Skip to main content
Top

2015 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

The Effect of Leadership on Organizational Commitment

Authors : Özge Öztekin, Sabiha İşçi, Engin Karadağ

Published in: Leadership and Organizational Outcomes

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational commitment was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 420 research studies were collected as a result of the review activity, out of which 202 were included in the meta-analysis. The 202 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample group size of 63,753 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level positive effect on organizational commitment. Of the moderators identified, such as sample group/sector, type of publication, leadership style/approach, year of publication and type of commitment, it was found that only type of publication was a moderator variable.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis. The in-text citations to studies selected for meta-analysis are not followed by asterisks.
 
Literature
go back to reference AbuShmais, E. I. (2013). A quantitative examination of self-leadership impact on organizational commitment of IT employees in US companies. (Order No. 3594642, Capella University).* AbuShmais, E. I. (2013). A quantitative examination of self-leadership impact on organizational commitment of IT employees in US companies. (Order No. 3594642, Capella University).*
go back to reference Adadevoh, E. K. (2003). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership behaviors of nursing managers and job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hospital nursing staff. (Order No. 3185860, Nova Southeastern University).* Adadevoh, E. K. (2003). The relationship between transformational and transactional leadership behaviors of nursing managers and job satisfaction and organizational commitment among hospital nursing staff. (Order No. 3185860, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Adebayo, O. O. (2010). Obstetric nurses’ perceptions of manager’s leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3468112, University of Phoenix).* Adebayo, O. O. (2010). Obstetric nurses’ perceptions of manager’s leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3468112, University of Phoenix).*
go back to reference Ahmadi, S. A. A., Ahmadi, F., & Zohrabi, M. (2012). Effect of the leadership styles on the organizational commitment given the staff personality traits (the case study: Iran’s state retirement organization). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(1), 247–264.* Ahmadi, S. A. A., Ahmadi, F., & Zohrabi, M. (2012). Effect of the leadership styles on the organizational commitment given the staff personality traits (the case study: Iran’s state retirement organization). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(1), 247–264.*
go back to reference Aina, O. A. (2013). Effect of leadership style on employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the communications industry. (Order No. 3576344, University of Phoenix).* Aina, O. A. (2013). Effect of leadership style on employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the communications industry. (Order No. 3576344, University of Phoenix).*
go back to reference Akbar, S. & Zaman, S. (2011). Impact of strategic leadership on organizational commitment in telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business Strategies, 5(1), 1–10.* Akbar, S. & Zaman, S. (2011). Impact of strategic leadership on organizational commitment in telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Journal of Business Strategies, 5(1), 1–10.*
go back to reference Akbolat, M., Işık, O. & Yılmaz, A. (2013). Dönüşümcü liderlik davranışının motivasyon ve duygusal bağlılığa etkisi. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, 6(11), 35–50.* Akbolat, M., Işık, O. & Yılmaz, A. (2013). Dönüşümcü liderlik davranışının motivasyon ve duygusal bağlılığa etkisi. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, 6(11), 35–50.*
go back to reference Akroyd, D., Legg, J., Jackowski, M. B., & Adams, R. D. (2009). The impact of selected organizational variables and managerial leadership on radiation therapists’ organizational commitment. Radiography, 15(2), 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.radi.2008.05.004.* Akroyd, D., Legg, J., Jackowski, M. B., & Adams, R. D. (2009). The impact of selected organizational variables and managerial leadership on radiation therapists’ organizational commitment. Radiography, 15(2), 113–120. doi:10.​1016/​j.​radi.​2008.​05.​004.*
go back to reference Al-Ammaj, F. (2000). An investigation of leadership style and organizational commitment among Saudi public employees. (Order No. 9970342, Mississippi State University).* Al-Ammaj, F. (2000). An investigation of leadership style and organizational commitment among Saudi public employees. (Order No. 9970342, Mississippi State University).*
go back to reference Albrecht, S. L. & Andreetta, M. (2011). The influence of empowering leadership, empowerment and engagement on affective commitment and turnover intentions in community health service workers: Test of a model. Leadership in Health Services, 24(3), 228–237. doi:10.1108/17511871111151126.* Albrecht, S. L. & Andreetta, M. (2011). The influence of empowering leadership, empowerment and engagement on affective commitment and turnover intentions in community health service workers: Test of a model. Leadership in Health Services, 24(3), 228–237. doi:10.​1108/​1751187111115112​6.*
go back to reference Ali, N., Babar, M. A. A., & Bangash, S. A. (2011). Relationship between leadership styles and organizational commitment amongst medical representatives of national and multinational pharmaceuticals companies, Pakistan (an empirical study). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(10), 524–529.* Ali, N., Babar, M. A. A., & Bangash, S. A. (2011). Relationship between leadership styles and organizational commitment amongst medical representatives of national and multinational pharmaceuticals companies, Pakistan (an empirical study). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2(10), 524–529.*
go back to reference Alyn, K. (2010). The relationship between perceived leadership style and firefighter organizational commitment. (Order No. 3409311, Capella University).* Alyn, K. (2010). The relationship between perceived leadership style and firefighter organizational commitment. (Order No. 3409311, Capella University).*
go back to reference Amoroso, P. F. (2002). The impact of principals’ transformational leadership behaviors on teacher commitment and teacher job satisfaction. (Order No. 3066129, Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services).* Amoroso, P. F. (2002). The impact of principals’ transformational leadership behaviors on teacher commitment and teacher job satisfaction. (Order No. 3066129, Seton Hall University, College of Education and Human Services).*
go back to reference Antonelli, F. X. (2001). A study of the perceptions of the principal’s leadership and commitment as related to the degree of implementation of a full-service school model. (Order No. 3020417, The Pennsylvania State University).* Antonelli, F. X. (2001). A study of the perceptions of the principal’s leadership and commitment as related to the degree of implementation of a full-service school model. (Order No. 3020417, The Pennsylvania State University).*
go back to reference Arnold, K. A., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Transformational leadership or the iron cage: Which predicts trust, commitment and team efficacy? Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(7), 315–320.* Arnold, K. A., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Transformational leadership or the iron cage: Which predicts trust, commitment and team efficacy? Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(7), 315–320.*
go back to reference Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951–968. doi:10.1002/job.283.* Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951–968. doi:10.​1002/​job.​283.*
go back to reference Baek, J. H. (2012). The impact of transactional and transformational leadership on organizational commitment in major league baseball. (Order No. 3519103, St. Thomas University).* Baek, J. H. (2012). The impact of transactional and transformational leadership on organizational commitment in major league baseball. (Order No. 3519103, St. Thomas University).*
go back to reference Bannon, K. C. (2000). Principals’ and teachers’ perceptions of the extent to which principals exercise transformational leadership in schools and the relationship of these leadership perceptions to teachers’ perceptions of the extent of shared school goals and teacher commitment in these schools. (Order No. 9968759, St. John’s University (New York), School of Education and Human Services).* Bannon, K. C. (2000). Principals’ and teachers’ perceptions of the extent to which principals exercise transformational leadership in schools and the relationship of these leadership perceptions to teachers’ perceptions of the extent of shared school goals and teacher commitment in these schools. (Order No. 9968759, St. John’s University (New York), School of Education and Human Services).*
go back to reference Barnes, L. L. (2011). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation of the effects of servant leadership in distance education programs. (Order No. 3465555, Capella University).* Barnes, L. L. (2011). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: An empirical investigation of the effects of servant leadership in distance education programs. (Order No. 3465555, Capella University).*
go back to reference Bell-Roundtree, C. (2004). Does manager behavior influence knowledge worker job satisfaction and organizational commitment attitudes? A validation of Kouzes and Posner's transformational leadership theory. (Order No. 3119012, The University of Alabama in Huntsville).* Bell-Roundtree, C. (2004). Does manager behavior influence knowledge worker job satisfaction and organizational commitment attitudes? A validation of Kouzes and Posner's transformational leadership theory. (Order No. 3119012, The University of Alabama in Huntsville).*
go back to reference Berck, C. J. (2010). The relationship between perceived leadership practices and employee commitment in one Michigan public school district. (Order No. 3436854, Northcentral University).* Berck, C. J. (2010). The relationship between perceived leadership practices and employee commitment in one Michigan public school district. (Order No. 3436854, Northcentral University).*
go back to reference Berry, J. R. (2008). The relationships among leadership practices, organizational climate, and organizational commitment within church ministry settings. (Order No. 3325529, Regent University).* Berry, J. R. (2008). The relationships among leadership practices, organizational climate, and organizational commitment within church ministry settings. (Order No. 3325529, Regent University).*
go back to reference Betsinger, A. M. (1997). Influences of culture, leadership and role stress on expatriate satisfaction and commitment. (Order No. 9803751, Saint Louis University).* Betsinger, A. M. (1997). Influences of culture, leadership and role stress on expatriate satisfaction and commitment. (Order No. 9803751, Saint Louis University).*
go back to reference Blankenship, S. L. (2010). The consequences of transformational leadership and/or transactional leadership in relationship to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for active duty women serving in the air force medical service. (Order No. 3398823, Nova Southeastern University).* Blankenship, S. L. (2010). The consequences of transformational leadership and/or transactional leadership in relationship to job satisfaction and organizational commitment for active duty women serving in the air force medical service. (Order No. 3398823, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Bo, Y. (2013). The influence study of transformational leadership in university on teachers’ organizational commitment: The construction and verification of a theoretical model. Canadian Social Science, 9(4), 126–137.* Bo, Y. (2013). The influence study of transformational leadership in university on teachers’ organizational commitment: The construction and verification of a theoretical model. Canadian Social Science, 9(4), 126–137.*
go back to reference Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRef Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, B. B. (2003). Employees’ organizational commitment and their perception of supervisors’ relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors. (Order No. 3082584, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).* Brown, B. B. (2003). Employees’ organizational commitment and their perception of supervisors’ relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behaviors. (Order No. 3082584, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).*
go back to reference Buciuniene, I., & Skudiene, V. (2008). Impact of leadership styles on employees organizational commitment in Lithuanian manufacturing companies. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2), 57–65.* Buciuniene, I., & Skudiene, V. (2008). Impact of leadership styles on employees organizational commitment in Lithuanian manufacturing companies. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2), 57–65.*
go back to reference Buluç, B. (2009). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin algılarına göre okul müdürlerinin liderlik stilleri ile örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişki. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 15(57), 5–34.* Buluç, B. (2009). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin algılarına göre okul müdürlerinin liderlik stilleri ile örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişki. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 15(57), 5–34.*
go back to reference Bushra, F., Ahmad, U., & Naveed, A. (2011). Effect of transformational leadership on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore (Pakistan). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(18), 261–267.* Bushra, F., Ahmad, U., & Naveed, A. (2011). Effect of transformational leadership on employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment in banking sector of Lahore (Pakistan). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(18), 261–267.*
go back to reference Byrne, C. S. (1998). An investigation into the relationship between organizational commitment and the employees’ perceptions regarding leadership practices and successor competence in family-owned businesses. (Order No. 9830341, The Claremont Graduate University).* Byrne, C. S. (1998). An investigation into the relationship between organizational commitment and the employees’ perceptions regarding leadership practices and successor competence in family-owned businesses. (Order No. 9830341, The Claremont Graduate University).*
go back to reference Byrne, D. M. (2011). The relationship of leadership style of the department head to nursing faculty professional satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3515889, University of Missouri – Columbia).* Byrne, D. M. (2011). The relationship of leadership style of the department head to nursing faculty professional satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3515889, University of Missouri – Columbia).*
go back to reference Çakinberk, A. & Demirel, E. T. (2010). Leadership as a determinant of organizational commitment: A case of health care personnel. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (24), 103–119.* Çakinberk, A. & Demirel, E. T. (2010). Leadership as a determinant of organizational commitment: A case of health care personnel. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (24), 103–119.*
go back to reference Carder, J. C. (2012). The relationship between servant leadership and affective organizational commitment. (Order No. 3602281, Indiana Wesleyan University).* Carder, J. C. (2012). The relationship between servant leadership and affective organizational commitment. (Order No. 3602281, Indiana Wesleyan University).*
go back to reference Catano, V. M., Pond, M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Exploring commitment and leadership in volunteer organizations. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(5), 256–263.* Catano, V. M., Pond, M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Exploring commitment and leadership in volunteer organizations. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(5), 256–263.*
go back to reference Cerit, Y. (2010). The effects of servant leadership on teachers’ organizational commitment in primary schools in Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 13(3), 301–317. doi:10.1080/13603124.2010.496933.* Cerit, Y. (2010). The effects of servant leadership on teachers’ organizational commitment in primary schools in Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 13(3), 301–317. doi:10.​1080/​13603124.​2010.​496933.*
go back to reference Cha, S. E. (2004). Walking the talk: Leadership, ambiguity, and perceived commitment to organizational values. (Order No. 3131803, Harvard University).* Cha, S. E. (2004). Walking the talk: Leadership, ambiguity, and perceived commitment to organizational values. (Order No. 3131803, Harvard University).*
go back to reference Chami-Malaeb, R., & Garavan, T. (2013). Talent and leadership development practices as drivers of intention to stay in Lebanese organisations: The mediating role of affective commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(21), 4046–4062. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.789445.* Chami-Malaeb, R., & Garavan, T. (2013). Talent and leadership development practices as drivers of intention to stay in Lebanese organisations: The mediating role of affective commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(21), 4046–4062. doi:10.​1080/​09585192.​2013.​789445.*
go back to reference Chen, N. (2008). Causal relationship analysis between leadership behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions for employees of college athletic departments in Taiwan. (Order No. 3306413, United States Sports Academy).* Chen, N. (2008). Causal relationship analysis between leadership behavior, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions for employees of college athletic departments in Taiwan. (Order No. 3306413, United States Sports Academy).*
go back to reference Chen, C. (2011). The mediating effect of employees' experience of inclusion and the moderating effect of individual work values on the relationship of authentic leadership style and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3451863, Alliant International University, San Diego).* Chen, C. (2011). The mediating effect of employees' experience of inclusion and the moderating effect of individual work values on the relationship of authentic leadership style and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3451863, Alliant International University, San Diego).*
go back to reference Chen, T., Hwang, S., & Liu, Y. (2009). Employee trust, commitment and satisfaction as moderators of the effects of idealized and consideration leadership on voluntary performance: A structural equation investigation. International Journal of Management, 26(1), 127–141.* Chen, T., Hwang, S., & Liu, Y. (2009). Employee trust, commitment and satisfaction as moderators of the effects of idealized and consideration leadership on voluntary performance: A structural equation investigation. International Journal of Management, 26(1), 127–141.*
go back to reference Chênevert, D., Vandenberghe, C., Doucet, O., & Ben Ayed, A. K. (2013). Passive leadership, role stressors, and affective organizational commitment: A time-lagged study among health care employees. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(5), 277–286. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2013.07.002.* Chênevert, D., Vandenberghe, C., Doucet, O., & Ben Ayed, A. K. (2013). Passive leadership, role stressors, and affective organizational commitment: A time-lagged study among health care employees. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(5), 277–286. doi:10.​1016/​j.​erap.​2013.​07.​002.*
go back to reference Cheng, K. (2003). A structural equation modeling analysis of leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of employees in Taiwanese health clubs. (Order No. 3091748, United States Sports Academy).* Cheng, K. (2003). A structural equation modeling analysis of leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of employees in Taiwanese health clubs. (Order No. 3091748, United States Sports Academy).*
go back to reference Chia Hui, H. (2012). A study on the effects of leadership style on organizational commitment in catering industry. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 28(5), 597–606.* Chia Hui, H. (2012). A study on the effects of leadership style on organizational commitment in catering industry. Pakistan Journal of Statistics, 28(5), 597–606.*
go back to reference Chien, C. S. (2003). Leadership style and employees' organizational commitment: An exploration study of managers and employees of hsin-zhu Science Park. (Order No. 3086694, University of the Incarnate Word).* Chien, C. S. (2003). Leadership style and employees' organizational commitment: An exploration study of managers and employees of hsin-zhu Science Park. (Order No. 3086694, University of the Incarnate Word).*
go back to reference Clinebell, S., Skudiene, V., Trijonyte, R., & Reardon, J. (2013). Impact of leadership styles on employee organizational commitment. Journal of Service Science (Online), 6(1), 139.* Clinebell, S., Skudiene, V., Trijonyte, R., & Reardon, J. (2013). Impact of leadership styles on employee organizational commitment. Journal of Service Science (Online), 6(1), 139.*
go back to reference Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Cole, M. S., & Bedeian, A. G. (2007). Leadership consensus as a cross-level contextual moderator of the emotional exhaustion-work commitment relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(5), 447–462. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.07.002.* Cole, M. S., & Bedeian, A. G. (2007). Leadership consensus as a cross-level contextual moderator of the emotional exhaustion-work commitment relationship. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(5), 447–462. doi:10.​1016/​j.​leaqua.​2007.​07.​002.*
go back to reference Composto, P. A. (2002). Collegial leadership and teacher commitment to the school. (Order No. 3049705, St. John’s University (New York), School of Education and Human Services).* Composto, P. A. (2002). Collegial leadership and teacher commitment to the school. (Order No. 3049705, St. John’s University (New York), School of Education and Human Services).*
go back to reference Dale, K. & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effect of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(1), 109–130.* Dale, K. & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effect of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(1), 109–130.*
go back to reference Darvish, H. & Rezaei, F. (2011). The impact of authentic leadership on job satisfaction and team commitment. Management and Marketing, 6(3), 421–436.* Darvish, H. & Rezaei, F. (2011). The impact of authentic leadership on job satisfaction and team commitment. Management and Marketing, 6(3), 421–436.*
go back to reference Dixon, T. B. (2013). The relationship of organizational commitment and transformational leadership use in project managers. (Order No. 3551087, Capella University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 118.* Dixon, T. B. (2013). The relationship of organizational commitment and transformational leadership use in project managers. (Order No. 3551087, Capella University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 118.*
go back to reference Drury, S. (2004). Employee perceptions of servant leadership: Comparisons by level and with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3146724, Regent University).* Drury, S. (2004). Employee perceptions of servant leadership: Comparisons by level and with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3146724, Regent University).*
go back to reference Dunn, M. W. (1999). The impact of leadership on employees’ commitment to the organization: An international perspective. (Order No. 9950751, Nova Southeastern University).* Dunn, M. W. (1999). The impact of leadership on employees’ commitment to the organization: An international perspective. (Order No. 9950751, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Dunn, M. W., Dastoor, B., & Sims, R. L. (2012). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (1947–2900), 4(1), 45–60.* Dunn, M. W., Dastoor, B., & Sims, R. L. (2012). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (1947–2900), 4(1), 45–60.*
go back to reference Dwahan, V. & Mulla, Z. R. (2012). The role of pay and leadership in developing organizational commitment. South Asian Journal of Management, 18(2), 60–75.* Dwahan, V. & Mulla, Z. R. (2012). The role of pay and leadership in developing organizational commitment. South Asian Journal of Management, 18(2), 60–75.*
go back to reference Eginli, I. (2009). Principal leadership and teacher commitment to the profession: The mediating role of collective efficacy and teacher efficacy. (Order No. 3367063, George Mason University).* Eginli, I. (2009). Principal leadership and teacher commitment to the profession: The mediating role of collective efficacy and teacher efficacy. (Order No. 3367063, George Mason University).*
go back to reference Ekeland, T. P. (2005). The relationships among affective organizational commitment, transformational leadership style, and unit organizational effectiveness within the corps of cadets at Texas A&M University. (Order No. 3202306, Texas A&M University).* Ekeland, T. P. (2005). The relationships among affective organizational commitment, transformational leadership style, and unit organizational effectiveness within the corps of cadets at Texas A&M University. (Order No. 3202306, Texas A&M University).*
go back to reference Emery, C. R. & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 11(1), 77–90.* Emery, C. R. & Barker, K. J. (2007). The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 11(1), 77–90.*
go back to reference Erben, G. S. & Güneşer, A. B. (2007). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 955–968. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9605-z.* Erben, G. S. & Güneşer, A. B. (2007). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(4), 955–968. doi:10.​1007/​s10551-007-9605-z.*
go back to reference Fasola, O. S., Adeyemi, M. A., Olowe, F. T. (2013). Exploring the relationship between transformational, transactional leadership style and organizational commitment among Nigerian banks employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(6). doi:10.6007/IJAREMS/v2-i6/445.* Fasola, O. S., Adeyemi, M. A., Olowe, F. T. (2013). Exploring the relationship between transformational, transactional leadership style and organizational commitment among Nigerian banks employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(6). doi:10.​6007/​IJAREMS/​v2-i6/​445.*
go back to reference Felfe, J. & Heinitz, K. (2010). The impact of consensus and agreement of leadership perceptions on commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and customer satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(3), 279–303. doi:10.1080/13594320802708070.* Felfe, J. & Heinitz, K. (2010). The impact of consensus and agreement of leadership perceptions on commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour, and customer satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(3), 279–303. doi:10.​1080/​1359432080270807​0.*
go back to reference Felix, D. L. (1997). Superintendents’ visionary leadership and principals’ commitment to their school districts. (Order No. 9802628, The Pennsylvania State University).* Felix, D. L. (1997). Superintendents’ visionary leadership and principals’ commitment to their school districts. (Order No. 9802628, The Pennsylvania State University).*
go back to reference Fields, D. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated measures for organizational research and diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.* Fields, D. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated measures for organizational research and diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.*
go back to reference Fjelstad, N. L. (1990). Superintendent leadership behavior and its relationship to trust and commitment of Wisconsin principals. (Order No. 9106673, The University of Wisconsin, Madison).* Fjelstad, N. L. (1990). Superintendent leadership behavior and its relationship to trust and commitment of Wisconsin principals. (Order No. 9106673, The University of Wisconsin, Madison).*
go back to reference Freeborough, R. E. (2012). Exploring the affect of transformational leadership on nonprofit leader engagement and commitment. (Order No. 3498733, Capella University).* Freeborough, R. E. (2012). Exploring the affect of transformational leadership on nonprofit leader engagement and commitment. (Order No. 3498733, Capella University).*
go back to reference Froelich, S. D. (1995). The impact of transformational leadership behaviors on nurses’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 1375281, Madonna University).* Froelich, S. D. (1995). The impact of transformational leadership behaviors on nurses’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. (Order No. 1375281, Madonna University).*
go back to reference Gakovic, A. (2002). Social exchange, transformational leadership, and employee behavior: The role of organizational identification and career commitment. (Order No. 3064097, University of Houston).* Gakovic, A. (2002). Social exchange, transformational leadership, and employee behavior: The role of organizational identification and career commitment. (Order No. 3064097, University of Houston).*
go back to reference Gallato, C., Rashid, S., Suryasaputra, R., Warokka, A., Reamillo, K., & bin Abdullah, H. (2012). Fostering niches among SMEs in Malaysia through organizational commitment, leadership, organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Innovation Management in Small and Medium Enterprises, 1–12. doi:10.5171/2012.511352.* Gallato, C., Rashid, S., Suryasaputra, R., Warokka, A., Reamillo, K., & bin Abdullah, H. (2012). Fostering niches among SMEs in Malaysia through organizational commitment, leadership, organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Innovation Management in Small and Medium Enterprises, 1–12. doi:10.​5171/​2012.​511352.*
go back to reference Garg, A. K., & Ramjee, D. (2013). The relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment at A parastatal company in South Africa. The International Business and Economics Research Journal (Online), 12(11), 1411-n/a.* Garg, A. K., & Ramjee, D. (2013). The relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment at A parastatal company in South Africa. The International Business and Economics Research Journal (Online), 12(11), 1411-n/a.*
go back to reference Gentry, D. A. (2005). Transformational leadership and its impact on employee commitment in a downsizing government agency. (Order No. 3164828, Nova Southeastern University).* Gentry, D. A. (2005). Transformational leadership and its impact on employee commitment in a downsizing government agency. (Order No. 3164828, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Geter, L. T. (2010). A quantitative study on the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and perception of effectiveness. (Order No. 3452327, University of Phoenix). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 190-n/a.* Geter, L. T. (2010). A quantitative study on the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and perception of effectiveness. (Order No. 3452327, University of Phoenix). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 190-n/a.*
go back to reference Gillaspie, S. M. (2009). The impact of dark leadership on organizational commitment and turnover. (Order No. 1468722, Emporia State University).* Gillaspie, S. M. (2009). The impact of dark leadership on organizational commitment and turnover. (Order No. 1468722, Emporia State University).*
go back to reference Goh, S. K. & Low, B. Z. J. (2013). The influence of servant leadership towards and organizational commitment: The mediating role of trust in leaders. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(1). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v9n1p17.* Goh, S. K. & Low, B. Z. J. (2013). The influence of servant leadership towards and organizational commitment: The mediating role of trust in leaders. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(1). doi:10.​5539/​ijbm.​v9n1p17.*
go back to reference Gozu, C. (2012). Influence tactics and leadership effectiveness in turkey and USA: Mediating role of subordinate commitment. (Order No. 3527219, State University of New York at Albany).* Gozu, C. (2012). Influence tactics and leadership effectiveness in turkey and USA: Mediating role of subordinate commitment. (Order No. 3527219, State University of New York at Albany).*
go back to reference Gregory, A. (2011). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and non-supervisory nurses’ intention to leave. (Order No. 3458589, Lynn University).* Gregory, A. (2011). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and non-supervisory nurses’ intention to leave. (Order No. 3458589, Lynn University).*
go back to reference Gumusluoglu, L., Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z., & Hirst, G. (2013). Transformational leadership and R&D workers’ multiple commitments: Do justice and span of control matter? Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2269–2278. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.039.* Gumusluoglu, L., Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z., & Hirst, G. (2013). Transformational leadership and R&D workers’ multiple commitments: Do justice and span of control matter? Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2269–2278. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jbusres.​2012.​02.​039.*
go back to reference Gunter, D. M. (1997). Leadership practices and organizational commitment. (Order No. 9720776, Nova Southeastern University).* Gunter, D. M. (1997). Leadership practices and organizational commitment. (Order No. 9720776, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Hamdi, S. & Rajablu, M. (2012). Effect of supervisor-subordinate communication and leadership style on organizational commitment of nurses in health care setting. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(23), 7–18. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n23p7.* Hamdi, S. & Rajablu, M. (2012). Effect of supervisor-subordinate communication and leadership style on organizational commitment of nurses in health care setting. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(23), 7–18. doi:10.​5539/​ijbm.​v7n23p7.*
go back to reference Harwiki, W. (2013). The influence of servant leadership on organization culture, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior and employees’ performance (study of outstanding cooperatives in east java province, Indonesia). Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 5(12), 876–885.* Harwiki, W. (2013). The influence of servant leadership on organization culture, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior and employees’ performance (study of outstanding cooperatives in east java province, Indonesia). Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 5(12), 876–885.*
go back to reference Hashim, R. A. & Mahmood, R. (2012). How do our Malaysian academic staff perceive their leader’s leadership styles in relation to their commitment to service quality? International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 5(3), 231–242.* Hashim, R. A. & Mahmood, R. (2012). How do our Malaysian academic staff perceive their leader’s leadership styles in relation to their commitment to service quality? International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 5(3), 231–242.*
go back to reference Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical method for meta-analysis. United Kingdom: Academic. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical method for meta-analysis. United Kingdom: Academic.
go back to reference Horn-Turpin, F. (2009). A study examining the effects of transformational leadership behaviors on the factors of teaching efficacy, job satisfaction and organizational commitment as perceived by special education teachers. (Order No. DP19027, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).* Horn-Turpin, F. (2009). A study examining the effects of transformational leadership behaviors on the factors of teaching efficacy, job satisfaction and organizational commitment as perceived by special education teachers. (Order No. DP19027, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).*
go back to reference Hoveida, R., Salari, S., & Asemi, A. (2011). A study on the relationship among servant leadership (SL) and the organizational commitment (OC): A case study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(3), 499–509.* Hoveida, R., Salari, S., & Asemi, A. (2011). A study on the relationship among servant leadership (SL) and the organizational commitment (OC): A case study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(3), 499–509.*
go back to reference Hsieh, W. (2004). Organizational commitment in Taiwan and its relationship to transformational leadership. (Order No. 3158668, Nova Southeastern University).* Hsieh, W. (2004). Organizational commitment in Taiwan and its relationship to transformational leadership. (Order No. 3158668, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Huang, L. (2000). The perceived leadership behavior and organizational commitment at CPA firms. (Order No. 9954968, Nova Southeastern University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 133–133.* Huang, L. (2000). The perceived leadership behavior and organizational commitment at CPA firms. (Order No. 9954968, Nova Southeastern University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 133–133.*
go back to reference Huang, T. M. (2011). The relationship between headmasters’ leadership behaviour and teachers commitment in primary schools in the district of Sarikei, Sarawak. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1725–1732. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.418.* Huang, T. M. (2011). The relationship between headmasters’ leadership behaviour and teachers commitment in primary schools in the district of Sarikei, Sarawak. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1725–1732. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2011.​11.​418.*
go back to reference Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., & Cheung, Y. L. (2006). The impact of participative leadership behavior on psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in Chinese state-owned enterprises: the moderating role of organizational tenure. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(3), 345–367. doi:10.1007/s10490-006-9006-3.* Huang, X., Shi, K., Zhang, Z., & Cheung, Y. L. (2006). The impact of participative leadership behavior on psychological empowerment and organizational commitment in Chinese state-owned enterprises: the moderating role of organizational tenure. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(3), 345–367. doi:10.​1007/​s10490-006-9006-3.*
go back to reference Hulpia, H., Devos, G., Rosseel, Y., & Vlerick, P. (2012). Dimensions of distributed leadership and the impact on teachers' organizational commitment: A study in secondary education. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(7), 1745–1784. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00917.x.* Hulpia, H., Devos, G., Rosseel, Y., & Vlerick, P. (2012). Dimensions of distributed leadership and the impact on teachers' organizational commitment: A study in secondary education. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(7), 1745–1784. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1559-1816.​2012.​00917.​x.*
go back to reference Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). The relationship between the perception of distributed leadership in secondary schools and teachers’ and teacher leaders’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 20(3), 291–317. doi:10.1080/09243450902909840.* Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). The relationship between the perception of distributed leadership in secondary schools and teachers’ and teacher leaders’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 20(3), 291–317. doi:10.​1080/​0924345090290984​0.*
go back to reference Hult, G. T. M., Ferrell, O. C., Hurley, R. F., & Giunipero, L. C. (2000). Leadership and relationship commitment: A focus on the supplier-buyer-user linkage. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(2), 111–119.* Hult, G. T. M., Ferrell, O. C., Hurley, R. F., & Giunipero, L. C. (2000). Leadership and relationship commitment: A focus on the supplier-buyer-user linkage. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(2), 111–119.*
go back to reference Innes, P. B. (2004). The influence of leadership on perceptions of organizational politics, job involvement, and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3138653, Regent University).* Innes, P. B. (2004). The influence of leadership on perceptions of organizational politics, job involvement, and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3138653, Regent University).*
go back to reference Ismail, A., Mohamed, H. A., Sulaiman, A. Z., Mohamad, M. H., & Yusuf, M. H. (2011). An empirical study of the relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 89–106.* Ismail, A., Mohamed, H. A., Sulaiman, A. Z., Mohamad, M. H., & Yusuf, M. H. (2011). An empirical study of the relationship between transformational leadership, empowerment and organizational commitment. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 89–106.*
go back to reference Ismail, A., Zainuddin, N. A., & Ibrahim, Z. (2010). Linking participative and consultative leadership styles to organizational commitment as an antecedent of job satisfaction. UNITAR E-Journal, 6(1), 11–26.* Ismail, A., Zainuddin, N. A., & Ibrahim, Z. (2010). Linking participative and consultative leadership styles to organizational commitment as an antecedent of job satisfaction. UNITAR E-Journal, 6(1), 11–26.*
go back to reference Jaskyte, K. (2004). Assessing changes in employees' perceptions of leadership behavior, job design, and organizational arrangements and their job satisfaction and commitment. Administration in Social Work, 27(4), 25–39. doi:10.1300/J147v27n04_03.* Jaskyte, K. (2004). Assessing changes in employees' perceptions of leadership behavior, job design, and organizational arrangements and their job satisfaction and commitment. Administration in Social Work, 27(4), 25–39. doi:10.​1300/​J147v27n04_​03.*
go back to reference John, A. K. (2006). The effects of five specific leadership behaviors on productivity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment at a private for-profit college. (Order No. 3238573, Capella University).* John, A. K. (2006). The effects of five specific leadership behaviors on productivity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment at a private for-profit college. (Order No. 3238573, Capella University).*
go back to reference Johnson, W. B. (2012). How do police and firefighters’ perceived leadership practices relate to organizational commitment? (Order No. 3499130, Nova Southeastern University).* Johnson, W. B. (2012). How do police and firefighters’ perceived leadership practices relate to organizational commitment? (Order No. 3499130, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Kennedy, T. E. (1999). The relationship of nurse manager’s organizational commitment and nurse administrator’s caring and leadership behaviors. (Order No. 9934808, George Mason University).* Kennedy, T. E. (1999). The relationship of nurse manager’s organizational commitment and nurse administrator’s caring and leadership behaviors. (Order No. 9934808, George Mason University).*
go back to reference Khan, Z., Khan, S., & Shahzad, S. (2013). Moderating role of procedural justice and empowerment in transformational leadership with its impact on organizational commitment. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(3), 847–852.* Khan, Z., Khan, S., & Shahzad, S. (2013). Moderating role of procedural justice and empowerment in transformational leadership with its impact on organizational commitment. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(3), 847–852.*
go back to reference Kim, W. G. & Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1020–1026. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.008.* Kim, W. G. & Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1020–1026. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijhm.​2011.​03.​008.*
go back to reference Kindel, D. (2011). Teacher commitment to the implementation of ninth grade academies and their perceptions of school leadership. (Order No. 3449690, University of South Florida).* Kindel, D. (2011). Teacher commitment to the implementation of ninth grade academies and their perceptions of school leadership. (Order No. 3449690, University of South Florida).*
go back to reference Klinsontorn, S. (2007). The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment and employee performances. (Order No. 3255207, Nova Southeastern University).* Klinsontorn, S. (2007). The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment and employee performances. (Order No. 3255207, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Kool, M. & Dierendonck, D. V. (2012). Servant leadership and commitment to change, the mediating role of justice and optimism. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(3), 422–433. doi:10.1108/09534811211228139.* Kool, M. & Dierendonck, D. V. (2012). Servant leadership and commitment to change, the mediating role of justice and optimism. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(3), 422–433. doi:10.​1108/​0953481121122813​9.*
go back to reference Koppenhoefer, C. (2013). The impact of leadership style on organizational commitment in medical health insurance call centers. (Order No. 3592422, Indiana Wesleyan University).* Koppenhoefer, C. (2013). The impact of leadership style on organizational commitment in medical health insurance call centers. (Order No. 3592422, Indiana Wesleyan University).*
go back to reference Korek, S., Felfe, J., & Zaepernick-Rothe, U. (2010). Transformational leadership and commitment: A multilevel analysis of group-level influences and mediating processes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(3), 364–387. doi:10.1080/13594320902996336.* Korek, S., Felfe, J., & Zaepernick-Rothe, U. (2010). Transformational leadership and commitment: A multilevel analysis of group-level influences and mediating processes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(3), 364–387. doi:10.​1080/​1359432090299633​6.*
go back to reference Kulinskaya, E., Morgenthaler, S., & Staudte, R. G. (2008). Meta analysis: A guide to calibrating and combining statistical evidence. London: Wiley. Kulinskaya, E., Morgenthaler, S., & Staudte, R. G. (2008). Meta analysis: A guide to calibrating and combining statistical evidence. London: Wiley.
go back to reference Leach, L. S. (2000). Nurse executive leadership and the relationship to organizational commitment among nurses. (Order No. 3041487, University of Southern California).* Leach, L. S. (2000). Nurse executive leadership and the relationship to organizational commitment among nurses. (Order No. 3041487, University of Southern California).*
go back to reference Lee, J. (2005). Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26(7), 655–672.* Lee, J. (2005). Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26(7), 655–672.*
go back to reference Lee, Y. Y. (2005). Teachers’ perceptions of principals’ transformational leadership and teachers’ job satisfaction and school commitment. (Order No. 3178858, Fordham University).* Lee, Y. Y. (2005). Teachers’ perceptions of principals’ transformational leadership and teachers’ job satisfaction and school commitment. (Order No. 3178858, Fordham University).*
go back to reference Lee, I. (2013). The influences of school supervisors’ leadership styles upon organizational effectiveness: Using organizational commitment and organizational change as mediators. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 105–123.* Lee, I. (2013). The influences of school supervisors’ leadership styles upon organizational effectiveness: Using organizational commitment and organizational change as mediators. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 9(2), 105–123.*
go back to reference Leigh, D. (2001). The relationship of several leadership styles, generative concern, values prioritization, and individual differences with goal-directed motivation and commitment. (Order No. 3014352, The Florida State University).* Leigh, D. (2001). The relationship of several leadership styles, generative concern, values prioritization, and individual differences with goal-directed motivation and commitment. (Order No. 3014352, The Florida State University).*
go back to reference Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2011). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 255–264. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1036-1.* Leroy, H., Palanski, M. E., & Simons, T. (2011). Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 255–264. doi:10.​1007/​s10551-011-1036-1.*
go back to reference Li, Y. C. (2004). Examining the effect of organization culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 5(1), 432–438.* Li, Y. C. (2004). Examining the effect of organization culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 5(1), 432–438.*
go back to reference Limsila, K. & Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2), 164–184. doi:10.1108/09699980810852682.* Limsila, K. & Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2), 164–184. doi:10.​1108/​0969998081085268​2.*
go back to reference Liu, C. (2006). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan’s information technology industry. (Order No. 3222256, Nova Southeastern University).* Liu, C. (2006). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan’s information technology industry. (Order No. 3222256, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., Min, H. W., & Songan, P. (2010). The relationship between leadership styles and organizational commitment in Malaysia: Role of leader-member exchange. Asia Pacific Business Review, 16(1–2), 79–103. doi:10.1080/13602380903355676.* Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., Min, H. W., & Songan, P. (2010). The relationship between leadership styles and organizational commitment in Malaysia: Role of leader-member exchange. Asia Pacific Business Review, 16(1–2), 79–103. doi:10.​1080/​1360238090335567​6.*
go back to reference Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., & Run, E. C. D. (2010). Does transformational leadership style foster commitment to change? The case of higher education in Malaysia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 5384–5388. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.877.* Lo, M.-C., Ramayah, T., & Run, E. C. D. (2010). Does transformational leadership style foster commitment to change? The case of higher education in Malaysia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 5384–5388. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2010.​03.​877.*
go back to reference Lok, P. (1997). The influence of organisational culture, subculture, leadership style and job satisfaction on organisational commitment. (Order No. 9904801, University of Sydney (Australia)).* Lok, P. (1997). The influence of organisational culture, subculture, leadership style and job satisfaction on organisational commitment. (Order No. 9904801, University of Sydney (Australia)).*
go back to reference Lok, P. & Crawford, J. (2004). The effect of organisational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organisational commitment: A cross-national comparison. The Journal of Management Development, 23(3), 321–338.* Lok, P. & Crawford, J. (2004). The effect of organisational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organisational commitment: A cross-national comparison. The Journal of Management Development, 23(3), 321–338.*
go back to reference Lowe, W. A. (2000). An examination of the relationship between leadership practices and organizational commitment in the fire service. (Order No. 9971372, Nova Southeastern University).* Lowe, W. A. (2000). An examination of the relationship between leadership practices and organizational commitment in the fire service. (Order No. 9971372, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Lowhorn, G. L. (2009). The effect of supportive organizational leadership, organizational socialization, and satisfaction with supervision on turnover as mediated by organizational commitment and job satisfaction in faculty. (Order No. 3377768, Regent University).* Lowhorn, G. L. (2009). The effect of supportive organizational leadership, organizational socialization, and satisfaction with supervision on turnover as mediated by organizational commitment and job satisfaction in faculty. (Order No. 3377768, Regent University).*
go back to reference Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16, 57–72.CrossRef Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16, 57–72.CrossRef
go back to reference Luton, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A study of UNC system business school department chairs. (Order No. 3407997, Capella University).* Luton, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A study of UNC system business school department chairs. (Order No. 3407997, Capella University).*
go back to reference Mack, T. F. (2011). Incremental effects of instructor leadership behaviors on student commitment and intent to continue in course studies: A comparative study. (Order No. 3480379, Regent University).* Mack, T. F. (2011). Incremental effects of instructor leadership behaviors on student commitment and intent to continue in course studies: A comparative study. (Order No. 3480379, Regent University).*
go back to reference Madanipour, M. (2013). The influence of attachment style on the relationship between leadership, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. (Order No. 3567589, Alliant International University).* Madanipour, M. (2013). The influence of attachment style on the relationship between leadership, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. (Order No. 3567589, Alliant International University).*
go back to reference Mahembe, B. & Engelbrecht, A. S. (2013). The relationship between servant leadership, affective team commitment and team effectiveness. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1). doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v11i1.495.* Mahembe, B. & Engelbrecht, A. S. (2013). The relationship between servant leadership, affective team commitment and team effectiveness. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1). doi:10.​4102/​sajhrm.​v11i1.​495.*
go back to reference Mancini, B. A. (2008). The relationship of transformational and transactional leadership to job satisfaction and organizational commitment within for-profit organizations on long island, New York. (Order No. 3312894, Dowling College).* Mancini, B. A. (2008). The relationship of transformational and transactional leadership to job satisfaction and organizational commitment within for-profit organizations on long island, New York. (Order No. 3312894, Dowling College).*
go back to reference Marchiori, D., & Henkin, A. (2003). Empowerment of chiropractic faculty: A profile in context. The Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 26(1), 17–24.CrossRef Marchiori, D., & Henkin, A. (2003). Empowerment of chiropractic faculty: A profile in context. The Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 26(1), 17–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. L. (2002). Dimensionality of Cook and Wall’s (1980) British organizational commitment scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 369–375.CrossRef Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. L. (2002). Dimensionality of Cook and Wall’s (1980) British organizational commitment scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 369–375.CrossRef
go back to reference Mattison, O. Y. (2010). The relationship of leadership styles and organizational commitment among substance abuse counselors. (Order No. 3467480, University of Phoenix).* Mattison, O. Y. (2010). The relationship of leadership styles and organizational commitment among substance abuse counselors. (Order No. 3467480, University of Phoenix).*
go back to reference McCroskey, S. D. (2007). The relationship between leadership practices and the three-component model of organizational commitment: An empirical analysis. (Order No. 3262852, Capella University).* McCroskey, S. D. (2007). The relationship between leadership practices and the three-component model of organizational commitment: An empirical analysis. (Order No. 3262852, Capella University).*
go back to reference McMurray, A. J., Pirola-Merlo, A., Sarros, J. C., & Islam, M. M. (2010). Leadership, climate, psychological capital, commitment, and wellbeing in a non-profit organization. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(5), 436–457. doi:10.1108/01437731011056452.* McMurray, A. J., Pirola-Merlo, A., Sarros, J. C., & Islam, M. M. (2010). Leadership, climate, psychological capital, commitment, and wellbeing in a non-profit organization. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(5), 436–457. doi:10.​1108/​0143773101105645​2.*
go back to reference McNeese-Smith, D. (1991). The impact of leadership behaviors upon job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment of followers. (Order No. 9129739, Seattle University).* McNeese-Smith, D. (1991). The impact of leadership behaviors upon job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment of followers. (Order No. 9129739, Seattle University).*
go back to reference Mert, İ. S., Keskin, N., & Baş, T. (2010). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Test of a theory in Turkish banking sector. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 2(1), 1–19.* Mert, İ. S., Keskin, N., & Baş, T. (2010). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Test of a theory in Turkish banking sector. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 2(1), 1–19.*
go back to reference Metscher, D. S. (2005). An examination of the perceived leadership practices and organizational commitment of active-duty air force personnel and government civil service employees. (Order No. 3180660, Nova Southeastern University).* Metscher, D. S. (2005). An examination of the perceived leadership practices and organizational commitment of active-duty air force personnel and government civil service employees. (Order No. 3180660, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Metscher, D. S., Lowe, W. A., Barnes, F. B., & Lai, L. (2011). Using leadership to increase commitment for civil servants and air force personnel in times of conflict. Air Force Journal of Logistics, 35(1/2), 125–133.* Metscher, D. S., Lowe, W. A., Barnes, F. B., & Lai, L. (2011). Using leadership to increase commitment for civil servants and air force personnel in times of conflict. Air Force Journal of Logistics, 35(1/2), 125–133.*
go back to reference Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.CrossRef Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.CrossRef
go back to reference Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538–551.CrossRef Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538–551.CrossRef
go back to reference Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2009). Affective commitment to change and innovation implementation behavior: The role of charismatic leadership and employees’ trust in top management. Journal of Change Management, 9(4), 399–417. doi:10.1080/14697010903360608.* Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2009). Affective commitment to change and innovation implementation behavior: The role of charismatic leadership and employees’ trust in top management. Journal of Change Management, 9(4), 399–417. doi:10.​1080/​1469701090336060​8.*
go back to reference Mohammed, K. A., Othman, J., & D’Silva, J. L. (2012). The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment: A study of public university lecturers in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4), 56–61. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/b.8.* Mohammed, K. A., Othman, J., & D’Silva, J. L. (2012). The influence of leadership styles on organizational commitment: A study of public university lecturers in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4), 56–61. doi:10.​7813/​2075-4124.​2012/​4-4/​b.​8.*
go back to reference Moneke, N. I. (2012). Critical-care nurses’ perceived leadership practices, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction in a non-profit healthcare organization. (Order No. 3510596, University of Phoenix).* Moneke, N. I. (2012). Critical-care nurses’ perceived leadership practices, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction in a non-profit healthcare organization. (Order No. 3510596, University of Phoenix).*
go back to reference Mowday, R., Porter, L., & Steers, R. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic. Mowday, R., Porter, L., & Steers, R. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic.
go back to reference Nguni, S., Sleegers, P., & Denessen, E. (2007). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 145–177. doi:10.1080/09243450600565746.* Nguni, S., Sleegers, P., & Denessen, E. (2007). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 145–177. doi:10.​1080/​0924345060056574​6.*
go back to reference Nicholson, W. M. (2009). Leadership practices, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions: A correlational study in a call center. (Order No. 3350859, University of Phoenix).* Nicholson, W. M. (2009). Leadership practices, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions: A correlational study in a call center. (Order No. 3350859, University of Phoenix).*
go back to reference Nordin, N. (2011). The influence of emotional intelligence, leadership behaviour and organizational commitment on organizational readiness for change in higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 129–138. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.217.* Nordin, N. (2011). The influence of emotional intelligence, leadership behaviour and organizational commitment on organizational readiness for change in higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 129–138. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2011.​11.​217.*
go back to reference Nordin, N. (2012). Assessing emotional intelligence, leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in a higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 56, 643–651. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.699.* Nordin, N. (2012). Assessing emotional intelligence, leadership behaviour and organizational commitment in a higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 56, 643–651. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2012.​09.​699.*
go back to reference Olanrewaju, J. A. (2009). The influence of leadership on employees’ commitment to the Nigerian public service: Implications for organizational effectiveness. (Order No. 3379676, Capella University).* Olanrewaju, J. A. (2009). The influence of leadership on employees’ commitment to the Nigerian public service: Implications for organizational effectiveness. (Order No. 3379676, Capella University).*
go back to reference Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–802.CrossRef Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–802.CrossRef
go back to reference Othman, J., Mohammed, K. A., & Dsilva, J. L. (2012). Does a transformational and transactional leadership style predict organizational commitment among public university lecturers in Nigeria? Asian Social Science, 9(1). doi:10.5539/ass.v9n1p165.* Othman, J., Mohammed, K. A., & Dsilva, J. L. (2012). Does a transformational and transactional leadership style predict organizational commitment among public university lecturers in Nigeria? Asian Social Science, 9(1). doi:10.​5539/​ass.​v9n1p165.*
go back to reference Othman, N., Mujir, S. J. M., & Ibrahim, M. S. (2010). Multi-dimensional leadership orientation of academic department heads and lecturer commitment in Malaysian polytechnics. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1607–1611. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.373.* Othman, N., Mujir, S. J. M., & Ibrahim, M. S. (2010). Multi-dimensional leadership orientation of academic department heads and lecturer commitment in Malaysian polytechnics. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1607–1611. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2010.​12.​373.*
go back to reference Özşahin, M., Zehir, C., Acar, A. Z., & Sudak, M. K. (2013). The effects of leadership and market orientation on organizational commitment. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.504.* Özşahin, M., Zehir, C., Acar, A. Z., & Sudak, M. K. (2013). The effects of leadership and market orientation on organizational commitment. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 363–372. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2013.​10.​504.*
go back to reference Parrish, D. A. (2001). The impact of leadership behavior on organizational commitment and job autonomy of information services librarians. (Order No. 3001669, The Florida State University).* Parrish, D. A. (2001). The impact of leadership behavior on organizational commitment and job autonomy of information services librarians. (Order No. 3001669, The Florida State University).*
go back to reference Philipp, B. L. U. (2012). Psychological contracts in the workplace: Relationships among organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors, and ethical leadership. (Order No. 3523554, Alliant International University).* Philipp, B. L. U. (2012). Psychological contracts in the workplace: Relationships among organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors, and ethical leadership. (Order No. 3523554, Alliant International University).*
go back to reference Pierro, A., Raven, B. H., Amato, C., & Belanger, J. J. (2013). Bases of social power, leadership styles, and organizational commitment. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1122–1134. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.733398.* Pierro, A., Raven, B. H., Amato, C., & Belanger, J. J. (2013). Bases of social power, leadership styles, and organizational commitment. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1122–1134. doi:10.​1080/​00207594.​2012.​733398.*
go back to reference Pillai, R. & Williams, E. A. (2004). Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment, and performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2), 144–159.* Pillai, R. & Williams, E. A. (2004). Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment, and performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2), 144–159.*
go back to reference Poddar, P. P., Manjrekar, P. M., & Gopal, R. R. (2012). Relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment: An empirical study of B-Schools of Navi Mumbai area. Indian Journal of Higher Education, 3(1), 59–73.* Poddar, P. P., Manjrekar, P. M., & Gopal, R. R. (2012). Relationship between leadership styles and employee commitment: An empirical study of B-Schools of Navi Mumbai area. Indian Journal of Higher Education, 3(1), 59–73.*
go back to reference Polito, J. A. (2010). A study of the relationship between commitment to the supervisor and followers’ perception of leadership. (Order No. 3398338, Capella University).* Polito, J. A. (2010). A study of the relationship between commitment to the supervisor and followers’ perception of leadership. (Order No. 3398338, Capella University).*
go back to reference Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609.CrossRef Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609.CrossRef
go back to reference Riaz, T., Muhammad, U. A., & Ijaz, H. (2011). Impact of transformational leadership style on affective employees’ commitment: An empirical study of banking sector in Islamabad (Pakistan). The Journal of Commerce, 3(1), 43.* Riaz, T., Muhammad, U. A., & Ijaz, H. (2011). Impact of transformational leadership style on affective employees’ commitment: An empirical study of banking sector in Islamabad (Pakistan). The Journal of Commerce, 3(1), 43.*
go back to reference Ritz, A., Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Arshoff, A. S. (2012). Who needs leaders the most? The interactive effect of leadership and core self-evaluations on commitment to change in the public sector. International Public Management Journal, 15(2), 160–185. doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.702588.* Ritz, A., Shantz, A., Alfes, K., & Arshoff, A. S. (2012). Who needs leaders the most? The interactive effect of leadership and core self-evaluations on commitment to change in the public sector. International Public Management Journal, 15(2), 160–185. doi:10.​1080/​10967494.​2012.​702588.*
go back to reference Ross, J. A. & Gray, P. (2007). Transformational leadership and teacher commitment to organizational values: The mediating effects of collective teacher efficacy. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 179–199. doi:10.1080/09243450600565795.* Ross, J. A. & Gray, P. (2007). Transformational leadership and teacher commitment to organizational values: The mediating effects of collective teacher efficacy. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 17(2), 179–199. doi:10.​1080/​0924345060056579​5.*
go back to reference Rubino, M. J. (2012). Descriptions of organizational servant leadership practices, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment at faith-based higher education institutions. (Order No. 3528063, Dowling College).* Rubino, M. J. (2012). Descriptions of organizational servant leadership practices, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment at faith-based higher education institutions. (Order No. 3528063, Dowling College).*
go back to reference Rupert, J., Jehn, K. A., van Engen, M. L., & de Reuver, R. S. (2010). Commitment of cultural minorities in organizations: Effects of leadership and pressure to conform. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 25–37. doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9131-3.* Rupert, J., Jehn, K. A., van Engen, M. L., & de Reuver, R. S. (2010). Commitment of cultural minorities in organizations: Effects of leadership and pressure to conform. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), 25–37. doi:10.​1007/​s10869-009-9131-3.*
go back to reference Saher, N., Naz, S., Tasleem, I., Naz, R. & Kausar, S. (2013). Does paternalistic leadership lead to commitment? Trust in leader as moderator in Pakistani context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Busiess, 5(1), 443–455.* Saher, N., Naz, S., Tasleem, I., Naz, R. & Kausar, S. (2013). Does paternalistic leadership lead to commitment? Trust in leader as moderator in Pakistani context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Busiess, 5(1), 443–455.*
go back to reference Sahertian, P. & Frisdiantara, C. (2012). Collective efficacy as a mediator: The effect of relationship oriented leadership and employee commitment toward organizational values. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 18(1), 300–309.* Sahertian, P. & Frisdiantara, C. (2012). Collective efficacy as a mediator: The effect of relationship oriented leadership and employee commitment toward organizational values. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 18(1), 300–309.*
go back to reference Santa Maria, V. (2007). Leadership styles of nurse-managers: Influences on commitment. (Order No. 3269215, Stevens Institute of Technology).* Santa Maria, V. (2007). Leadership styles of nurse-managers: Influences on commitment. (Order No. 3269215, Stevens Institute of Technology).*
go back to reference Santhidran, S., Chandran, V. G. R., & Borromeo, J. (2013). Enabling organizational change—leadership, commitment to change and the mediating role of change readiness. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(2), 348–363. doi:10.3846/16111699.2011.642083.* Santhidran, S., Chandran, V. G. R., & Borromeo, J. (2013). Enabling organizational change—leadership, commitment to change and the mediating role of change readiness. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(2), 348–363. doi:10.​3846/​16111699.​2011.​642083.*
go back to reference Sarwat, N., Hayat, K., Qureshi, J. A., & Ali, M. (2011). Impact of strategic leadership on organizational performance, in the context of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, evidence form educational institutions of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(4), 658–675.* Sarwat, N., Hayat, K., Qureshi, J. A., & Ali, M. (2011). Impact of strategic leadership on organizational performance, in the context of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, evidence form educational institutions of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(4), 658–675.*
go back to reference Schweizer, L. & Patzelt, H. (2012). Employee commitment in the post-acquisition integration process: The effect of integration speed and leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 28(4), 298–310. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2012.02.003.* Schweizer, L. & Patzelt, H. (2012). Employee commitment in the post-acquisition integration process: The effect of integration speed and leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 28(4), 298–310. doi:10.​1016/​j.​scaman.​2012.​02.​003.*
go back to reference Selamat, N., Nordin, N., & Adnan, A. A. (2013). Rekindle teacher’s organizational commitment: The effect of transformational leadership behavior. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 566–574. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.127.* Selamat, N., Nordin, N., & Adnan, A. A. (2013). Rekindle teacher’s organizational commitment: The effect of transformational leadership behavior. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 566–574. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2013.​07.​127.*
go back to reference Serin, K. M. & Buluç, B. (2012). İlköğretim okul müdürlerinin öğretim liderliği davranışları ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişki. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 435–459.* Serin, K. M. & Buluç, B. (2012). İlköğretim okul müdürlerinin öğretim liderliği davranışları ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişki. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 18(3), 435–459.*
go back to reference Shams-Ur-Rehman, Shareef, A., Mahmood, A., & Ishaque, A. (2012). Perceived leadership styles and organizational commitment. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(1), 616–626.* Shams-Ur-Rehman, Shareef, A., Mahmood, A., & Ishaque, A. (2012). Perceived leadership styles and organizational commitment. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(1), 616–626.*
go back to reference Sharif, S., Dullah, J. J., Osman, K., & Sulaiman, S. (2010). Headmaster’s leadership style and teachers’ commitment in Malaysian Rural primary schools. International Journal of Learning, 16(12), 229–244.* Sharif, S., Dullah, J. J., Osman, K., & Sulaiman, S. (2010). Headmaster’s leadership style and teachers’ commitment in Malaysian Rural primary schools. International Journal of Learning, 16(12), 229–244.*
go back to reference Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., & Abdulla, M. H. A. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56, 1021–1030.CrossRef Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., & Abdulla, M. H. A. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56, 1021–1030.CrossRef
go back to reference Shin, Y. (2013). The relationship between leadership styles, organizational commitment, and organizational outcome in Oklahoma’s volunteer fire departments. (Order No. 1542236, Oklahoma State University).* Shin, Y. (2013). The relationship between leadership styles, organizational commitment, and organizational outcome in Oklahoma’s volunteer fire departments. (Order No. 1542236, Oklahoma State University).*
go back to reference Simosi, M. & Xenikou, A. (2010). The role of organizational culture in the relationship between leadership and organizational commitment: An empirical study in a Greek organization. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(10), 1598–1616. doi:10.1080/09585192.2010.500485.* Simosi, M. & Xenikou, A. (2010). The role of organizational culture in the relationship between leadership and organizational commitment: An empirical study in a Greek organization. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(10), 1598–1616. doi:10.​1080/​09585192.​2010.​500485.*
go back to reference Skeese, M. E. (2003). An assessment of Florida public school district superintendents’ leadership styles and the organizational commitment of district principals. (Order No. 3083924, Nova Southeastern University).* Skeese, M. E. (2003). An assessment of Florida public school district superintendents’ leadership styles and the organizational commitment of district principals. (Order No. 3083924, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Smothers, A. E. (2008). Perceived leadership style of a mayor and its impact on organizational commitment of municipal employees. (Order No. 3310721, Capella University).* Smothers, A. E. (2008). Perceived leadership style of a mayor and its impact on organizational commitment of municipal employees. (Order No. 3310721, Capella University).*
go back to reference So, E. (2009). The effects of leadership on organizational commitment in china: The moderating role of collectivism. (Order No. MR56781, University of Guelph (Canada)).* So, E. (2009). The effects of leadership on organizational commitment in china: The moderating role of collectivism. (Order No. MR56781, University of Guelph (Canada)).*
go back to reference Sofiah, K. K. & Mohd Zabid, A. R. (2012). The mediating effect of organizational commitment in the organizational culture, leadership and organizational justice relationship with organizational citizenship behavior: A study of academicians in private higher learning institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), 83–91.* Sofiah, K. K. & Mohd Zabid, A. R. (2012). The mediating effect of organizational commitment in the organizational culture, leadership and organizational justice relationship with organizational citizenship behavior: A study of academicians in private higher learning institutions in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), 83–91.*
go back to reference Sokoll, S. M. (2013). Servant leadership: A quantitative exploration of the relationship between servant leadership and employee commitment to a supervisor. (Order No. 3570906, Regent University).* Sokoll, S. M. (2013). Servant leadership: A quantitative exploration of the relationship between servant leadership and employee commitment to a supervisor. (Order No. 3570906, Regent University).*
go back to reference Solomon, C. B. (2007). The relationships among middle level leadership, teacher commitment, teacher collective efficacy, and student achievement. (Order No. 3322742, University of Missouri, Columbia).* Solomon, C. B. (2007). The relationships among middle level leadership, teacher commitment, teacher collective efficacy, and student achievement. (Order No. 3322742, University of Missouri, Columbia).*
go back to reference Srithongrung, A. (2011). The causal relationships among transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and employee effectiveness. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 376–388. doi:10.1080/01900692.2011.569917.* Srithongrung, A. (2011). The causal relationships among transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and employee effectiveness. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 376–388. doi:10.​1080/​01900692.​2011.​569917.*
go back to reference Steyrer, J., Schiffinger, M., & Lang, R. (2008). Organizational commitment—A missing link between leadership behavior and organizational performance? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24(4), 364–374. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2008.04.002.* Steyrer, J., Schiffinger, M., & Lang, R. (2008). Organizational commitment—A missing link between leadership behavior and organizational performance? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24(4), 364–374. doi:10.​1016/​j.​scaman.​2008.​04.​002.*
go back to reference Stonestreet, S. P. (2002). Perceived leadership practices and organizational commitment in the North American automobile industry. (Order No. 3036288, Nova Southeastern University).* Stonestreet, S. P. (2002). Perceived leadership practices and organizational commitment in the North American automobile industry. (Order No. 3036288, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Rafferty, A. E. (2009). Proactivity directed toward the team and organization: the role of leadership, commitment and role-breadth self-efficacy. British Journal of Management, 20(3), 279–291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00590.x.* Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Rafferty, A. E. (2009). Proactivity directed toward the team and organization: the role of leadership, commitment and role-breadth self-efficacy. British Journal of Management, 20(3), 279–291. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1467-8551.​2008.​00590.​x.*
go back to reference Sušanj, Z. & Jakopec, A. (2012). Fairness perceptions and job satisfaction as mediators of the relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment. Psihologijske Teme/Psychological Topics, 21(3), 509–526.* Sušanj, Z. & Jakopec, A. (2012). Fairness perceptions and job satisfaction as mediators of the relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment. Psihologijske Teme/Psychological Topics, 21(3), 509–526.*
go back to reference Sutherland, M. A. (2010). An examination of ethical leadership and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3396731, Nova Southeastern University).* Sutherland, M. A. (2010). An examination of ethical leadership and organizational commitment. (Order No. 3396731, Nova Southeastern University).*
go back to reference Swailes, S. (2002). Organizational commitment: A critique of the construct and measures. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(2), 155–178.CrossRef Swailes, S. (2002). Organizational commitment: A critique of the construct and measures. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(2), 155–178.CrossRef
go back to reference Tabbodi, M. L. (2009). Effects of leadership behaviour on the faculty commitment of humanities departments in the University of Mysore, India: regarding factors of age group, educational qualifications and gender. Educational Studies, 35(1), 21–26. doi:10.1080/03055690802288510.* Tabbodi, M. L. (2009). Effects of leadership behaviour on the faculty commitment of humanities departments in the University of Mysore, India: regarding factors of age group, educational qualifications and gender. Educational Studies, 35(1), 21–26. doi:10.​1080/​0305569080228851​0.*
go back to reference Tarcan, G. Y., Hikmet, N., Tarcan, M., & Top, M. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational trust in Turkish public hospitals: Public servants versus private employees. Proceedings for the Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI), 1030–1045.* Tarcan, G. Y., Hikmet, N., Tarcan, M., & Top, M. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational trust in Turkish public hospitals: Public servants versus private employees. Proceedings for the Northeast Region Decision Sciences Institute (NEDSI), 1030–1045.*
go back to reference Tatlah, I. A., Ali, Z., & Saeed, M. (2011). Leadership behavior and organizational commitment: An empirical study of educational professionals. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(2), 1293–1298.* Tatlah, I. A., Ali, Z., & Saeed, M. (2011). Leadership behavior and organizational commitment: An empirical study of educational professionals. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(2), 1293–1298.*
go back to reference Top, M., Tarcan, M., Tekingunduz, S., & Hikmet, N. (2013). An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 28(3), 217–241. doi:10.1002/hpm.2154.* Top, M., Tarcan, M., Tekingunduz, S., & Hikmet, N. (2013). An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 28(3), 217–241. doi:10.​1002/​hpm.​2154.*
go back to reference Tremblay, M. A. (2010). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators on the relationship between leadership style, unit commitment, and turnover intentions of Canadian Forces personnel. Military Psychology, 22(4), 510–523. doi:10.1080/08995605.2010.513271.* Tremblay, M. A. (2010). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators on the relationship between leadership style, unit commitment, and turnover intentions of Canadian Forces personnel. Military Psychology, 22(4), 510–523. doi:10.​1080/​08995605.​2010.​513271.*
go back to reference Tuna, M., Ghazzawi, I., Tuna, A. A., & Çatir, O. (2011). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: The case of Turkey’s hospitality industry. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 76(3), 10–25.* Tuna, M., Ghazzawi, I., Tuna, A. A., & Çatir, O. (2011). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: The case of Turkey’s hospitality industry. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 76(3), 10–25.*
go back to reference Uğurlu, C. T. & Üstüner, M. (2011). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerine yöneticilerinin etik liderlik ve örgütsel adalet davranışlarının etkisi. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 434–448.* Uğurlu, C. T. & Üstüner, M. (2011). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerine yöneticilerinin etik liderlik ve örgütsel adalet davranışlarının etkisi. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 434–448.*
go back to reference Valentino, K. E. M. (1995). The effects of leadership style and behavior on perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. (Order No. 1377465, California State University, Long Beach).* Valentino, K. E. M. (1995). The effects of leadership style and behavior on perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. (Order No. 1377465, California State University, Long Beach).*
go back to reference Wallace, E., de Chernatony, L., & Buil, I. (2011). How leadership and commitment influence bank employees’ adoption of their bank’s values. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 397–414. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0728-2.* Wallace, E., de Chernatony, L., & Buil, I. (2011). How leadership and commitment influence bank employees’ adoption of their bank’s values. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3), 397–414. doi:10.​1007/​s10551-010-0728-2.*
go back to reference Walumbwa, F. O., Orwa, B., Wang, P., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and U.S. financial firms. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 235–256.* Walumbwa, F. O., Orwa, B., Wang, P., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). Transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: A comparative study of Kenyan and U.S. financial firms. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 235–256.*
go back to reference Wan Ismail, W. K., Mohamad, N. B., Hussain, G., Rashid, S. A., & Rashid, M. A. (2011). Organizational commitment as mediator of charismatic leadership to model subordinates' performance and satisfaction. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(6), 379–385.* Wan Ismail, W. K., Mohamad, N. B., Hussain, G., Rashid, S. A., & Rashid, M. A. (2011). Organizational commitment as mediator of charismatic leadership to model subordinates' performance and satisfaction. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(6), 379–385.*
go back to reference Wang, X., Ma, L., & Zhang, M. (2014). Transformational leadership and agency workers’ organizational commitment: The mediating effect of organizational justice and job characteristics. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(1), 25–36. doi:10.2224/sbp.2014.42.1.25.* Wang, X., Ma, L., & Zhang, M. (2014). Transformational leadership and agency workers’ organizational commitment: The mediating effect of organizational justice and job characteristics. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(1), 25–36. doi:10.​2224/​sbp.​2014.​42.​1.​25.*
go back to reference Wang, P. & Walumbwa, F. O. (2007). Family-friendly programs, organizational commitment, and work withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60, 397–427.* Wang, P. & Walumbwa, F. O. (2007). Family-friendly programs, organizational commitment, and work withdrawal: The moderating role of transformational leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60, 397–427.*
go back to reference Yang, M.-L. (2012a). Transformational leadership and Taiwanese public relations practitioners’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(1), 31–46. doi:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.1.31.* Yang, M.-L. (2012a). Transformational leadership and Taiwanese public relations practitioners’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(1), 31–46. doi:10.​2224/​sbp.​2012.​40.​1.​31.*
go back to reference Yang, Y. F. (2012b). Studies of transformational leadership in the consumer service workgroup: Cooperative conflict resolution and the mediating roles of job satisfaction and change commitment. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 545–564. doi:10.2466/01.21.PR0.111.5.545-564.* Yang, Y. F. (2012b). Studies of transformational leadership in the consumer service workgroup: Cooperative conflict resolution and the mediating roles of job satisfaction and change commitment. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 545–564. doi:10.​2466/​01.​21.​PR0.​111.​5.​545-564.*
go back to reference Yang, Y. F. (2013). Studies of transformational leadership in consumer service: market orientation behavior and alternative roles for the mediators and moderators of change commitment. Psychological Reports, 113(3), 767–785. doi:10.2466/01.21.PR0.113x27z8.* Yang, Y. F. (2013). Studies of transformational leadership in consumer service: market orientation behavior and alternative roles for the mediators and moderators of change commitment. Psychological Reports, 113(3), 767–785. doi:10.​2466/​01.​21.​PR0.​113x27z8.*
go back to reference Yasar Sahin, M., Cengiz, R., & Abakay, U. (2013). The investigation of the ethical leadership roles of school administrators and organizational commitment of physical education teachers. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(4), 153–160. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-4/b.23.* Yasar Sahin, M., Cengiz, R., & Abakay, U. (2013). The investigation of the ethical leadership roles of school administrators and organizational commitment of physical education teachers. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(4), 153–160. doi:10.​7813/​2075-4124.​2013/​5-4/​b.​23.*
go back to reference Zehir, C., Sehitoglu, Y., & Erdogan, E. (2012). The effect of leadership and supervisory commitment to organizational performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.994.* Zehir, C., Sehitoglu, Y., & Erdogan, E. (2012). The effect of leadership and supervisory commitment to organizational performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 207–216. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sbspro.​2012.​09.​994.*
Metadata
Title
The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Commitment Commitment
Authors
Özge Öztekin
Sabiha İşçi
Engin Karadağ
Copyright Year
2015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0_4