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An Overview: Desalination, Environmental and Marine Outfall Systems Read chapter Read first chapter

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. The Effect of Fouling on Performance and Design Aspects of Multiple-Effect Desalination Systems

Authors : F. Tahir, M. Atif, M. A. Antar

Published in: Recent Progress in Desalination, Environmental and Marine Outfall Systems

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Multiple-effect desalination systems are attractive water desalination units for large capacity production since the brine temperature does not exceed 65 °C and there is less power consumption compared to other thermal desalination systems. The system is modeled for performance prediction as well as for the assessment of design aspects such as the total heat transfer area in the effects, the preheaters and the system down condenser. Then, the system degradation with time due to fouling is considered for both rating and design aspects. It is therefore believed that the results presented can provide guidelines for designers and engineers using multiple-effect desalination systems for specifying system sizes and/or scheduling maintenance of the existing systems.

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previous chapter Single Slope Solar Water Still with Enhanced Solar Heating System
next chapter Achieving the Zero-Liquid-Discharge Target Using the Integrated Membrane System for Seawater Desalination
Glossary
A c
Condenser area (m2)
A ej
Area of jth effect, j = 1 to n(m2)
A pj
Area of jth pre-heater, j = 2 to n-1 (m2)
B j
Brine leaving jth effect, j = 1 to n (kg/s)
BPE j
Boiling point elevation in jth effect, j = 1 to n (°C)
BPE j ′
Boiling point elevation of flashed vapour in jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
C p
Specific heat of water (kJ/kg-K)
d i
Internal diameter of tube (m)
d o
Outer diameter of tube (m)
D j
Distillate formed in jth effect, j = 1 to n (kg/s)
ΔT j
Temperature difference across jth effect, j = 1 to n(°C)
d dj
Distillate formed due to flashing in jth effect, j = 2 to n(kg/s)
d fj
Flashed distillate in the jth flashing box, j = 2 to n(kg/s)
g
acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
η c
Efficiency of condenser
η p
Efficiency of pre-heater
h in
Heat transfer co-efficient inside the tube (kW/m2-K)
h o
Heat transfer co-efficient outside the tube (kW/m2-K)
h fgcj
Latent heat of condensation inside the tubes at T cj of the jth effect, j = 2 to n(kJ/kg)
h fgcj ′
Latent heat of condensation of the flashed vapor at T cj ′ in the jth effect, j = 2 to n(kJ/kg)
h fgcj ′′
Latent heat of condensation of the flashed vapor at T cj ′′ in the jth effect, j = 2 to n(kJ/kg)
h fgs
Latent heat of steam (kJ/kg)
h fgvj
Latent heat of vaporization in jth effect, j = 1 to n(kJ/kg)
h fgvj ′
Latent heat of vaporization of the flashed vapour in the jth effect, j = 2 to n(kJ/kg)
h fgvj ′′
Latent heat of vaporization of the flashed vapor from jth flashing box, j = 2 to n (kJ/kg)
k w
Thermal conductivity of the tubes (W/m-K)
ksw
Thermal conductivity of the seawater (W/m-K)
k LC
Thermal conductivity in the liquid phase (W/m-K)
LMTD c
Log mean temperature difference across the condenser (°C)
LMTD pj
Log mean temperature difference across the jth pre-heater, j = 2 to n-1 (°C)
m b
Total mass flow rate of brine (kg/s)
m cw
Mass flow rate of cooling water (kg/s)
m d
Total mass flow rate of distillate (kg/s)
m s
Mass flow rate of steam (kg/s)
m f
Feed flow rate (kg/s)
μ sw
Seawater viscosity, kg/m-s
μ L
Viscosity in the liquid phase, kg/m-s
n
Total number of effects
NEA j ′
Non equilibrium allowance within the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
NEA j ′′
Non equilibrium allowance for the flashing box for the jth effect, j = 3 to n (°C)
PR
Performance ratio of the plant
Pr
Prandtl number outside the tubes
Pr v
Prandtl number inside the tubes
q
Heat transfer within each effect (kW)
q c
Heat transfer within the condenser (kW)
q″
Heat flux (kW/m2)
ρ sw
Density of seawater (kg/m3)
ρ LC
Density in the liquid phase (kg/m3)
ρ VC
Density in the vapor phase (kg/m3)
r o
Outside radius of the tubes (m)
r i
Inside radius of the tubes (m)
Re
Reynolds number outside the tubes
Re i
Reynolds number inside the tubes
R fo
Fouling factor outside the tubes (kW/m2-K)
R f
Fouling factor inside the tubes (kW/m2-K)
sA
Total specific area of the system (m2/(kg/s))
sM cw
Specific mass of cooling water flow rate
t pj
Temperature at the outlet of the jth pre-heater, j = 2 to n-1 (°C)
T cw
Temperature of cooling water (°C)
T cj
Condensation temperature of the distillate in jth effect, j = 1 to n (°C)
T cj ′
Condensation temperature of the flashed vapor in jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
T cj ′′
Condensation temperature of flash distillate from the flashing box, j = 2 to n (°C)
ΔT cj
Vapor condensation losses inside the tubes of jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
ΔT cj ′
Vapor condensation losses associated with the flashed vapor within the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
ΔT cj ′′
Vapor condensation losses associated with the flashing box of jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
T f
Temperature of feed (°C)
T j
Temperature of brine at jth effect, j = 1 to n (°C)
T j ′
Temperature of flashing brine within the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
T j ′′
Temperature of flashing brine in flash boxes at the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
T s
Temperature of steam (°C)
T vj
Vapor saturation temperature in the jth effect, j = 1 to n (°C)
T vj ′
Vaporization temperature of flashed vapor in the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
T vj ′′
Vaporization temperature of flashed vapor within the flashing box at the jth effect, j = 2 to n (°C)
U
Generalized overall heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2-K)
U c
Overall heat transfer coefficient of the condenser (kW/m2-K)
U j
Overall heat transfer coefficient of jth effect, j = 1 to n (kW/m2-K)
U p
Overall heat transfer coefficient of the pre-heaters, j = 2 to n-1 (kW/m2-K)
V c
Seawater velocity inside the tubes (m/s)
x
vapor phase mass fraction
X f
Feed salinity (ppm)
X j
Salinity of brine leaving each effect, j = 1 to n (ppm)
X b (X n )
Salinity of brine leaving the last effect (ppm)
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Metadata
Title
The Effect of Fouling on Performance and Design Aspects of Multiple-Effect Desalination Systems
Authors
F. Tahir
M. Atif
M. A. Antar
Copyright Year
2015
Book
Recent Progress in Desalination, Environmental and Marine Outfall Systems

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19122-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-19123-2

Copyright Year: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19123-2_4