing factors of construction project transaction costs. The study concluded by asserting the need for collaborators of construction project execution to as a matter of necessity ensure that actions and inactions depicted through the course of administering construction projects should be geared towards the optimization of transaction costs.

The construction industry has generally been labelled as rigid and slow in its response to change. This is not unconnected with certain features of construction products such as their project-based nature, multiple-stakeholders and professionals, and lengthy processes involved in the construction supply chain. The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) presents another moment of change in the global business arena and is dynamically influencing different organisations and their strategic positioning. There is evidence that leadership drives the change agenda. However, scholars also suggest that construction business leaders are unhurried in their pace, strategic decisions and flexibility. This study employed a systematic literature review in identifying the leadership traits, style and intelligence required for construction leaders to lead effectively in the 4IR. The leadership framework developed gives an indication as to the practical implications of 4IR for construction business leaders and concludes that a combination of factors will lead to leadership effectiveness and high levels of 4IR implementation.

Safety and security management of tertiary institutions have become a global concern. Studies show that the safety of student housing facilities (SHFs) are not giving the necessary attention in tertiary institutions. The neglect of the safety aspects of SHF exposes students to several risk and dangers such as accidents, theft, fire outbreak, sexual harassment, assault and, worse of all, death. Consequently, the paper investigates students’ perception about the level of provision of security and fire safety measures and their satisfaction level with the performance/functionality of those measures in a post-graduate on-campus SHF. The study is exploratory in nature. The methodology used for the study is mixed method. Data was collected from students who are registered member of the residence through a closed-ended questionnaire and personal observation was carried out by the researchers to validate the result. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. The results obtained revealed that measures such as: water sprinkler system, and smoke extractor were not provided in the SHF, while measures including fire extinguisher, fire assembly point and fire alarm were poorly provided. Other risk factors identified include: absence of CCTV, lack of weapon detector and poor access control. It is evident that students demonstrate a high level of dissatisfaction with the provision and performance level of security and fire safety measures at their residence.

The construction sector plays a significant role in the economy through the provision of constructed space for productive activities. The process of executing projects in the construction sector is labor intensive and often workers need to work for long hours. Evidence found in literature shows that family conflict, emotional exhaustion and job dissatisfaction are prevalent in the construction sector. These problems have negative impact on organization and project performance. Previous studies have shown that the adoption work-life balance practices lead to significant improvements in organizational performance. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the level of adoption of work-life balance practices among construction firms in Swaziland. Questionnaire survey approach was utilized in the current study. It was revealed that a large majority of the respondents are aware of work-life balance practices. Also, leave (causal, parental [paternity/maternity], and study) and wellness programs are the most commonly used work-life practices. However, work from home and part-time work are the least used. The findings of this study shed more light on the current work-balance practices in the construction sector of Swaziland. Further research is required to understand the link between work-life balance and job satisfaction.

The ageing workforce is a significant problem affecting the construction sector in many countries. The increase in the average age of workers reduces the predictability of the outcome of construction projects. Existing literature suggests that ageing construction workforce has a significant negative impact on labor productivity and safety at construction sites and could lead to poor outcomes of construction projects. A substantial body of knowledge indicates that young people need to be attracted to the construction sector as an effective replacement of its ageing workforce. However, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature focused on this problem is lacking. A narrative literature review was conducted to examine the current state of knowledge on factors influencing career choice of young people. The findings indicate that family, salary and quality of career advice are the most common factors influencing career choice among young people. The articles selected for review were those published in academic journals. Based on the review, the directions for future research were proposed.

This paper aim to examine the relevance of construction project risk manager’s competencies to quantity surveying practice in Nigeria and developing countries with a view to improving the overall performance and competencies of quantity surveyors in the construction industries. The study adopt a survey design and construction professionals in Edo State. Nigeria were assessed using convenience sampling with the aid of structure questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, mean score, sample t-test and factor analysis were used to analyse the data gathered, It was revealed that the knowledge of risk management by construction professionals and their involvement in risk management program were quite high, findings reveals that the areas of competencies of project risk managers were found to be highly relevant to quantity surveying practice. Among these areas, include the ability to draft contract agreement, effective human resource management, organization of financial operation, ability to present and write report, preparation of claims and litigation.

Countries have used their public procurement systems, as a policy tool to grow their indigene construction industry by reviewing sections that are not favourable to the local construction firms. Ghanaian public procurement systems have gone through various reforms to date. This study, therefore, investigated the challenges faced by the local construction industry concerning the public procurement systems in Ghana. The qualitative research approach was used for this study. A structured survey questionnaire made up of closed and open-ended were distributed to randomly selected 65 construction firms registered and operating from Accra; of which 36 of them responded. Data received were analyzed by using content analysis method whereby similar responses were grouped together and sorted in terms of their frequencies and magnitude. The findings indicate that the local construction firms have major issues with the public procurement systems, some of which include; funding, bribery and corruption, foreign competition, lack of capacity to tender for some project, payment delays, cumbersome tender process, sole sourcing, and political influence. The implication is that the procurement systems in Ghana are still having major challenges in addressing issues faced by the local construction thereby limiting their growth. The limitation of this study is that primary data were solicited from only construction firms operating from Accra. It is therefore recommended that government of Ghana should institute measures such as local content policy, prompt payment, skill development and encourage joint venture to address these concerns in order to achieve the domestication and Ghana without aid policy in the near future.

The paper assessed the exhibited mentoring practices in construction consulting firms with a view to maintaining high skill work force that can sustain the competitive advantage of these firms in the construction industry. The involvement and role of professionals in mentoring relationships, as well as the exhibited mentoring practices in professional firms within the built environment were assessed through a survey design. Structured questionnaire was used to survey quantity surveying firms from Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. Percentage, Mean Item Score and one-sample t-test were used in the analysis of the gathered data. The study reveals a good level of involvement in mentoring practices among construction professionals in the firms. However, some construction professionals are not sure of their participation in mentoring relationships. The study also revealed the mentoring practices exhibited in construction professional firms and the practices that are not exhibited. The findings show the exhibited mentoring practices in construction professional firms as well as recommendations for maintaining high skill work force and sustain the competitive advantage of the construction professional firms within the country. This paper highlights the exhibited mentoring practices in professional firms in the Nigerian construction industry and made known the practices that are not exhibited. This practices when exhibited will help in the proper psychosocial and career development of protégées in the industry.

The exact nature of communication among the BIM supply chain members and the significant influence of BIM process requirements on the nature of communication among the BIM supply chain members is yet to be understood. This study explores the influences of BIM process requirements on the nature of the communication process among the BIM supply chain members. The study employed a Meta-Analysis methodology for interpreting the concepts of network communication in BIM supply chain, and for developing the conceptual model. Results indicated that the two dimensions of network communication (mixed communication and structured communication) showed consistent relations with network communication. The findings provide empirical insights into the nature of network communication and highlight the importance of communication channels, communication protocols and platforms, and structured e-meeting in BIM supply chain within collaborative working processes among the supply chain stakeholders.

The traditional construction project performance indicators are no longer the sole determinant of the performance of construction projects, firms, and actors because other construction performance indicators and factors such as Building Information Modelling are increasingly becoming important and relevant. This paper identifies a comprehensive set of construction project performance indicators, and it establishes a new, integrated, model for evaluating construction performance. The model uses ten types of performance indicators and four types of performance factors for Building Information Modelling-based construction projects. The result of the study is a set of comprehensive construction project performance indicators that are useful in enhancing the performance of construction firms, projects, and actors. The paper concludes with recommendations for the development of relative weightings and measurement models for the indicators and the development of measurement models for the various components of construction project performance indicators and Building Information Modelling performance indicators in future studies.

The underrepresentation of women in South Africa’s construction industry has not improved over the past decade despite the increase of the graduation of females in the university’s faculty of the built environment. This study investigates the career decisions made by graduating female students based on their perceptions of the construction industry, and how their long-term career decision affects the underrepresentation of women therein. This pilot study used an online questionnaire distributed to female students registered for BSc Honours in Quantity Surveying at a university in South Africa. The pilot study was extended with interviews conducted with recent QS graduates. The findings from the study report on the factors that motivated female students and recent graduates to study a QS degree, the challenges experienced during their studies, and how the experienced challenges influence their long-term career decisions. To sustain the industry’s business development and growth, graduating female students need to be attracted and retained by the construction industry.

Construction projects constitute a complex set of activities and engagement of stakeholders. The activities and stakeholders are interlinked often in a non-linear way. Therefore, it becomes difficult to comprehend and analyse the challenges of construction projects adequately and evolve apposite policy or strategic interventions to meet these challenges. Applied Systems Analysis (ASA) is argued to be one of the methods by which the construction related challenges can be comprehended and analysed. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to provide a methodological approach of how ASA and System Dynamics modelling approach can be employed to examine the challenges in construction projects, and understand the mechanisms that cause construction challenges based on the non-linear causal feedback relationships, and to evolve policy interventions to meet the challenges in construction projects. The study was relied on literature review and case studies on how ASA has been applied on various aspects of construction projects. The paper is expected to contribute to the methodological approaches to analyse the challenges in construction projects and also assist the project and construction mangers in practice to comprehend the challenges and take remedial actions.

Land administration system plays a major role in legalising improvements outside the formal system through legislation and other measures. Hence, the study investigates the effects of land administration on existing RDP houses in South Africa. A quantitative approach was adopted. Structured questionnaires were designed and distributed to department of housing and to RDP home owners. 60 Questionnaires were distributed and 50 came back complete and eligible to used, this represented 83.3% of response rate. The findings on the effects of land administration were conflict among the owners and government, poor government planning, some of the properties are not evaluated, poor government record keeping on change of ownership, were some of the effects obtained from the study. Land management is a principal component of any country’s administrative portfolios. Hence, land administration is a crucial procedure of governing land tenure, valuation of land, rights on land and development of land in order to formulate appropriate regulatory policies. The study will motivate that RDP houses must be valuated and registered so that beneficiaries could have title deeds. Also the beneficiaries would benefit from the study by knowing the land rights so they can value and appreciate it.

This paper assessed the level of awareness of the prerequisites for green building development among built industry professionals in South-West Nigeria. Data was collected using the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v4. The LEED v4 Project checklist for New Construction and Major Renovation was adapted on a 5 point Likert’s scale. The methods for the data analysis included the Mean Item Score (MIS) and the Kruskal Wallis H Test. The Kruskal Wallis H Test showed no statistically significant difference in the level of awareness of the prerequisites. The paper concluded that there is no significant difference in the level of awareness of the prerequisites for green building development among the built industry professionals in the study area. The study recommended the need for professional bodies to propagate the principles of green building for adequate skill development among their members.

The construction industry is hazardous and dirty. Automation and robotics in construction (ARC) were introduced to execute tasks that are difficult for humans and to reduce the number of incidents on construction sites. This study discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of the use of ARC in the South African construction industry. A narrative literature review was conducted. Given that the construction industry is a wide concept, that includes amongst others; materials, processes and site activities, the study only considers the use of ARC as it relates to site activities in South Africa. In spite of the many advantages that ARC has to offer the South African construction industry, ARC is yet to be widely adopted in South Africa. ARC can potentially reduce the number of fatalities and improve efficiency and productivity on site. However, high costs of adoption and the loss of jobs are some of the factors that are hindering adoption. The construction industry in South Africa needs structural changes in order to benefit from the use of ARC. The results of the study will benefit stakeholders in the construction industry in South Africa, particularly construction companies and the government.

South African Real Estate Investment Trusts (SA REIT) is prominent and favorable to other emerging markets, since inception the returns on investments have increased with a market capitalization of R400 billion in 2018 as compared to other markets globally. South Africa (SA) has the most advanced Corporate Governance (CG) mechanism, thus contributions to literature on CG has become vital; any collapse of South Africa’s CG mechanism has far dire impact beyond the African continent to the rest of the world. For analysis, the Generalised Method of Moments is in use. The data is source from McGregor. The study period is from 2008 to 2017. Results proved that CGI has a positive but statistically insignificant increase on SA-REIT performance.

The Lagos Mega City witnessed a breakdown of refuse upstream evacuation mechanism more than ever before. New and sustainable approach needs to be found for improvement, in the face of looming environmental health hazards. This study examines public policy on solid waste management in Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) enabling law, 2007 and explores human and technological resources available for a sustainable operation. It also utilises interviews with refuse evacuation stake holders; the waste-cart pushers and survey on households to appraise the current state of refuse management. The study discovers a massive displacement of grass-root mechanisms which could have been harnessed for effective waste evacuation. It also finds that scale of plant was underutilised and wrongly applied, resulting in inefficiency of Private Sector Participation (PSP) refuse collectors. The study recommends a restructuring of the evacuation mechanisms through means of the ‘refuse sale’ approach on three major levels.

Building regulation is considered as a remarkable means for ensuring orderly and sustainable development. Unfortunately, it has become a fault line and an elusive tool for developing countries. In Ghana, the chronic collapse of buildings, haphazard developments and increased number of defective buildings are signs of weaknesses in the enforcement of building controls. Based on the perspective of architects, the study seeks to confirm the key factors that accounts for the laxity in enforcement process and the potential use of smart building regulations to improve the system. Architects present during the Annual General Meeting of architects in Ghana were purposively sampled to answer survey questionnaires. Based on response from 86 architects, institutional factors; Inefficient and Insufficient Staff, Corruption and Absence of Public-Private Partnership were established as key factors that impacts negatively on enforcement of building regulations. The study recommends the use of smart approaches for effective building controls in Ghana.

There exists a phenomenon whereby “affordable housing” developed by the private sector has become unaffordable. The advancements of the 4th Industrial Revolution, namely Green Building Technology (GBT), provides a possible solution to making rental housing in the gap market more affordable by reducing the tenant’s utility bills. The paper uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to determine: Various GBT’s that can be used; if the Green Building (GB) tenant benefits financially; benefits and barriers for the developer. The findings showed that the incorporation of GBTs can indeed reduce the tenants housing expenditure. The paper makes a strong case for the private sector to build green affordable housing and has found many benefits that enhance the feasibility of such development. These include: increased property value; lower tenant turnover; tax benefits; reduced operating costs among others. The development of Green Buildings should become standard practice as we enter the 4th Industrial Revolution.

Adequate functionality and utilization of transportation infrastructure is critical to national development of a country. In view of this, South Africa’s National Development Plan is set out to ensure that all transport facilities are functional and utilized by 2030. However, stakeholders reject some public transportation infrastructure projects or facilities across the nation thereby causing traffic and economic growth related problems. This paper has examined the geometric parameters of Mangaung Intermodal Transport Facility and the influence of planning and design factors on stakeholders’ acceptance of public transport infrastructure. Physical observations and measurements of geometric parameters of case study facility as well as stakeholders’ interview are used to obtain geometric parameters and stakeholders opinions. The geometric parameters are analysed using relevant empirical models while content analysis is used to understand the various interviews conducted. The results show that minimum turning radii, driveway width, parking bays size, proximity to trip ends, community need for a transport facility and parking facility size are function of stakeholders’ acceptance.

Purpose - The study evaluates the impact of emerging contractors’ failure to secure contracts from the tender market as part of the Western Cape’s Contractors Development programme (CDP). Design - The study adopted a quantitative research method, the study targeted emerging contractors in the Western Cape. The data was collected by using a questionnaire survey with closed-ended questions and was distributed to the population of 16 emerging contractors with CIDB grade 3 and 5. The descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the study. Findings - The study has found that skills deficiency as the main reason for emerging contractors’ failure to secure contracts from the tender market. The findings have further revealed among others emerging contractors are unable to tender, interpret construction drawings, plan, estimate and enter into negotiations. Conclusion - Emerging contractors on the Western Cape’s CDP programme encounter difficulties to secure contracts from the tender market owing to their skills deficiency. This situation if further compounded by the fact that the Western Cape CDP has not set aside contracts for training purposes. Practical implications - The Western Cape CDP should review its policy with regards to training projects, contractors struggle to secure tenders from the tender market. The Western Cape CDP should not maintain the current status quo with regards to training projects otherwise it runs a risk of contractors not able to complete the mentorship programme.

The construction industry is becoming increasingly complex, including the aspects that deal with communication. Subsequently, financial reports generated during the project delivery process are also becoming more complex and thus harder to comprehend. The purpose of this study to explore financial communication in quantity surveying practice, with a view to understanding their role, the financial communication emanating from them, guidelines for successful financial communication, and determining a reliable quality test for such financial communication. A systematic literature review was done on financial communication, readability tests for financial communication and financial communication in quantity surveying practice. The main limitation of the study is that it is based on a preliminary literature review. However results indicate certain requirements for accurate readability tests on financial communication including Plain English guidelines and the Gunning Fog Index test for textual components, while also taking standard construction terms into account, where there could be more than three syllables. The readability and legibility model has four main categories for optimisation of a document, each of which has elements that need perfecting in order to create transparent, efficient and effective financial communication. The implication of this research is that in the face of noted problems with financial communication from Quantity Surveyors, there is need to explore the quality of such information, and to determine the existence, if any, and the use of relevant quality assurance systems in their communication.

The no-consensus nature of literature on measuring information asymmetry as it affects the pricing of stocks is fast becoming topical. The paper examines the level of information asymmetry associated with the pricing of 37 real estate investment trusts (SAREITs) over the last ten (10) years (2008–2018). Based on an exhaustive search and yield of unbalanced data from the price section of the I-NET (BFA) McGreggor database, the daily closing and opening price data were of 17 listed REITs were retrieved. The ordinary least square regression (OLS) model was adopted in a bid to test the relationship between information asymmetry other variables. These variables including cumulative bid-ask spread, price volatility, firm size and trading volume of 17 SAREITs (due to availability of relevant data) were controlled and regressed. Findings revealed that SAREITs have a low level of information asymmetry. This suggests that investors are able to make optimum investment decisions.

The frequent occupational hazards experienced within the construction industry is responsible for construction professionals having high exposure to occupational hazards than other occupations. The high incidence of hazards is related to the weak monitoring of construction activities on site. Towards improving the construction safety this study proposes the merging of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) with mobile technology for monitoring construction professionals on site. Thus, this study appraises the barriers to the adoption of RFID and mobile technology for construction safety in South Africa. A random sampling method was used for administering the questionnaire to construction professionals in Gauteng Province South Africa. The data were analysed with SPSS V 24, using, mean score and frequency distribution. The findings from the study revealed that the adoption of RFID and mobile technology is hindered by the cost of procuring and low technical ability. The study contributes to establishing a proactive approach for construction safety management in South Africa.

Construction industry is slow to innovate and adopt new technology. Construction innovation can be disruptive or enabling, depending on the organizational culture of construction enterprises. Since organizational culture shapes business practices, there is the need to understand the implications of organizational culture on innovation adoption. The aim of this conceptual study is to recommend the organizational culture type for construction innovation adoption in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). The methodology includes the interpretivism research philosophy, inductive research approach, and qualitative research methodological choice. Using the integrative literature review, qualitative/textual data were gathered on the dimensions of Industry 4.0, organizational culture types, and the dominant organizational culture types among construction enterprises in eleven countries. The findings include the need to manage change in the digitalization of processes and products involved in construction activities’ value co-creation. The adhocracy culture is recommended as best supporting innovation adoption in the rapidly diffusing era of Industry 4.0. This could be subjective; hence, a limitation and theoretical implication for a future empirical study to validate.

The increasing gap between academia and industry is of concern. In engineering, universities are introducing simulation studies into their construction management (CM) curricula for context-based simulated experience for graduating candidates. Consequently, this study investigated the important CM graduate skills and attributes as a basis for CM simulation course design. The methodology adopted a longitudinal study of two cohorts of CM graduates using semi-structured online questionnaire, consisting of 30 literature-informed CM graduate skills and attributes. The average response rate was 78%. Descriptive data analysis was used to categorize the CM graduate skills and attributes into criticality zones based on mean scores (minor = 0 to 2.50; moderate = > 2.50 to 3.75; and major = > 3.75 to 5.00). Wilcoxon rank sum test proved that the two cohorts were equal. Planning and controlling, time management, communication and leadership skills were ranked highest while environmental awareness, research and statistical analysis as well as marketing and entrepreneurship skills were ranked lowest by both cohorts. While the increasing need for soft or non-technical skills is supported, implications for CM education include the need for more problem-oriented nested learning activities, creating the opportunities to test solutions much more practically, and industry-academia collaboration in the design and assessment of simulated tasks.

Selecting a competent contractor is a yardstick for sustainable project delivery. It ensures the project is completed within time, cost and quality standard. This study assesses the procedure of Nigeria’s public procurement Act of 2007 and identifies the frequency of use of prequalification criteria. The research is both exploratory and quantitative in nature. The population for the quantitative study was public clients and consulting organization. Stratified random sampling technique was used. The sample size was calculated using Cochran formula. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed using Cochran formula to generate the sample size. From the sample size calculated, 196 were from consulting firms and 31 from public clients’ organization. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 21st version was used to analyse the data using frequency, percentage, relative importance index (RII) and t-test. There was an agreement between public clients’ and consultant organisation on the frequency of use of contractors’ prequalification criteria. In conclusion, it is important to consider the method of procurement, size of the project and complexity of the project to ensure the optimum balance of experience, positive references, working chemistry and teamwork.

Efforts of the lean construction could prove to be highly worthwhile for the South African construction sector. Evidently exposed continuous poor performance of projects exhibit that the concept of lean thinking would push the construction industry’s pursuit to advance quality and efficiency. While numerous countries internationally gained large benefits by adopting Lean Construction (LC) concepts, there still seems to be inadequate application of lean in South African construction industry, over the last two decades. A number of structural and cultural barriers appear to be militating against the successful implementation of lean construction. By not recognizing the factors that contribute to the successful application of LC, organizations will not be able to know what improvement efforts need to be made, where these efforts should be focused, or which efforts could obtain best results. For this reason, this study sought to identify and assess the possible barriers to the successful implementation of LC in South Africa. Grounded on a systematic literature review, followed by semi-structured interviews with Lean experts in the country, a number of barriers were acknowledged as significant barriers. Further investigation discovered that policy changes and cultural change are some of the barriers exposed as significant. The results of this study could be employed to help researchers, practitioners and companies in South African construction industry to focus their attention and resources on the significant issues, crucial to support the successful implementation of LC.

This research looked at the barriers Higher Education Institutions face in changing their procurement practices. Since the South African Construction Industry tends to be laggard in terms of any change, the research assumed that barriers to procurement change would be linked to the barriers faced in the adoption of I4.0. These barriers would help determine the preparedness for I4.0 adoption. Qualitative research using semi-structured interviews was conducted with senior management in Facilities Management Departments in HEIs. Using thematic analysis, findings suggest that the identified barriers to I4.0 preparedness include lack of management buy in, slow pace of change, big data and human capital. It was concluded that a best value approach is a necessary prerequisite to any possible changes. A more proactive approach to change and a willingness to put learning and effort into understanding what change means/entails will result in a smoother change process for HEIs.

The performance of labour is one of the factors that contribute to the success of the construction project. Labour productivity alone has been ascribed the sole measure of poor project performance without an examination of factors giving rise to this claim. Furthermore, there is limited research that examines the primary factors affecting labour productivity in the context of South African construction industry. This study examines the contextual factors affecting labour productivity on construction projects and whether there are key factors that impact on labour productivity on construction projects. The aim of this study will be achieved through a review of literature pertinent to contextual factors impacting labour productivity on construction projects. Additionally, a distribution of a questionnaire survey to construction companies listed on the cidb Register of Contractors in the grades 2–6. It emerged from the study of extant literature that delays in delivery of material, inspection delays from engineers, change orders from designers/consultants, lack of experience amongst workers and mismanagement of resources on site, critically and negatively impact on labour productivity on construction projects. This examination of contextual factors that affect labour productivity provides necessary information for use by construction organisations in implementing measures to properly address issues pertaining to poor labour productivity on construction projects. Based on these findings, the study recommends that construction organisations create a database that clusters contextual factors per region/location of the project. This is to ensure that the critical factors such as inadequate supervision and remuneration disputes that impact on the performance of labour are addressed, while those that are out of the organisation’s control such as shortage of materials and industrial action are planned for at the pre-construction phase of the project. Further studies that investigate the contextual factors impacting on labour productivity, using empirical data is recommended.

Previous studies identify political risk factors as significant to the poor performance of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts in general. This study therefore aimed at developing a simplified approach to manage this category of risk factors. Quantitative data were obtained using a structured questionnaire which was self-administered to 5 architects, 7 quantity surveyors, 12 engineers, 1 lawyer, 1 economist/financial manager/banker and 8 builders involved at the design, procurement, financing, construction, and project management of PPP projects in Lagos State, Nigeria. The respondents were selected using a respondent driven sampling (RDS) approach. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Key findings include that corruption and exchange rate policy were the most frequently occurring risk factors with indices of 0.806 and 0.748 respectively. Moreover, strict implementation of anti-corruption and transparency together with appropriate use of financial instruments were the appropriate mitigation measures. The study highlights implications for managing political risk factors associated with PPP projects that could guide investment decisions in infrastructure development by the private sector in developing countries.

Leadership succession is vital for the construction industry, and now, with the generation z and baby boomers entering the age of retirement, the industry must place greater endeavour in planning for succession amongst the current workforce. The study aimed to establish the influence of different succession planning factors on leadership development in the construction industry. The study adopted the Delphi survey system of data collection to examine the study objective. Delphi experts (Construction specialists and researchers) were engendered from peer-reviewed conference proceedings and the South African construction industry professionals’ database. The evaluation of different succession planning factors was done by identifying the influence of each succession factor on leadership development; these factors were measured between no influence and very high influence. Data collected were analysed using mean item score and interquartile deviation. Of the different succession planning attributes evaluated, ability to understand organisational long term vision had a high influence on developing succession planning attributes for leadership development in the construction industry. The article contributes to the frame of knowledge on leadership development and succession planning in the construction industry.

There is a great deal of interest in occupational health and safety (OHS) in the infrastructure sector of most developing countries. A lot has been said about how dangerous the infrastructure sector is on OHS. Given the poor record of OHS in the infrastructure sector, it is of interest to understand how this affects economic growth. This paper employs a descriptive analysis of data collected using a structured questionnaire to examine how OHS impacts on economic growth. The impact has been measured in terms of the degree of satisfaction of customers’ needs in terms of budget. The use of the SERVQUAL model in the analysis of the results reveal that OHS has a positive impact on project delivery. This can be construed to mean that the implementation of OHS in the infrastructure sector has a potential to positively influence GDP growth in developing countries.

This paper used a combination of theoretical concepts, literature review and real-life survey to establish the need for a global and aggressive adoption of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as sustainable means of water supply and flood control. The ideas presented in this paper were aimed at making RWH systems an integral part of building conception and design as well as enshrining compulsory RWH in national building codes. In areas of adequate rainfall, RWH can supply up to 100% of domestic water needs of bungalow dwellers. Non-reactive roofs such as aluminium roofing sheets were found to be more suitable for RHW than asbestos, galvanized roofing sheets and concrete roofs. RWH can be made more sustainable and cost-effective by using mass balance and optimization methods for providing adequate storage for harvested water. Simple point-of-use treatment methods such WaterGuard® and Purifier of Water® can be used to render harvested water potable.

Construction Industry in Nigeria has since required a disruptive technology to change its construction business and improve its capabilities and productivity. As an on-going research (PhD work) to developing a strategy for an effective Building Information Modelling (BIM) adoption in Nigeria, a macro-BIM adoption study was carried out to establish BIM maturity within the Nigerian construction market. Online questionnaire was used as tool for data collection from the professional stakeholders in the industry. In the process to formulate a National BIM Roadmap, five conceptual macro-BIM maturity models were utilized. The models’ findings act as a guide in developing a national BIM adoption policy. The five applied models helped classify the macro maturity components and the key policies’ deliverables that must be addressed within both the initiation and consultation phases of proposing the Nigerian BIM roadmap. The results established positive progress in awareness and adoption level compared to the 2017 survey. Recommendations are made based on the study findings as to advance into policy development.

Among the numerous factors that affect sustainable housing delivery is the inappropriate selection of building materials. It is significant to know the kind of building material to been used in a specific application, it is essential to know the measures to be taken for choosing such materials. Therefore, for a sustainable urban future and to avoid ecological loss, it is vital to choose materials wisely. Quantitative research approach was adopted to ascertain factor to consider in the selection of building materials for sustainable affordable housing. Construction stakeholders and site contractors are the selected sample to represent the population for the purpose of this study. The findings show the factor to be considered in the selection of sustainable building materials under the sustainability categorised are maintenance cost, health and safety, energy consumption, maintainability and expectancy of material. The identified factors to be considered in the selection of building materials if effectively considered, this would allow construction stakeholders to verify that the building production processes abide by the principles of sustainability from the early stage of building.

Every year, millions of people around the world die due to construction works related accidents. For this reason, this study evaluates adherence of construction organisations to health and safety practices while executing construction projects on site with a view to improving compliance with existing policies. The study was done by distributing well-structured questionnaires to external and in-house construction professionals who have been involved in ongoing construction projects at the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Percentile and mean item score were used to analyse the retrieved data. Results indicates that the usage of health and safety tools is very low by the construction firms because 12 out of 20 identified health and safety tools have mean scores below average. The study concluded that construction professionals are highly aware of health and safety regulations in the study area. The study recommended that a regulatory body to oversee enforcement of adherence to health and safety policies should be commissioned and empowered by the government.

The quantity surveying profession has once been defined as a profession on the brink, prompting quantity surveyors to reinvent themselves by adopting services outside their professional domain. One of the services they adopted was Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods, one of them being Arbitration. However, it is of concern that most quantity surveyors do not provide Arbitration as an additional service. This gives rise to the importance of the study. The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge and competency level of quantity surveyors regarding arbitration as a plausible cause for the limited number of quantity surveyors providing arbitration as an additional professional service. By making use of questionnaires, the researcher investigated whether the knowledge and competency level were not the cause of the small number of quantity surveyors who are arbitrators.

Different perceptions concerning the value of urban open spaces have created value conflicts in terms of the quest for sustainable neighbourhoods. These value conflicts negate the ability of planners to achieve planning objectives. Addressing the increasing incidence of value conflict management has become imperative for urban open space sustenance. As such, this study seeks to contribute to filling this gap through an exploration of the diverse perceptions of different urban stakeholders as it pertains to the value of urban open spaces in Mangaung Township, Free State Province. A qualitative case study research design is utilized in the study. The accruing data was analyzed using Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA). Findings indicate that urban stakeholders have different perceptions concerning the value of urban open spaces like economic, environmental and social values respectively. These findings have considerable implications for practitioners within the urban planning and socio-economic development praxes in the Municipality and beyond.

The construction industry has acquired a reputation for product delivery without consideration for associated services. This dissatisfaction of clients due to the non-functionality of such products has led to a clamour for the adoption of servitization. Servitization entails a transition from selling products to offering products that are blended with services to add value to the end-user. This study explores probable challenges associated with the adoption of servitization within the construction industry based on lessons learnt from the manufacturing sector. A systematic review of the servitization literature was conducted. The literature selection was predicated on a set of keywords from various databases. These articles were analyzed using qualitative content analysis based on pre-selected themes. Results indicate that poor communication flow and nature of contractual arrangements which foster further fragmentation as well as lack of clear service-orientated strategies posed as probable barriers to the adoption of servitization in the construction industry.

South Africa is a developing country and there are many construction projects that are underway. This study aims to contribute to the resolutions on the management of mega projects, since previous studies indicated that there are many failures in the construction of mega projects. The study was based in 3 provinces in South Africa which are KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and Western Cape. A mixed method research approach incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study to collect empirical data from stakeholders working on mega projects. The sample frame consist professionals such as the project managers, architects, quantity surveyors, foremen and site agents. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and focused on individual interviews. A total of ninety-two questionnaire were analysed for this study. The study established that there are management issues that contribute to the success of the mega projects such as the lack of stakeholder engagement, poor plant management, and poor public participation. The paper recommends that in order for mega projects to be successful, stakeholder decisions must mitigate turnaround time on taking decisions for a project. Also, sound decisions must be taken for mega project success. It is recommended that regular plant schedule checking is done on a daily basis and proper plant checking must be done daily, prior to plant operation.

Implementing a suitable plan, design and management strategy is critical to the success of a project. Project delivery challenges encountered within the built-environment is a global phenomenon. Factors causing project delivery challenges in construction projects differ between countries, due to various fundamental reasons. The aim of the study is to assess lack of performance and its effects on project delivery for construction infrastructure projects with reference to Umgeni Water. The study was conducted at Umgeni Water, Pietermaritzburg in Kwazulu-Natal. Respondents for the study were Project Managers, Civil Engineers, Planning Engineers, Quantity Surveyors, Servitude Administrators and Environmental Project Managers. A non-probability sampling technique was employed in the selection of samples. A total of twenty three questionnaires were analysed for the study, Descriptive statistic was employed for the analysis. Findings revealed that insufficient planning and designing, and a weak project management approach endorsed and implemented by the project manager influence project success at Umgeni Water. This implies the need for the study to pursue strategies that will improve project and service delivery at Umgeni Water. Recommendations include that attention should be given to implementing a workable project delivery plan and management approach that will result in a better understanding and successful delivery of a project.

The aim of this research is to explore the quality management methods adopted by contractors in fast-track construction projects by identifying the challenges experienced by the contractors and how these challenges are mitigated. To achieve the study objectives, a qualitative case study research design was applied using the narratives, in form of interviews, extracted from the contractors, clerk of works, quantity surveyors and project managers. The case studies were from projects in East London, Queenstown and Aliwal North in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The findings from the study suggest that majority of those interviewed have an understanding of the concept of fast-track construction. The study also discovered that the most essential quality management methods adopted by contractors in fast-track construction were checklist, design-build, schedule compression technique, quality control plan, and Plan-Do-Act-Check methods. The study concludes that the fast-track construction approach can aid construction projects to be completed on time without jeopardising the quality standard. However, the contractors need to be meticulous in the application of the fast-track construction approach considering the challenges inherent therein.

The potential for reductions in carbon emissions in the built environment is significant. However, unlocking the potential presents a problem. To better comprehend the problem and advance solutions, a desktop case-study research design on retrofits was adopted to generate textual data. The textual data were analysed. These reveal different innovative and proactive tools required to attain efficiency in the delivery of building energy retrofit projects (BERP). The study unravels the retrofit features of the project, recorded challenges, and lessons learnt from each of the project. Subsequently, a literal replication of the study were carried out and the result shows that no single BER projects are the same in terms of delivery due to many factors such as age, use, materials, thermal mass, location, orientation and occupancy as the study suggested. The research concludes with a motivation for socio-technical approach to retrofitting exercise.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is gaining traction in the construction industry. UAVs are used to address productivity, inspection and safety matters. This paper presents a conceptual framework that would help to deploy UAVs on construction sites for safety inspection purposes. The paper was compiled from the data obtained in the literature. The keywords unmanned aerial vehicles and safety in construction were used to search the relevant database. The findings reveal that the use of UAVs would help the construction professionals improve safety on construction sites through the capturing of visual images and video clips on the site project from a bird’s eye view. The collected data (images or video clips) could be analyzed to identify risks and hazards that might cause accidents on construction sites. There is major scope for using UAVs to improve construction safety when appropriate guidelines are implemented.

The advent of the fourth industrial revolution has disrupted the channel of communication within the construction industry especially at the pre-contract phase of a construction project. Thus, this study investigated the communication channel adopted at the pre-contract phase of a construction project in Nigeria. The study adopted random sampling from collecting data from construction professionals in South West of Nigeria. A total of 480 questionnaires was distributed to the respondents and used for the analysis. The questionnaire was analysed using SPSS V 20 using the mean item score. The findings from the analysis show that the communication channel adopted by the construction professionals consists of print, face to face and electronic media. The study discovered that the fourth industrial revolution has not disrupted the communication practice in Nigeria as the print media remains the predominant channel of communication.

Clients who plan to build their own homes are not fully aware of all the roles played by professional consultants during construction projects. The problem exists that many negative consequences with regard to cost, time and quality performance arise on self-build residential construction projects where a principal agent is not appointed by the client. The purpose of this study is to determine the necessary roles of a quantity surveyor serving as principal agent on residential construction projects; and subsequently establishing the possible implications of only using a building contractor to execute and manage such projects.The research design is based on a case study that involved three residential construction projects in Bloemfontein, Free State. The data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders involved in these projects, with a purposive sampling method applied.The findings indicate that the public is uninformed of the important services that a quantity surveyor, serving as principal agent, fulfill with regard to achieving project success within time, cost and quality constraints. The primary reasons for not utilizing quantity surveyors as principal agents on self-build residential construction projects are that clients have a lack of knowledge of the services provided by construction consultants along with a perception that consultants’ fees are expensive. Clients further have the personal belief that they can successfully manage the building contractor, as well as monitor and control their projects, on their own.The study concludes that future self-build homeowners (clients) should appoint a quantity surveyor as principal agent on their projects, which would assist with the management of time, cost and quality parameters.This study would be valuable to the residential construction industry by increasing the awareness of the roles and duties fulfilled by professional construction consultants, especially those of the quantity surveyor serving the dual role of principal agent.

Performance is linked with implementation of project management techniques. Literature suggests that problems such as inefficiency, poor budgetary issues, improper planning, scheduling and control in projects execution are associated with inadequate implementation of the essential techniques for meeting project deliverables. These shortcomings are prevalent among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the developing countries including South Africa. Hence, the primary objective of this paper is to review the critical project management techniques for the improvement of construction project performance especially among SMEs in South Africa. The study is based on previous literature on construction SMEs project performance as well as project management techniques implementation. The literature review centered on both international and South African context. The study revealed that critical path method, work breakdown structure, and earned value management analysis were the most occurring project management techniques from the sampled literature. Findings from this study are envisaged to be beneficial to construction stakeholders in developing relevant project management techniques to improve the performance of SMEs.

Maintenance of physical infrastructure transitioned from donor management to national ownership has been a challenge in the health sector leading to a considerable number of physical infrastructure dilapidating to a deplorable state. This study investigated the causes of deterioration for Health Physical Infrastructure Transitioned from Donor to National Management in Zambia. A mixed method approach was adopted for the study. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected through interviews and questionnaires respectively. The findings revealed that there was lack of onsite maintenance technicians in the health centres. Further, that though maintenance plans were in place in most urban facilities as compared to rural health facilities adherence to such plans was hindered due to lack of funding. The study therefore, recommends improved budget allocation for maintenance activities to the Ministry of Health, assigning of qualified maintenance technicians in health centres. Further, that Government should consider having a maintenance policy to achieve sustainability for built assets transferred from donor to national management.

Though strategy appears to be the most mentioned attribute for firms’ competitive advantage, the success strategies for competitive advantage of firms in the Ghanaian construction industry in not known. This Delphi study identified the success strategies for competitive advantage in the Ghanaian construction industry and determined the relative impact of each of the success strategies. It used structured questionnaire in soliciting views from 15 experts. Data was analysed using the median, mean, and standard deviation. In all 14 success strategies were identified to impact competitive advantage with service differentiation strategy and being technologically independent ranking 1st among the strategies. It is recommended that firms should highly prioritize service differentiation strategy, and be technologically independent since these strategies recorded a very high impact on competitive advantage. The findings of this study will form the basis for future competitive advantage studies and inform policy direction in the Ghanaian construction industry.

Inaccurate pre-tender cost estimates do not only contribute to cost overruns but also results in failure to implement viable projects. This study investigated factors that influence the accuracy of pre-tender cost estimates in the Zambian roads sector. The methodology adopted was a mixed method which included the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study established that the most severe accuracy-influencing factors for pre-tender cost estimates were completeness of the project information, which had SI of 87%. Clarity and details of the drawing as well as the specification having SI 85% was ranked second. The study therefore, recommends that, more time should be allocated to the design team to comprehensive prepare drawings and coordinate various players such as mechanical and civil consultants before the pre-tender estimate can be sought.

The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries due to its high accident rates. In Nigeria, higher than average rates of accidents have been recorded. Several practices have been applied to improve this situation albeit there remains an appreciably high rate of occurrence of accidents. Research has shown that the early consideration of the safety risk inherent in designs can help prevent their occurrence later during the construction of the facilities. This concept is called Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS). Despite the advantages of DfCS, there remains barriers that prevent designers from applying the concept. This study therefore aimed to investigate the barriers to the practice DfCS in Nigeria focusing on Civil engineers. The study used a quantitative approach through survey questionnaires for data collection. Results showed that while there exists a very high level of awareness of DfCS, the extent of practise is very low. Results further showed that this is attributed to: designers’ exposure to liability, increased cost and time, designers’ lack of safety expertise among others. The study made some recommendations that could help reduce or eliminate these barriers. In general, this study has provided a pathway for mainstreaming the practice of DfCS in Nigeria.

The petroleum fuel supply chain in Zimbabwe has been faced with multiplicity of challenges from perennial erratic fuel supplies to poor product lead times. Despite introduction of direct importation scheme for private players, erratic fuel supplies have remained persistent. The study aimed at identifying factors affecting petroleum fuel supply chain and propose strategies to National Oil Infrastructure Company for the improvement of the petroleum fuel supply chain performance in Zimbabwe. The study exploited a descriptive case study through a mixed method approach in which semi-structured interviews and self-administered structured questionnaire were used to collect primary data from 110 respondents constituting 100% response rate. Findings indicated that petroleum fuel sector is highly fragmented with sub-optimal use of the pipeline in the transportation hence negatively affecting supply. The study concluded that poor performance of the petroleum fuel supply chain had significant downstream effects curtailing the productive capacity of other sectors.

Industry 4.0 is an offshoot of the first, second and third industrial revolutions. Which is an indication of its globalization. In the same vein, construction 4.0 which takes its context after the industry 4.0 is expected to lead to the fourth construction revolution? Ethics and stakeholder engagement have been individually studies and written about. Both industry and construction 4.0 require an ethical lens and an engagement pattern towards a rapid realization of their objectives. This paper quantitatively x-rays researchers’ interests in the fields, and the subject areas so far covered in their studies. However, little or no studies have applied the ethical lens and engagement pattern into the revolutionary concepts. We applied systematic review method (the first in the field), to discover the linear and the polynomial nature of researches in the fields. This discoveries is hoped to open up further researches towards the rapid development of the fourth I&C revolutions through the application of ethics and stakeholder theories.

The study evaluated the effects of driving second hand degraded tyres and their contribution to accidents in Zambia. A triangulation method was adopted which consisted of case studies on the dangers of using second hand tyres and the use of secondary data from Zambia Police. Structured interviews were applied and a questionnaire was distributed randomly to a sampled population of 46 respondents from distributed 66. Data from Zambia Police and Road Transport and Safety Authority was used to analyze recorded accidents that occurred in the period 2006–2015. Results revealed that users and second hand tyre dealers are ignorant of the tyre quality expectations and that they had never been inspected by Zambia Bureau of Standards which did not have standards on the use of second hand tyres at the time of the study. The study suggested the need for authorities to improve safety for all road users by ensuring that imported second hand tyres meet the manufacturer’s minimum recommendation.

The introduction of professional construction H&S agents (CHSAs’) in 2013 to the built environment professional (BEP) team are now practicing in the construction H&S space. The CHSAs’ have specific contributions and actions that dovetail into the construction life cycle. The CHSA activities on projects are managed by clients, but more so by BEPs on projects. Despite the statutory requirements that govern the role of the CHSAs’, a number of issues relate to the practice of the CHSA at professional and candidate levels on construction projects.Research conducted among CHSAs’ indicate BEPs’ lack of H&S knowledge; tenders are given to non-professional CHS categories of registered persons. Collectively the findings indicate very high risks to projects, clients, and the public at large. The CHSAs’ are further deemed to be at risk from the lack of support by the DoL and clients and in their professional capacity.