The Facets of Mobilisation. Why Is Liberal Civil Society Losing Momentum in Central and Eastern Europe?

The chapter examines the declining momentum of liberal civil society in Central and Eastern Europe, a region historically marked by protest and political upheaval. Following the fall of communism, civil society played a crucial role in the emergence of new democratic regimes. However, two decades after the region transitions to democracy, civil society faces increasing challenges, including political repression, ideological shifts towards illiberalism, and the erosion of democratic values. The analysis highlights the historical continuity between pre-communism, communism, and post-communism, showing how past authoritarian structures influence current political dynamics. The definition and the rise of illiberalism, notably in Hungary, is linked to a broader geopolitical reconfiguration and a growing disconnect from Western liberal norms pursued by states such as Russia, engaged in full-aggressive attempts to regain its former imperial control and influence. This drift towards authoritarianism is supported by populist movements and uncivil segments’ manipulation of civil society, leading to a weakened public sphere and diminished democratic engagement. The chapter underscores the importance of understanding these historical and geopolitical factors to grasp the complexities of civil society's current challenges in the region.