The European Union’s Geopolitics
The Lackluster World Power
- 2024
- Book
- Editors
- Mathias Jopp
- Johannes Pollak
- Book Series
- The Future of Europe
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
About this book
The book deals with the urgent need for the EU to position itself globally in the wake of Brexit, a rapidly worsening climate crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, an aggressive Russia, and an ever more assertive China. After 60 years of intensive navel gazing that focused on institutional design more than world politics, the EU is now forced to defend its liberal democratic values, which have come under attack from inside and outside the European integration project. Moreover, Realpolitik is back on the agenda. Europe’s content negligence of defense matters in the past few decades has been revealed by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Introduction: The EU’s Geopolitics—Where Ambition Exceeds Ability
Mathias Jopp, Johannes PollakThe chapter examines the EU's efforts to navigate complex geopolitical landscapes, balancing its economic strength with its geopolitical ambitions. It discusses the EU's response to crises such as the war in Ukraine, the climate crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the challenges posed by Russia and China. The text also explores the EU's struggle to achieve strategic autonomy and its attempts to build partnerships with like-minded countries. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the EU's trade policy, defense capabilities, and foreign policy strategies, highlighting the complexities and contradictions in the EU's geopolitical stance.AI Generated
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AbstractThe book deals with the urgent need of the European Union’s (EU) positioning in the world in the wake of the terrorist attack on Israel on October 7, 2023 and the following war in Gaza, a quickly worsening climate crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, a bellicose Russia, and an ever more assertive China. After 60 years of intensive navel gazing that focused more on institutional design than world politics, the EU is forced to defend its liberal democratic values that have come under attack from inside and outside the European integration project. Inside, the electoral success of parties that are clearly opposing central achievements of integration pose a significant challenge to the deepening of this very integration—a deepening made necessary by the various unprecedented crises and stronger geopolitical rivalry in recent years. Outside, the Russian war of aggression has opened up a chapter of a book most commentators thought long closed: the discussion of direct confrontation between Russia and NATO. It seems as if Europe faces multiple dilemmas at the same time: a mixture of crises that trigger nationalist responses in addition to ever more pleas for more cooperation and even the end of unanimity in key policy areas of the Union. -
Puzzle Pieces
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Frontmatter
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Can the EEAS Deliver Diplomacy for the Era of Grey Zones and Intensified Geopolitical Competition?
Jozef BátoraThe chapter discusses the EU's response to intensified geopolitical competition and grey zones, focusing on the European External Action Service (EEAS) as an interstitial organization. It elaborates on the EEAS's organizational challenges and adaptations in integrating diplomacy, defense, and intelligence domains. The analysis highlights the EEAS's unique position as a non-state entity, its evolving role in countering hybrid threats, and the geopolitical turn it has undergone in response to recent global conflicts. The chapter concludes with recommendations for making the EEAS fit for a world of growing geopolitical confrontation.AI Generated
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AbstractDoes the European Union (EU) have the right institutional tools to support its external action in a highly turbulent world characterised by intensified geopolitical confrontation? The global security environment has been deteriorating rapidly in the course of the last two decades. With Russia’s attack on Georgia in 2008 and Ukraine since 2014 (and its major escalation into a fully fledged war of aggression in February 2022), full-scale conventional warfare was once again brought back to Europe. The ongoing global confrontation between, on the one side, an increasingly coordinated front of authoritarian powers including Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea and, on the other side, the liberal democracies of the global West, has been characterised by both inter-state- and proxy-warfare in various parts of the world. -
European Defence: Developments, Challenges and Gaps in Institutions, Instruments, and Strategies
Florence Ertel, Daniel GölerThe chapter delves into the evolution of the European Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), tracing its origins from the early attempts at European defence integration to the current geopolitical landscape shaped by the Russian war in Ukraine. It examines the institutional framework of CSDP, which has been marked by a tension between supranational and intergovernmental approaches. The chapter also analyzes the instruments and capabilities developed under CSDP, such as the European Defence Fund and the European Peace Facility, and evaluates their effectiveness. Additionally, it assesses the EU's security strategies, including the European Security Strategy (2003), the EU Global Strategy (2016), and the Strategic Compass (2022), highlighting the shift in the EU's self-image and security priorities. The chapter concludes by identifying perspectives and gaps in the current CSDP, offering insights into the future directions of European defence policy.AI Generated
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AbstractThe Russian war of aggression against Ukraine has dramatically changed the geopolitical environment in Europe. In this context the High Representative of the European Union (EU) for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the Vice President of the European Commission Josep Borrell declared in March 2022 “Europe’s Geopolitical Awakening” (Borrell, 2022). Therefore, the so-called “geopolitical Europe” is seen as the new normal in EU foreign policy, which ascribes a global security responsibility to the EU and has the task of protecting its citizens and supporting its partners (Borrell, 2022). Based on these recent developments and the EU’s new normal, this chapter will take a closer look at the core of geopolitical thinking, security, and defence policy. -
Geopolitical Enlargement
Frank SchimmelfennigThe chapter delves into the renewed focus on EU enlargement, sparked by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the shift from a transformative to a geopolitical approach. It examines the nature of this geopolitical enlargement, the specific challenges it poses, and the trade-offs between speed and compliance. The author argues that differentiated integration is key to managing these challenges and ensuring the EU's effectiveness. The chapter also highlights the need for internal reforms and the potential for geopolitical enlargement to expose the EU's limitations as a global power. By offering a comprehensive analysis of these issues, the chapter provides valuable insights into the future of EU expansion and its geopolitical implications.AI Generated
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AbstractIn response to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, enlargement has moved back to the top of the European Union’s policy agenda. At the same time, it appears to changing from a transformative “Europeanisation” logic to a security-driven geopolitical logic. The chapter asks how can we understand geopolitical enlargement, and how it differs from the conventional transformative model. Has enlargement become more geopolitical, indeed, and why? Which are the specific challenges and trade-offs that the EU faces in its enlargement policy? And, finally, how can geopolitical enlargement be implemented despite these challenges? I argue that recent enlargement decisions have followed a geopolitical rationale, indeed. However, rather than shifting completely to a geopolitical logic of enlargement, the EU has merely added a geopolitical layer on top of an official enlargement strategy that remains obliged to its transformative approach. This layering creates difficult trade-offs for the EU. To mitigate these trade-offs and maximise the geopolitical potential of enlargement, I suggest that fast-track legal membership combined with extensive institutional and policy differentiation is the most appropriate strategy. -
EU Trade Policy in a Geopolitical Age
Katharina MeissnerThe chapter delves into the EU's trade policy amidst a geopolitical age, marked by significant shifts in international relations and trade dynamics. It examines the return of geopolitics and geoeconomics, highlighting the EU's strategic responses through the 'geopolitical' European Commission and the concept of Open Strategic Autonomy. The analysis covers the EU's trade strategy, including new policy instruments designed to tackle economic distortions, defend against economic coercion, and ensure critical infrastructure and supply resilience. The chapter also assesses whether the EU's trade policy is fit for this new age, discussing the challenges and potential solutions for the EU to remain a strong player in the international system.AI Generated
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AbstractEurope continues to face multiple crises which require the EU to develop new strategies and to rethink and adjust many of its policies. Amidst severe crises that hit the EU and its member states, including the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for European economies, Russia’s war on Ukraine unfolded massive economic, energy-related, and, above all, geopolitical externalities for Europe and the EU. After decades of growing and widened liberalisation, the EU is now in a situation in which it has to re-think its trade strategy and policy. Indeed, European Commission President von der Leyen announced a “geopolitical Commission,” and the Open Strategy Autonomy trade strategy wants to bring the EU into a position to effectively cope with geoeconomic and geopolitical challenges. This contribution takes stock of the EU’s trade policy in a geopolitical age and in how far the EU has managed to find adequate responses to the enormous economic and geopolitical challenges. -
Squaring the Circle? The EU’s Energy Dilemma
Johannes Pollak, Samuel Randolph SchubertThe chapter delves into the EU’s energy security dilemma exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, revealing the EU’s over-reliance on Russian energy supplies and the subsequent scramble to diversify. It examines the concept of energy security, including its geopolitical dimensions, and the EU’s efforts to enhance its energy independence. The text also discusses the EU’s response to the crisis, including sanctions, diversification of energy sources, and the shift towards renewable energy. Additionally, it explores the strategic implications of these changes and the challenges the EU faces in achieving energy autonomy and maintaining its global influence.AI Generated
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AbstractThe sudden and brutal aggression of the Russian Federation on Ukraine in February 2022 exposed an almost fatal weakness in Europe’s energy security, one rooted in a failure to understand that when push comes to shove geopolitics trumps economics. This false sense of security was evidenced by the fact that the Russian assault threw Europe’s nascent joint energy policy and the national energy policies of a considerable number of its member states into turmoil, developments that were striking for two primary reasons; prior to the war, the European Union (EU) harboured a sense of confidence that it had a reliable partner in Russia and forgot the lessons learned from the oil shocks of the 1970s. The former proved misguided due to flawed assumptions while the latter constituted a strategic failure to integrate past insights. Together, these miscalculations converged to constitute a near perfect storm, one that would alter the course of European energy policy and perhaps even the European project for decades to come.
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The Big Issues
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Frontmatter
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Russian Geopolitics and the Russian-Ukrainian War: Lessons for the EU
Petr Kratochvíl, Tomáš DoležalThe chapter 'Russian Geopolitics and the Russian-Ukrainian War: Lessons for the EU' delves into the geopolitical dynamics surrounding the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with a particular focus on the implications for the European Union. It begins by contextualizing Russia's historical role in European geopolitics and the evolution of its relationship with the EU. The text then explores the transformation of Russian geopolitical identity under President Putin, highlighting the role of ontological insecurity and the emergence of an 'identitarian geopolitics'. The invasion of Ukraine is analyzed as a consequence of these factors, providing a nuanced understanding of the geopolitical motivations behind the conflict. The chapter concludes by drawing lessons for the EU, emphasizing the need for a more realistic geopolitical approach and the importance of understanding the complexities of Russia's geopolitical outlook. This chapter offers valuable insights for those seeking to understand the broader geopolitical implications of the ongoing conflict and its impact on European security and politics.AI Generated
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AbstractKratochvíl and Doležal analyse critically the role of geopolitics in current EU-Russia relations. The chapter helps to understand the multiple causes of the Russian aggression and by doing so also provides lessons for EU (geo)politics. EU’s geopolitical thought is represented by four competing narratives about Russia’s place in European (geo)politics. The triple transformation of Russian geopolitical identity is discussed at the levels of the Russian geopolitical worldview, the Russian geopolitical self-other imaginary, and the Russian geopolitical actions derived from these. The authors show in detail how Putin´s war strategy links his regime´s inner circle interests with specific “identitarian geopolitics” while exploiting and reproducing (ontological, epistemic, economic, and human) insecurity crisis in Russian society and even exporting the ontological and epistemic insecurity to the EU. -
China: Systemic Rival or Selective Partner? Prospects and Challenges
L. Curran, M. PoustieThis chapter delves into the intricate dynamics of the EU-China relationship, emphasizing the significance of global norms in trade, investment, and climate change. It argues that the EU needs a nuanced strategy to navigate China’s role as both a norm-taker and norm-maker. The text explores China’s evolving political landscape, its assertive foreign policy, and the challenges it poses to the EU’s economic and security interests. It also examines China’s engagement with climate change norms, highlighting both its cooperation and reservations. The chapter concludes by discussing the EU’s innovative policy responses, such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, and the need to balance strategic autonomy with cooperation in key sectors like the energy transition.AI Generated
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AbstractGlobalisation and managing the increased international interdependence which it engenders is one of the key multidimensional challenges facing the European Union (EU). One facet of this challenge is clearly the rise of China as an economic and political actor. The difficulties (and opportunities) posed by the transformations occurring in China’s role in the global economy and polity clearly need to be better understood and integrated into EU strategy. Indeed, the EU faces a series of dilemmas in relation to its China strategy, most notably the need to steer its own course in the context of a very conflictual US approach, based on distrust and the perceived need to ‘decouple’ the two economies. The EU seeks a more nuanced approach to ‘de-risk’ its relationship with China (von der Leyen, 2023); however, this will not be straightforward to achieve. It needs to balance the defence of its economic and security interests with the wider need to maintain the stable global governance required for progress on major world challenges, including climate change and wider environmental concerns that require coordinated international approaches. -
The Transatlantic Relationship
Roberta N. HaarThe chapter focuses on three central issues in the European Union’s transatlantic relationship with the United States that contribute to Europe’s lacklustre performance: leadership, capability, and solidarity. It traces the evolution of these problems from the Obama administration to the Biden era, with a particular focus on the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The chapter explores how shifting geopolitical landscapes and new global challenges have undermined US leadership and European willingness to follow, as well as the capability gaps in European defence and the solidarity issues that have strained the alliance. It also discusses the potential implications of a Trump presidency in 2024 and offers strategies for Europeans to enhance their leadership role, address capability gaps, and strengthen transatlantic solidarity. The chapter concludes with a forecast of future challenges and the importance of active preparation for potential shifts in the transatlantic relationship.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on three central issues in the European Union’s (EU) transatlantic relationship that contribute to Europe’s lacklustre performance. The first concern is a leadership problem, which has bedevilled relations since the Barack Obama administration. The United States (US) has been the dominant partner in the relationship ever since the postwar era, and its leadership has been largely uncontested. However, shifting geopolitical landscapes and the emergence of new global challenges (such as the energy crisis in Europe, the rise of authoritarianism, the rise of populism, threats related to pandemics, vulnerabilities linked to critical infrastructure, pressures related to climate change, and a general surge in global violence) undermine the US’ leadership role and the Europeans’ willingness to follow its lead. During the Obama administration, these factors, along with Obama’s desire to step back from the headship role, resulted in a leadership vacuum, creating instability and uncertainty in the transatlantic relationship. The Joe Biden administration should be commended for its commitment to taking the lead on behalf of the Western campaign in supporting Ukraine and fostering solidarity in the face of Vladimir Putin’s invasion. Still, the deliberations regarding the supply of tanks and other military assets to the Ukrainian army, which clearly required more heavy weaponry and ammunition, highlight that the alliance’s cohesion is not guaranteed, and that US leadership is provisional. -
The Geopolitics of Global Transportation in the Twenty-First Century
Alice-Catherine CarlsThis chapter delves into the intricate geopolitics of global transportation, highlighting how political dynamics, technological advancements, and economic factors have shaped transportation routes over centuries. It begins with the Industrial Revolution, focusing on key projects like the Berlin-Baghdad railroad and the Trans-Siberian railroad, and explores how these routes facilitated the commercial advantage of industrialized nations. The end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union opened Central Asia to the world, leading to the formation of transportation corridors like the Southern Corridor and the Trans-Siberian railroad. The chapter also discusses the rise of initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China and the European Union’s Global Gateway, which aim to bridge the infrastructure gap in the Global South. Additionally, it examines the increasing importance of the Arctic region for transportation and the competition between major powers for control over these routes. The chapter concludes by discussing the future of global transportation, emphasizing the importance of cooperation and sustainable development in the face of challenges like climate change and geopolitical tensions.AI Generated
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AbstractAt the end of World War II, the United Nations designed an ambitious new global transportation system predicated on international cooperation. The onset of the Cold War prevented significant progress. The Eastern European revolutions of 1989 and the growing economic strength and cohesion of Western Europe gave the European Union a head start in reopening the millennial Silk Road route. The European Union planned a 21st century model of cooperation along multiple land routes that included support for economic development and education in addition to transportation. During the past thirty-five years, competing projects emerged to prioritize the countries of the Southern hemisphere. Russia, BRICS, and China took the lead in the new millennium and actively explored new transportation frontiers in Arctica, Antarctica, and in space. At this time, three major transportation development plans coexist: China’s Belt and Road Initiative, created in 2013, the United States’ and the G7 countries B3W Partnership, created in 2021, and the European Union’s Global Gateway, created in 2023. These three systems are in a complex state of “competitive cooperation” that puts into play powerful energy and economic transnational corporations and state actors.
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Making Partners
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Frontmatter
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The European Union and Turkey: A Relationship of Frenemies
Funda TekinThe chapter 'The European Union and Turkey: A Relationship of Frenemies' delves into the intricate and multifaceted relationship between the European Union and Turkey, with a focus on geopolitical influences. It begins by highlighting the historical trajectory of their relationship, marked by terms like 'odyssey' and 'tortured love affair.' The year 2024 marks the 25th anniversary of Turkey’s official EU accession candidacy, yet recent developments, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, have sidelined Turkey in the EU’s enlargement policy. The chapter explores how geopolitical visions and foreign policy approaches of both the EU and Turkey have evolved, shifting from normative power to strategic autonomy. It also discusses key geopolitical challenges, including migration, the Middle East conflicts, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Russia’s war in Ukraine, and how these factors impact the EU-Turkey relationship. The analysis concludes by assessing the future prospects of this relationship in the context of variable geometries of Europe and the EU’s strategic autonomy.AI Generated
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AbstractEU-Turkey relations have always been complex and multidimensional. Since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, the geopolitical dimension has gained traction while Turkey does not feature in the revitalised EU enlargement policy. Tekin takes a geopolitical approach for entangling this relationship. The analysis of this chapter is guided by two respective questions: firstly, how geopolitics impacts on the status of the relationship, i.e. whether and in how far it can actually contribute to driving the two sides apart or drawing them together. Secondly, to what extent geopolitics impacts on the quality of the relationship, i.e. whether functional cooperation and transactionalism as the new rule of the game will remain dominant or whether the normative approach might regain the upper hand. Tekin concludes her analysis by discussing prospectives for future developments in EU-Turkey relations including which place Turkey can take in the so-called variable geometries of Europe. -
Geopolitics in Central Asia: The European Union Participating in a New Great Game over Land-Locked Countries?
Julian PlottkaThis chapter delves into the geopolitical landscape of Central Asia, focusing on the European Union's role and the changing dynamics due to Russia's war in Ukraine. It begins by analyzing the geographical factors that influence the region's international relations, including its landlocked status and resource abundance. The chapter then explores the power politics at play, discussing the 'New Great Game' between Russia, China, and the US, and the role of the Central Asian states as active participants rather than passive objects. Additionally, it examines the opportunities and challenges in the region, such as economic diversification, security threats, and the need for green transition. The chapter concludes with a review of the EU's Central Asia policy and recommendations for future engagement, highlighting the need for a more pragmatic and geopolitically aware approach.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the article, I analyse the EU policy towards Central Asia since the Russian war in Ukraine. First, I discuss Mahan’s thesis of landlocked countries being disadvantaged and Mackinder’s heartland theory of turning Eurasia into an epicentre of geopolitics by building railways. Second, I turn to the power political dimension of geopolitics and discuss the thesis of a “New Great Game” played by Russia, China, and the United States (US). I contrast this view of Central Asian politics with the concept of “multi-vector foreign policy” and conclude that the countries are not passive objects, but active subjects of geopolitical competition. Third, I discuss the political and economic opportunities and challenges (security, economic, social inequality, and green transition) in the region before summarising the EU’s Central Asia policy. -
Navigating Norms and Pragmatism in EU-India Relations
Multilateralism, Connectivity, and the Future of the Strategic Partnership Philipp Gieg, Gisela Müller-Brandeck-BocquetThe chapter 'Navigating Norms and Pragmatism in EU-India Relations' delves into the intricate dynamics of the EU-India Strategic Partnership, established in 2004. Despite shared values and ambitious goals, the partnership has underperformed due to divergent interests and normative contestations. The authors analyze two key areas: political cooperation, particularly regarding multilateralism and global governance, and connectivity cooperation. They argue that while India's increasing 'post-Western' stance and democratic backsliding pose challenges, there are opportunities for alignment in connectivity projects. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential for a more pragmatic and results-oriented partnership, emphasizing the need for the EU to adapt its approach to India's evolving role on the global stage.AI Generated
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AbstractPhilipp Gieg and Gisela Müller-Brandeck-Bocquet explore the strategic partnership between the European Union and India. Despite shared democratic values and ambitious goals, this partnership has underperformed, largely due to divergent interests and differing interpretations of fundamental norms. The authors analyse two key areas of cooperation, how they have changed in recent years, and what implications this has for the future of the partnership: cooperation on global governance and multilateralism as well as connectivity. They highlight India’s increasing contestation of norms, particularly regarding multilateralism and development cooperation, and examine the pragmatic shifts in EU-India connectivity cooperation. The study suggests that a more pragmatic, less moralistic approach by the EU—which does not equal abandoning its own values—could enhance future cooperation. -
The European Union’s Strategy Toward the Indo-Pacific
Giulio Pugliese, Thomas ChristiansenThe European Union's strategy toward the Indo-Pacific region is a comprehensive response to the geopolitical shifts in Asia, driven by the rise of China and the consequent realignment of global powers. The EU, traditionally focused on economic cooperation, is now confronting the complexities of a more assertive China and a changing geopolitical landscape. This chapter explores the EU's evolving perspective on the Indo-Pacific, the historical and strategic roots of the concept, and the challenges it faces in balancing economic interests with geopolitical realities. It also delves into the EU's formalized strategy for the region, the development of partnerships, and the challenges posed by internal differences and the alignment with US policies. The chapter concludes by assessing the future outlook of the EU's engagement with the Indo-Pacific, highlighting the need for a nuanced approach that balances economic opportunities with strategic imperatives.AI Generated
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AbstractThe European Union (EU) has a long-standing and proactive engagement with Asia. Growing attention to the risks and challenges stemming from China’s rise has shifted discourse away from a traditional focus on the “Asia-Pacific” toward the novel concept of the “Indo-Pacific”. The latter has been coined in response to a number of powers in and outside the region to demarcate a wider area, stretching from the East coast of Africa to the Western Pacific, that is a zone of immense geopolitical relevance and economic potential. This chapter unpacks the geopolitical and geo-economic factors driving the EU’s regional engagement, before concluding with a summary of the main achievements, limitations, and future outlook. -
The EU, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America: What Role for Geo-strategic Partnerships?
Johanne Døhlie Saltnes, Carlos Cruz InfanteThe EU has long sought strategic partnerships with Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, driven by geopolitical ambitions and a desire for influence. However, these efforts have often been criticized for hypocrisy and a focus on self-interest. The chapter argues that for the EU to succeed, it must acknowledge the global South's struggle for recognition, be honest about its geopolitical motives, and work towards atoning for past colonial grievances. The analysis highlights the complexities of these partnerships, including the influence of China and Russia, and suggests that science diplomacy could be a key area for mutual cooperation and trust-building.AI Generated
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AbstractThe European Union (EU) has voiced an ambition of strengthening its geo-political partnerships with Africa and Latin America. In view of this ambition, this chapter explores the EU’s possibilities to renew and reinvent its partnerships with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South America (SA). The former partnership has mainly been characterised by a North-to-South aid relationship and a politicised human rights and migration component and contested free-trade negotiations. South America has traditionally been considered a less important region for the EU. With Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine and the EU’s green ambitions, this has changed. Europe is looking for new security allies and diversifying its energy partnerships in the view of the 2022 energy crisis, where renewable energy from South America is a candidate. But will it live up to the ambition of creating a more modern and equal partnership? And what would it look like? Many challenges remain. This chapter analyses the opportunities and challenges for a more modern and equal geo-strategic partnership with the SA and SSA regions. -
How Relevant Are Continued Ties with Canada?
John Erik Fossum, Amy VerdunThe chapter delves into the historical and contemporary significance of EU-Canada relations, emphasizing the convergence of values and goals between the two entities. It assesses the impact of geographical constraints, such as Canada's proximity to the US, on their relationship and explores strategic areas for collaboration, including security, defence, trade, and energy. The chapter also highlights the role of the Arctic in EU-Canada relations and the potential for strengthening ties in response to geopolitical shifts, particularly the rise of autocracies and the changing dynamics within NATO. Additionally, it discusses the challenges posed by the Trump presidency and the importance of diversifying strategic supplies and strengthening bilateral cooperation in areas such as critical minerals and digital innovation.AI Generated
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AbstractThis chapter spells out how the relationship between Canada and the European Union (EU) contributes to the EU’s goals of sustaining a rule-governed world, reducing external dependence, and stemming off the influence of autocracies (e.g. Russia and China). It reviews the nature and strength of EU–Canada relations, the scope of EU–Canada goal convergence, and what Canada might contribute towards reducing EU dependence on autocracies. The chapter assesses options for Europeans to strengthen ties, taking a geopolitical perspective, so as to consider constraints (and opportunities) of geography, including the geographical distance between Europe and Canada, and both entities’ strong ties with the United States (US).
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Correction to: The European Union’s Strategy Toward the Indo-Pacific
Giulio Pugliese, Thomas ChristiansenThis chapter addresses a critical correction to the author listing of 'The European Union’s Strategy Toward the Indo-Pacific', a chapter in 'The European Union’s Geopolitics, The Future of Europe'. Due to a production oversight, the authors Thomas Christiansen and Giulio Pugliese were initially listed incorrectly. This correction rectifies the error, accurately crediting Giulio Pugliese as the first author and Thomas Christiansen as the second. The chapter emphasizes the importance of accurate attribution in scholarly work, ensuring that the contributions of each author are appropriately recognized. This correction is vital for maintaining the integrity and credibility of the research presented in the chapter.AI Generated
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- Title
- The European Union’s Geopolitics
- Editors
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Mathias Jopp
Johannes Pollak
- Copyright Year
- 2024
- Publisher
- Springer Nature Switzerland
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-031-74587-4
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-031-74586-7
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74587-4
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