Skip to main content
Top

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. The Educative Effects of Extreme Television Media

Author : J. Benjamin Taylor

Published in: Extreme Media and American Politics

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Using lab experiments with both student and non-student samples, Taylor finds that extreme media increase political knowledge and that they increase negative affect among viewers compared to control groups. Taylor also shows that extreme media are at least as informative as traditional news. This research adds to the growing literature on media effects in a polarized media environment, showing that extreme television media can have a beneficial impact on at least one important area of American politics: citizen competence. To account for external validity and popular conceptions on extreme media’s non-informative nature, Taylor uses cross-sectional data from the 2008 National Annenberg Election Survey finding that extreme television viewership correlates with greater political knowledge, while controlling for other known predictors.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
go back to reference Abramowitz, Alan I. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Abramowitz, Alan I. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Althaus, Scott L. 1998. Information Effects in Collective Preferences. The American Political Science Review 92: 545–558.CrossRef Althaus, Scott L. 1998. Information Effects in Collective Preferences. The American Political Science Review 92: 545–558.CrossRef
go back to reference Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. 2010. Does Media Choice Minimize Videomalaise? Selective Exposure and the Effect of Talk Shows on Political Trust. Paper Presentation Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September. Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. 2010. Does Media Choice Minimize Videomalaise? Selective Exposure and the Effect of Talk Shows on Political Trust. Paper Presentation Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September.
go back to reference Barker, David C. 2002. Rushed to Judgment: Talk Radio, Persuasion, and American Political Behavior. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRef Barker, David C. 2002. Rushed to Judgment: Talk Radio, Persuasion, and American Political Behavior. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Bartels, Larry M. 1996. Uninformed Voters: Informational Effects in Presidential Elections. American Journal of Political Science 40: 194–230.CrossRef Bartels, Larry M. 1996. Uninformed Voters: Informational Effects in Presidential Elections. American Journal of Political Science 40: 194–230.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2005. Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind. Perspectives on Politics 3: 15–31.CrossRef ———. 2005. Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind. Perspectives on Politics 3: 15–31.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2007. Homer Gets a Warm Hug: A Note on Ignorance and Extenuation. Perspectives on Politics 5: 785–790.CrossRef ———. 2007. Homer Gets a Warm Hug: A Note on Ignorance and Extenuation. Perspectives on Politics 5: 785–790.CrossRef
go back to reference Baum, Matthew A. 2003a. Soft News and Political Knowledge: Evidence of Absence or Absence of Evidence? Political Communication 20: 173–190.CrossRef Baum, Matthew A. 2003a. Soft News and Political Knowledge: Evidence of Absence or Absence of Evidence? Political Communication 20: 173–190.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2003b. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ———. 2003b. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Baum, Matthew A., and Angela S. Jamison. 2006. The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently. The Journal of Politics 68: 946–959.CrossRef Baum, Matthew A., and Angela S. Jamison. 2006. The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently. The Journal of Politics 68: 946–959.CrossRef
go back to reference Beaujon, Andrew. 2012. Survey: NPR’s Listeners Best-Informed, Fox Viewers Worst-Informed, May 23. http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/174826/survey-nprs-listeners-best-informed-fox-news-viewers-worst-informed/. Beaujon, Andrew. 2012. Survey: NPR’s Listeners Best-Informed, Fox Viewers Worst-Informed, May 23. http://​www.​poynter.​org/​latest-news/​mediawire/​174826/​survey-nprs-listeners-best-informed-fox-news-viewers-worst-informed/​.​
go back to reference Berinsky, Adam J., Gregory A. Huber, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2012. Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis 20(July): 351–368. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057.CrossRef Berinsky, Adam J., Gregory A. Huber, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2012. Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis 20(July): 351–368. doi:10.​1093/​pan/​mpr057.CrossRef
go back to reference Berry, Jeffrey M., and Sarah Sobieraj. 2013. The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Berry, Jeffrey M., and Sarah Sobieraj. 2013. The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Borooah, Vani K. 2002. Logit and Probit: Ordered and Multinomial Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef Borooah, Vani K. 2002. Logit and Probit: Ordered and Multinomial Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat. American Journal of Political Science 52: 959–978.CrossRef Brader, Ted, Nicholas A. Valentino, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2008. What Triggers Public Opposition to Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat. American Journal of Political Science 52: 959–978.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpini, Delli, X. Michael, and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, NY: Yale University Press. Carpini, Delli, X. Michael, and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, NY: Yale University Press.
go back to reference Chefets, Zev. 2010. What Rush Wants, Now and in 2012. Newsweek, November 8. Chefets, Zev. 2010. What Rush Wants, Now and in 2012. Newsweek, November 8.
go back to reference Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. 1997. Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations. The Journal of Politics 59: 858–881.CrossRef Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. 1997. Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations. The Journal of Politics 59: 858–881.CrossRef
go back to reference Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: Quill. Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: Quill.
go back to reference DellaVigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan. 2007. The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 1187–1234.CrossRef DellaVigna, Stefano, and Ethan Kaplan. 2007. The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 1187–1234.CrossRef
go back to reference Dilliplane, Susanna. 2011. All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation. Public Opinion Quarterly 75: 287–316.CrossRef Dilliplane, Susanna. 2011. All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation. Public Opinion Quarterly 75: 287–316.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2014. Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice. American Journal of Political Science 58(January): 79–94. doi:10.1111/ajps.12046.CrossRef ———. 2014. Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice. American Journal of Political Science 58(January): 79–94. doi:10.​1111/​ajps.​12046.CrossRef
go back to reference Domke, David, Kelly McCoy, and Marcos Torres. 1999. News Media, Racial Perceptions, and Political Cognition. Communication Research 26: 570–607.CrossRef Domke, David, Kelly McCoy, and Marcos Torres. 1999. News Media, Racial Perceptions, and Political Cognition. Communication Research 26: 570–607.CrossRef
go back to reference Druckman, James N., and Cindy D. Kam. 2011. Students as Experimental Participants: A Defense of the ‘Narrow Data Base’. In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, ed. James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, and Arthur Lupia, 41–57. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Druckman, James N., and Cindy D. Kam. 2011. Students as Experimental Participants: A Defense of the ‘Narrow Data Base’. In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, ed. James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, and Arthur Lupia, 41–57. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Dunaway, Johanna, Regina P. Branton, and Marisa A. Abrajano. 2010. Agenda Setting, Public Opinion, and the Issue of Immigration Reform. Social Science Quarterly 91: 359–378.CrossRef Dunaway, Johanna, Regina P. Branton, and Marisa A. Abrajano. 2010. Agenda Setting, Public Opinion, and the Issue of Immigration Reform. Social Science Quarterly 91: 359–378.CrossRef
go back to reference Eysenck, Michael W. 1992. Anxiety: The Cognitive Perspective. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Eysenck, Michael W. 1992. Anxiety: The Cognitive Perspective. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
go back to reference Forgette, Richard, and Jonathan S. Morris. 2006. High-Conflict Television News and Public Opinion. Political Research Quarterly 59: 447–456.CrossRef Forgette, Richard, and Jonathan S. Morris. 2006. High-Conflict Television News and Public Opinion. Political Research Quarterly 59: 447–456.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilens, Martin. 2001. Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences. The American Political Science Review 95: 379–396.CrossRef Gilens, Martin. 2001. Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences. The American Political Science Review 95: 379–396.CrossRef
go back to reference Graber, Doris. 1988. Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide. New York, NY: Longman Press. Graber, Doris. 1988. Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide. New York, NY: Longman Press.
go back to reference ———. 2001. Processing Politics: Learning from Television in the Internet Age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef ———. 2001. Processing Politics: Learning from Television in the Internet Age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2004. Mediated Politics and Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology 55: 545–571.CrossRef ———. 2004. Mediated Politics and Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology 55: 545–571.CrossRef
go back to reference Greene, William H. 2003. Econometric Analysis, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Greene, William H. 2003. Econometric Analysis, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
go back to reference Groseclose, Tim, and Jeffrey Milyo. 2005. A Measure of Media Bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120: 1191–1237.CrossRef Groseclose, Tim, and Jeffrey Milyo. 2005. A Measure of Media Bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120: 1191–1237.CrossRef
go back to reference Hansen, Glenn J., and Hyunjung Kim. 2011. Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports 28: 169–179.CrossRef Hansen, Glenn J., and Hyunjung Kim. 2011. Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports 28: 169–179.CrossRef
go back to reference Hood III, M.V., and Irwin L. Morris. 1997. ¿Amigo O Enemigo?: Context, Attitudes, and Anglo Public Opinion toward Immigration. Social Science Quarterly 78(June): 309–323. Hood III, M.V., and Irwin L. Morris. 1997. ¿Amigo O Enemigo?: Context, Attitudes, and Anglo Public Opinion toward Immigration. Social Science Quarterly 78(June): 309–323.
go back to reference ———. 1998. Give Us Your Tired and Your Poor…But Make Sure They Have a Green Card: The Effects of Documented and Undocumented Migrant Context on Anglo Opinion Toward Immigration. Political Behavior 20: 1–15. ———. 1998. Give Us Your Tired and Your Poor…But Make Sure They Have a Green Card: The Effects of Documented and Undocumented Migrant Context on Anglo Opinion Toward Immigration. Political Behavior 20: 1–15.
go back to reference Huddy, Leonie, Stanley Feldman, and Erin Cassese. 2007. In The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. W. Russell Neuman. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Huddy, Leonie, Stanley Feldman, and Erin Cassese. 2007. In The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. W. Russell Neuman. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Huffington Post. 2011. Fox News Viewers Know Less Than People Who Don’t Watch Any News: Study. Huffington Post, November 21. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/21/fox-news-viewers-less-informed-people-fairleigh-dickinson_n_1106305.html. Huffington Post. 2011. Fox News Viewers Know Less Than People Who Don’t Watch Any News: Study. Huffington Post, November 21. http://​www.​huffingtonpost.​com/​2011/​11/​21/​fox-news-viewers-less-informed-people-fairleigh-dickinson_​n_​1106305.​html.​
go back to reference Isbell, Linda M., Elicia C. Lair, and Daniel R. Rovenpor. 2013. Affect-as-Information about Processing Styles: A Cognitive Malleability Approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7(February): 93–114. doi:10.1111/spc3.12010.CrossRef Isbell, Linda M., Elicia C. Lair, and Daniel R. Rovenpor. 2013. Affect-as-Information about Processing Styles: A Cognitive Malleability Approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7(February): 93–114. doi:10.​1111/​spc3.​12010.CrossRef
go back to reference Jamieson, K.H., and Joseph N. Cappella. 2010. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Jamieson, K.H., and Joseph N. Cappella. 2010. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas, and Toby Bolsen. 2006. Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment. American Journal of Political Science 50: 266–282.CrossRef Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas, and Toby Bolsen. 2006. Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment. American Journal of Political Science 50: 266–282.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnston, Richard, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, and Diana C. Mutz. 2010. The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania – National Annenberg Election Survey. Survey Data. The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, September 16. http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/political-communication/naes/. Johnston, Richard, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, and Diana C. Mutz. 2010. The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania – National Annenberg Election Survey. Survey Data. The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, September 16. http://​www.​annenbergpublicp​olicycenter.​org/​political-communication/​naes/​.​
go back to reference Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert F. Rich. 2000. Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship. Journal of Politics 62: 790–816.CrossRef Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert F. Rich. 2000. Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship. Journal of Politics 62: 790–816.CrossRef
go back to reference Lazarus, Richard S., and Bernice N. Lazarus. 1994. Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Lazarus, Richard S., and Bernice N. Lazarus. 1994. Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Leibovich, Mark. 2010. Being Glenn Beck. The New York Times, September 29. Leibovich, Mark. 2010. Being Glenn Beck. The New York Times, September 29.
go back to reference Levendusky, Matthew. 2013a. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef Levendusky, Matthew. 2013a. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Long, J. Scott, and Jeremy Freese. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata, 2nd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press. Long, J. Scott, and Jeremy Freese. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata, 2nd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
go back to reference Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew Daniel McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew Daniel McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Luskin, Robert C. 1990. Explaining Political Sophistication. Political Behavior 12: 331–361.CrossRef Luskin, Robert C. 1990. Explaining Political Sophistication. Political Behavior 12: 331–361.CrossRef
go back to reference Marcus, George E. 2002. The Sentimental Citizen: Emotion in Democratic Politics. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. Marcus, George E. 2002. The Sentimental Citizen: Emotion in Democratic Politics. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
go back to reference Marcus, George E., and Michael B. Mackuen. 1993. Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns. The American Political Science Review 87: 672–685. doi:10.2307/2938743.CrossRef Marcus, George E., and Michael B. Mackuen. 1993. Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns. The American Political Science Review 87: 672–685. doi:10.​2307/​2938743.CrossRef
go back to reference Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Daniel Stevens. 2005. The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. Political Psychology 26(December): 949–963. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.x.CrossRef Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Daniel Stevens. 2005. The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. Political Psychology 26(December): 949–963. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1467-9221.​2005.​00452.​x.CrossRef
go back to reference Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2004. Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment. Political Psychology 25: 507–523.CrossRef Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2004. Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment. Political Psychology 25: 507–523.CrossRef
go back to reference Mutz, Diana C. 2007. Effects of ‘In-Your-Face’ Television Discourse on Perspectives of a Legitimate Opposition. The American Political Science Review 101: 621–635.CrossRef Mutz, Diana C. 2007. Effects of ‘In-Your-Face’ Television Discourse on Perspectives of a Legitimate Opposition. The American Political Science Review 101: 621–635.CrossRef
go back to reference Mutz, Diana C., and Byron Reeves. 2005. The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust. The American Political Science Review 99(February): 1–15. Mutz, Diana C., and Byron Reeves. 2005. The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust. The American Political Science Review 99(February): 1–15.
go back to reference Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2010. When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior 32: 303–330.CrossRef Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2010. When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior 32: 303–330.CrossRef
go back to reference Paletz, David L. 2002. The Media in American Politics. New York, NY: Longman. Paletz, David L. 2002. The Media in American Politics. New York, NY: Longman.
go back to reference Parker, Michael T., and Linda M. Isbell. 2010. How I Vote Depends on How I Feel: The Differential Impact of Anger and Fear on Political Information Processing. Psychological Science 21: 548–550. doi:10.1177/0956797610364006.CrossRef Parker, Michael T., and Linda M. Isbell. 2010. How I Vote Depends on How I Feel: The Differential Impact of Anger and Fear on Political Information Processing. Psychological Science 21: 548–550. doi:10.​1177/​0956797610364006​.CrossRef
go back to reference Prior, Markus. 2003. Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preference on Political Knowledge. Political Communication 20: 149–171.CrossRef Prior, Markus. 2003. Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preference on Political Knowledge. Political Communication 20: 149–171.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef ———. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Rapoza, Kenneth. 2011. Fox News Viewers Uninformed, NPR Listeners Not, Poll Suggests – Forbes. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/11/21/fox-news-viewers-uninformed-npr-listeners-not-poll-suggests/. Rapoza, Kenneth. 2011. Fox News Viewers Uninformed, NPR Listeners Not, Poll Suggests – Forbes. Forbes. http://​www.​forbes.​com/​sites/​kenrapoza/​2011/​11/​21/​fox-news-viewers-uninformed-npr-listeners-not-poll-suggests/​.​
go back to reference Richey, Sean. 2012. Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality. Political Communication 29: 24–43.CrossRef Richey, Sean. 2012. Campaign Advertising and the Stimulation and Activation of the Authoritarian Personality. Political Communication 29: 24–43.CrossRef
go back to reference Sides, John, and Jack Citrin. 2007. How Large the Huddled Masses? The Causes and Consequences of Public Misperceptions About Immigration Populations. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April. Sides, John, and Jack Citrin. 2007. How Large the Huddled Masses? The Causes and Consequences of Public Misperceptions About Immigration Populations. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April.
go back to reference Sobieraj, Sarah, and Jeffery M. Berry. 2011. From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News. Political Communication 28: 19–41.CrossRef Sobieraj, Sarah, and Jeffery M. Berry. 2011. From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News. Political Communication 28: 19–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2008. Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure. Political Behavior 30: 341–366.CrossRef Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2008. Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure. Political Behavior 30: 341–366.CrossRef
go back to reference ———. 2010. Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication 60(3): 556–576.CrossRef ———. 2010. Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication 60(3): 556–576.CrossRef
go back to reference Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 50: 755–769.CrossRef Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Journal of Political Science 50: 755–769.CrossRef
go back to reference Tolbert, Caroline, and Rodney Hero. 2001. Dealing with Diversity: Racial/Ethnic Context and Social Policy Change. Political Research Quarterly 54: 376–383.CrossRef Tolbert, Caroline, and Rodney Hero. 2001. Dealing with Diversity: Racial/Ethnic Context and Social Policy Change. Political Research Quarterly 54: 376–383.CrossRef
go back to reference Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet. Political Psychology 29: 247–273. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00625.x.CrossRef Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet. Political Psychology 29: 247–273. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1467-9221.​2008.​00625.​x.CrossRef
go back to reference Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
go back to reference Visser, Penny S., George Y. Bizer, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2006. Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength-Related Attitude Attributes. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 38, ed. M. Zanna, 1–67. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Visser, Penny S., George Y. Bizer, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2006. Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength-Related Attitude Attributes. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 38, ed. M. Zanna, 1–67. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Metadata
Title
The Educative Effects of Extreme Television Media
Author
J. Benjamin Taylor
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41183-5_3