9. The Fight Against Poverty and the Right to Development in Poland

For the purposes of this study, I have adopted a broad understanding of the term ‘social rights,’ which corresponds to the principle that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. The same also obviously applies to the right to development. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 1993, www.​ohchr.​org: (visited:10.02.2020), § 5.

See more: Iriye (2000).

http://​www.​ilo.​org/​dyn/​normlex/​en/​f?​p=​1000:​11003:​0:​:​NO (visited:10.02.2020).

E.g. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995, European Treaty Series (ETS) No 157, https://​www.​coe.​int/​en/​web/​conventions/​full-list/​-/​conventions/​treaty/​157 (visited:10.02.2020); J. of L. 2002, No 22, item 209, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

E.g. The agreement between the government of the Republic of Poland and the government of the Republic of Eastern Uruguay on the promotion and mutual protection of investments [Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Wschodniej Republiki Urugwaju w sprawie popierania i wzajemnej ochrony inwestycji) of 1991], J. of L. 1995, No 55, item 291, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

Art. 2 and 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, J. of L. 1997, No 78, item 483 as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

Mutatis mutandis, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, https://​treaties.​un.​org/​Pages/​showDetails.​aspx?​objid=​080000028003902f​&​clang=​_​en Art. 27; J. of L. 1990, No 74, item 439, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

The constitutional law term applied to denote joint sessions of parliament houses: lower (the Sejm) and upper (the Senate) in the events laid down by the Constitution. See: e.g. Gierach (2015).

See: Masternak-Kubiak (1997), p. 199.

Art. 9, the Constitution.

Art. 91 (1), the Constitution. The law is a national legislative act adopted by the parliament. In contrast to the Constitution, which can in reliance on the Polish constitutional tradition be defined also as the Basic Law, the other laws are referred to as ordinary laws, or most often just laws. Law must be compliant with the Constitution, and other legislation should not collide with ordinary laws. The law may govern any issue except for the unequivocally precluded ones. Some questions expressly require statutory regulation. Said issues pertain to freedoms, human and citizens’ rights and duties, their type or kind notwithstanding. See: e.g. Art. 64 (3) Constitution, which provides that an ownership may be limited only statutorily and insofar as it does not infringe the substance of the property rights.

Ordinances are issued by the institutions set forth in the Basic Law (e.g. the Council of Ministers) through a specific authority enshrined in the law and for its enforcement. See: Art. 92 (1), the Constitution.

The main official gazette of the Republic of Poland.

Art. 91 (2), the Constitution.

Art. 89 (1), the Constitution.

Masternak-Kubiak (1997), p. 200.

See: e.g. Regional Court in Warsaw, decision of 2015-10-28 on the purchase of an immovable by a foreigner, V Ca 4126/14, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020); Regional Court in Warsaw, decision of 2016-11-09 on the admissibility of certain types of security of claims accruing from bank operations in a situation of an economic pressure or duress to debtors, XXVII Ca 3448/16, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited: 10.02.2020) 09.09.2017); Supreme Administrative Court, decision of 2017-07-18 on appeal to decision by the Head of the Treasure Administration Chamber in Wrocław on tax on inherited and donated apartment, II FSK 1682/15, http://​orzeczenia.​nsa.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

Even assuming that the ban on tortures or inhuman and humiliating treatment is recognised, with no reservations, as an international custom, the international courts (e.g. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Furundzija, T-95-17/1-T, judgement of 10 December 1998, § 165, http://​www.​icty.​org (visited:10.02.2020)), adopting such thesis, understood it as a rule of disallowing psychical and physical abuse in its classic terms, not as a failure to ensure a diet of an adequate calorific value. This is the direction that, for example, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights has been going with regard to prisoners (e.g. Kadiķis v. Latvia (no. 2), no. 62393/00, § 55, judgement of 4 May 2006, HUDOC (visited: 20.02.2020). In this respect, however, it is difficult to claim that there is an international custom of a substance that corresponds to the foregoing case-law tendency. It is even more difficult to defend a similar approach pertinent to a general principle of law. Genuine implications of said sources of international law might well be discussed in the context of combating poverty resultant from an ongoing armed conflict. Yet, this issue has been presumed to go beyond this research.

See more: Czapliński and Wyrozumska (2014), p. 674.

Art. 91 (3), the Constitution.

United Nations Security Council resolution imposing economic sanctions, which invariably impacts financial situation of the citizens of an affected country, necessitates issuance of acts of universally binding law. See: e.g. an already repealed “Regulation of 27 April 1999 by the Council of Ministers on the introduction of a ban on the export of oil and petroleum products from the Republic of Poland to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,” J. of L. 1999 No. 39, item 386 as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020). Resolutions of the International Labour Organization, in turn, which influence the economic, social and cultural situation of individuals or groups, sometimes are subject to procedures typical of international agreements. See: e.g. Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, where the parliament had to express consent for its ratification through legislative act and in compliance with the Constitution, J. of L. 2016, item 1942, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020). In the same vein, a type of EU secondary law act and its substance will carry a material significance to the actions the state will undertake to implement it into the system of Polish law. EU regulations are not incorporated except for specifically stipulated cases. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3820/85 of 20 December 1985 on the harmonization of certain social legislation relating to road transport, Art. 17 (1) OJ L 370 of 31.12.1985, p. 1; EU Official Journal Special edition in Polish, Chapter 5, v. 1, p. 319) https://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​legal-content/​EN/​TXT/​?​uri=​CELEX%3A31985R3820, (visited:10.02.2020). See more: Office of the Committee for European Integration (2009), pp. 40–44.

Art. 188 (1–2), the Constitution.

Art. 133 (2), the Constitution. See: Masternak-Kubiak (1997), p. 201.

Art. 188 (3), the Constitution.

Art. 56 (2), the Constitution.

Art. 59 (4), the Constitution. See: Masternak-Kubiak (1997), pp. 202–203.

Barcik and Srogosz (2014), pp. 29–30.

Czapliński and Wyrozumska (2014), p. 506.

See: e.g. Regional Court in Bielsko-Biała, judgement of 25.04.2017 on the right of an employee with the prosecutor’s office in the capacity of a driver to overtime payment in the context of Art. 30 (2) of the Act of 16.09.1982 on the employees of public authorities, J. of L. 2014, item.1502, as amended; construed under Art. 4 (2) of the European Social Charter of 1961 (the Charter), VI Pa 91/16, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited: 13.02.2020); Appellate Court in Poznań, decision of 07. 11. 2013 on dismissal of appellant’s motion for exemption from the court costs by virtue of Art. 102 (1) of the Act of 28 July 2005 on court costs in civil cases, J. of L. 2010, No. 90, item 594 as amended; construed under Art. 6 (1) Convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms of 1950, I ACz 1869/13, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020); District Court in Olsztyn, decision of 18.01.2017 on the principles of deductions from wages by virtue of Art. 8–10 of the Convention of International Labour Organization No. 95 on the protection of wages, under Art. 87 (1) of the Act of 26 June 1974 – Labour Code, J. of L. 1974, No. 24, item 141; IV P 2/15, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited:11.02.2020).

Appellate Court in Warsaw, judegment of 03.03.2010 on the violation of Art. 46 of the Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 (the Convention) and Art. 91 (1), Art. 9 of the Constitution, deriving from the fact that in its determination the first instance court had no regard to a binding judgement of the European Court of Human Rights of 19 June 2006 (Hutten Czapska v. Poland), as well as to a correlated legally protected claimant’s expectation, which in consequence led to an oversight of the fact that a statutory incapacitation of the claimant to derive equitable benefit from her property breached Art. 1 of the Protocol to the Convention of 1952, which was unlawful and required imposing on the respondent a compensatory obligation towards the claimant, I ACa 1060/09, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited: 13.02.2020); Appellate Court in Warsaw, judegment of 2010-10-07 determining that Art. 3 of the Convention has priority over Art. 248 of the Code of Penal Procedure (C.P.P.); Act of 6 June 1997– Code of Penal Procedure, J. of L. 1997, No. 90, item 557 and since the substance of Art. 248 C.P.P. are irreconcilable with the substance of Art. 3 of the Convention, its violation amounts to unlawfulness of defendant’s actions – the State Treasury (overcrowded prison cell), VI ACa 176/10, http://​orzeczenia.​ms.​gov.​pl (visited:13.02.2020).

More information on: https://​traktaty.​msz.​gov.​pl/​international-version.

https://​treaties.​un.​org/​Pages/​showDetails.​aspx?​objid=​080000028002b6ed​&​clang=​_​en (visited:10.02.2020); J. of L. 1977, No. 38, item 169, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

https://​treaties.​un.​org/​Pages/​showDetails.​aspx?​objid=​0800000280004bf5​&​clang=​_​en (visited:21.02.2020).

https://​treaties.​un.​org/​Pages/​showDetails.​aspx?​objid=​080000028005883c​&​clang=​_​en (visited:10.02.2020); J. of L. 2012, item 1169, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:06.02.2020).

ETS No 005, https://​www.​coe.​int/​en/​web/​conventions/​full-list/​-/​conventions/​treaty/​005; J. of L. 1993, No. 61, item 284, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

ETS 035, https://​www.​coe.​int/​en/​web/​conventions/​full-list/​-/​conventions/​treaty/​035 (visited: 21.02.2020); J. of L. 1999, No. 8, item 67 and J. of L. 2011, No. 168, item 1007, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:11.02.2020).

http://​www.​ilo.​org/​dyn/​normlex/​en/​f?​p=​normlexpub:​12100:​0:​:​No:​12100:​p12100_​instrument_​id:​312247:​No (visited:18.02.2020); J. of L. 2005, No. 93, item 775, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:19.02.2020).

http://​www.​ilo.​org/​dyn/​normlex/​en/​f?​p=​normlexpub:​12100:​0:​:​No:​12100:​p12100_​instrument_​id:​312267:​No (visited:12.02.2020); J. of L. 1967, No 8, item 31, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited: 06.02.2020).

http://​www.​ilo.​org/​dyn/​normlex/​en/​f?​p=​normlexpub:​12100:​0:​:​No:​12100:​p12100_​instrument_​id:​312287:​No (visited:10.02.2020) 21.09.2017); J. of L. 1979, No. 29, item 164, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

http://​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​legal-content/​en/​txt/​?​uri=​celex%3a12007l%2ftxt (visited:14.02.2020); J. of L. 2009, No. 203, item 1569, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:12.02.2020).

Art. 57–63, the Constitution. This group comprises e.g. freedom of peaceful assembly and participation in such assemblies (Art.57) and the freedom of association in trade unions, socio-occupational organizations of farmers, and in employers’ organizations (Art.59).

Art. 64–76, the Constitution. They are: right to ownership (Art. 64), freedom of work, right to remuneration, obligation to pursue policy of full employment (Art. 65), the right to work health and safety, to days free from work and to paid annual leaves (Art. 66), the right to social security (Art. 67), the right to health protection (Art. 68), the right of disabled persons to aid (Art. 69), the right to education (Art. 70), family protection (Art. 71), the child rights protection (Art. 72), the freedom of artistic creation and scientific research as well as dissemination of the fruits thereof, the freedom to teach and to enjoy the products of culture (Art. 73), ensuring ecological security of current and future generations (Art. 74), pursuing policies conducive to satisfying the housing needs of citizens (Art. 75), protection of consumers, customers, hirers or lessees against activities threatening their health, privacy and safety, as well as against dishonest market practices (Art. 76). As observed, the right to fair and adequate standard of living has not been expressly formulated in the Polish Constitution, albeit its elements might be detected/ implied in the structure of rights established by the substance of the Constitution.

Czarny (2013), p. 112.

E.g. construction of the right to access to public service (Art. 60) will affect the realisation of a freedom to choose and pursue profession and to choose place of work (Art.65).

These would predominantly be the principles of a system laid down in Chapter I of the Constitution entitled The Republic, such as the once, for instance, denoted in Art. 20: The principles of social market economy and freedom of economic activity. See further: Oniszczuk (2005), pp. 35–37; Salitra (2003), Florek (1997), pp. 8–14.

The right of a child to protection against violence, Art. 72 (1).

E.g. The right to social security accrues only to Polish citizens, Art. 67.

E.g. guarantees of autonomy to the institutions of higher education, Art. 70 (5).

See: Oniszczuk (2005), pp. 38–41.

Minimum wage for work or the manner such pay is assessed are governed statutorily.

An obligation of public authorities to pursue a policy towards a full and productive employment through the realisation of programmes to combat unemployment, incl. organization and promotion of counselling, vocational training, public works and intervention works.

An employee’s right to statutory days free from work and paid annual leaves; maximum workload are prescribed statutorily, Art. 66 (1); An employee’s right to statutory days free from work and paid annual leaves; maximum workload are prescribed statutorily, Art. 66 (2).

Disabled people are statutorily provided assistance by the public authorities in securing subsistence, vocational training and social communication.

Directive for the state to have regard to family welfare in its social and economic policy. Families in difficult financial and social situation, specifically those with many children or single-parent families are entitled to special assistance from public authorities, Art. 71 (1). Prior to or upon childbirth, mother is entitled to a special assistance from public authorities to the extent specified by statute, Art. 71 (2).

Directive for the public authorities to pursue a policy that would ensure ecological security to current and future generations, Art. 74 (1); a duty of public authorities to protect environment, Art. 74 (2); the right of every one to information on the environment quality and protection, Art. 74 (3); supporting by the public authorities activities of citizens to protect and improve the quality of environment, Art. 74 (4).

Directive for the public authorities to pursue a policy conducive to satisfying housing needs of the citizens, in particular combating homelessness, promoting development of low-income housing and supporting activities aimed at the acquisition of a home by each citizen, Art. 75 (1); Protection of tenants’ rights is set forth by statute, Art. 75 (2).

Public authorities shall protect consumers, customers, hirers or lessees against activities threatening their health, privacy and safety, as well as against dishonest market practices. The scope of such protection is specified by statute, Art. 76.

E.g. freedom to enjoy the products of culture, Art. 73, the Constitution.

E.g. citizens’ right to have his health protected, Art. 68 (1), the Constitution.

Art. 75 (1), the Constitution.

Art. 75 (2), the Constitution.

E.g. Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of tenants’ rights, municipality housing stock and the Civil Code revision, J. of L. 2016, item 8, as amended; http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

E.g. right to work health and safety, Art. 66 (1) of the Constitution.

The Constitutional Court, decision of 8.05.2002 on the constitutionality of the principles of assessing owner’s share in the premises separated from a joint immovable property and of the principles of establishing separate ownership of the premises. SK 22/99, http://​ipo.​trybunal.​gov.​pl (visited:21.02.2020).

See footnote 46.

The obligation of public authorities to ensure special health care to children, pregnant women, handicapped people and persons of advanced age.

The obligation of public authorities to combat epidemic illness and prevent negative health consequences of the degradation of environment.

Directive for public authorities to support the development of physical culture, particularly amongst children and young persons.

Providing by the public authorities statutory aid to disabled persons to ensure their subsistence, adaptation to work and social communication.

The right of a child deprived of a parental care to care and assistance provided by public authorities.

The Republic of Poland ensures protection of the rights of a child. Everyone has the right to demand of the public authority bodies that they protect a child against violence, cruelty, exploitation and demoralization.

See footnote 50.

Supporting by public authorities activities of citizens to protect and improve the quality of environment.

See footnote 51.

See footnote 47.

See footnote 49.

The right of a citizen who is involuntarily without work and has no other means of support to social security with its scope and form set forth by statute.

Citizens, irrespective of their financial situation, are ensured by public authorities equal access to health care services financed from public funds. The conditions for and the scope of services rendered are stipulated by statute.

See footnote 48.

A mother, before and after the childbirth, is entitled to a special assistance from public authorities, the scope of which is set forth statutorily.

See footnote 52.

The right of ownership may only be limited by a statute and only insofar as it does not violate the substance of such right.

Everyone is ensured freedom to choose and pursue their profession and choose their place of work. Exceptions are specified by statute.

An obligation to work may only be imposed by statute.

Permanent employment of children under the age of 16 is prohibited. Types and form of admissible employment are laid down statutorily.

Minimum wage for work or the manner it is calculated is set forth by statute.

See footnote 47.

Everyone has the right to education. Education to 18 years of age is compulsory. The manner school obligation is pursued is prescribed statutorily.

Parents enjoy freedom to choose other than public schools for their children. Citizens and institutions exercise the right to establish primary, secondary schools, institutions of higher education, and institutions of development and education. The conditions for establishing and operating non-public schools, financial participation of public authorities in their financing, as well as the principles of educational supervision over schools and institutions of development and education are set forth by statute.

Protection of the rights of tenants is prescribed statutorily.

The Constitutional Court, decision of 2 July 2002 on the constitutionality of the provisions governing the principles to provide financial assistance solely to the full-time students, U 7/01, J. of L. 2002, No. 104, item 933, http://​ipo.​trybunal.​gov.​pl (visited:20.02.2020). An assessed in the case Art. 70 (4) of the Constitution places itself in the second raised by the Constitutional Court group of social rights present in the Constitution. The Constitution fails here to closely specify the standard the law, whose issuance this provision compels to, is to meet. In this respect, legislator enjoys a substantial discretion insofar as he makes law within the scope prescribed by this provision. For this reason, the Constitutional Court in (an invoked in the same case) decision on the constitutionality of provisions introducing payment for education in an institution of higher education, defined ‘constitutional obligation under Art. 70 (4)’ as a factor of ‘establishing educational policy mechanisms,’ and not as a source of an individual right, SK 18/99 of 08.11.2002, J. of L. 2000, No. 101, item 1091, http://​ipo.​trybunal.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

Oniszczuk (2005), p. 42. See also: idem, Oniszczuk (1993), Banaszak (2017).

E.g. In the Charter, remedy (court proceedings) is present only in the substance of the right of migrant workers and their families to protection and assistance, Art. 19 (7), whereas in the MCS, if the claims are heard by the courts specifically established to determine social security cases, in which courts the persons represented are protected, the right to appeal shall not be provided, Art. 70 (3).

Art. 77 (1), the Constitution.

Art. 10 (1), the Constitution.

Art. 16 (2), the Constitution.

Art. 78, the Constitution.

Art. 77 (2), the Constitution.

Penal procedure is applicable here.

E.g. tightening and sealing up VAT system through an effective combating of extortions in the year 2016 enabled Polish government to finance social programme ‘500 plus’ in the year 2017, the idea of which further on in the underlying study, http://​polskieradio.​pl/​130/​5788/​Artykul/​1812386,Wyludzenia-VAT-Moglismy-miec-program-Rodzina-5000-Plus (visited: 28.02.2020).

Art. 17 (2) of the Law of the Code of Procedure on petty offences of 24.08.2001, J. of L. 2001, No. 106, item 1148, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:19.02.2020).

In the event an entrepreneur or a person acting on his or other organizational entity’s behalf pays a mandate or the person rendering services for every hour of work performed or service rendered an amount lower than a standing hourly minimum wage, he shall be subject to a fine of PLN 1000 up to PLN 30,000, J. of L. of 2017, item 847.

Such issues are provided for by the Law of the Code of Civil Procedure (C.C.P.) of 17.11.1964, J. of L. 1964, No. 43, item 296, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020). See more e.g. Fik et al. (2013), Wiśniewski (2016).

Art. 361–391, C.C.P.

Art. 394 –397, C.C.P.

Art. 344–349, C.C.P.

Art. 493–497, C.C.P.

Art. 497.1–505, C.C.P.

Art. 767–67.3, C.C.P.

Art. 1027, C.C.P.

Art. 398.22–398.23, C.C.P.

Art. 398.1–398.21, C.C.P.

Art. 399–416.1, C.C.P.

Art. 424.1–424.12, C.C.P.

Art. 1209–1211, C.C.P.

Art. 477–477.7a, C.C.P.

The foregoing questions are governed by the Law of the C.P.P. of 6 June 1997, J. of L. 1997, No. 89, item 555, as amended (http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020) 18 September 2017) and in some instances—by special laws invoked accordingly. See more e.g. Waltoś and Hofmański (2016), Kulesza and Starzyński (2017).

Art. 459–467, C.C.P.

Art. 444–458, C.C.P.

Art. 506, C.C.P.

Art. 479, C.C.P.

Art. 286, C.C.P.

Art. 126, C.C.P.

Art. 373, C.C.P.

Art. 512 (1), C.C.P.

Art. 518–539, C.C.P.

Art. 539a–539f, C.C.P.

Art. 540–548, C.C.P.

Act of 23.02.1991 on the recognition of invalidity of rulings issued against persons persecuted for their activity towards an independent existence of Poland, J. of L. 1991, No. 31, item 149.

Proceeding before public administration authorities.

Proceeding before administrative courts, i.e. regional administrative courts and Supreme Administrative Court governed by the Act of 30.08.2002 on proceedings before administrative courts (PPSA), J. of L. 2002 No. 153, item 1270, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020). See more e.g. Borkowski and Adamiak (2017), Adamiak (2017), Gołaszewski (2017).

Questions provided for by the Code of Administrative Procedure (C.A.P.) of 14.06.1960, J. of L. 1960, No. 30, item 168 as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:18.02.2020). See more e.g. Gajewski (2017), Przybysz (2017).

Art. 127 (1), C.A.P.

Art. 141, C.A.P.

Art. 127 (3), C.A.P.

Art. 145, C.A.P.

Art. 154–163a, C.A.P. Extraordinary remedies include also prosecutor’s objection. However, since the party has no influence on its lodging, no discussion has been undertaken herein, http://​en.​frankbold.​org/​sites/​default/​files/​publikacje/​srodki_​zaskarzenia_​w_​postepowaniu_​administracyjnym​_​frank_​bold.​pdf (visited:28.02.2020).

Art. 173, PPSA.

Art. 194, PPSA.

Art. 270–285, PPSA.

Art. 285a–285l, PPSA.

J. of L. 2004, No. 179, item 1843, as amended.

Art. 79 (1), the Constitution.

Principles of filing a constitutional complaint are provided for under the Act on 30 November 2016 on the organization and mode of procedure before the Constitutional Court, J. of L. 2016, item 2072. See more e.g. L. Bagińska (2010).

http://​trybunal.​gov.​pl/​podstawowe-informacje/​skarga-konstytucyjna/​ (visited: 27.02.2020).

Art. 80, the Constitution and the Act on the Ombudsman for Citizens’ Rights of 15.07.1987, J. of L. 1987, No. 21, item 123, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:18.02.2020).

Art. 72 (4), the Constitution and the Act on the Ombudsman for Childrens’ Rights of 6.01.2000, J. of L. 2000 No. 6, item 69, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

The Act of 6 November 2008 on patients’ rights and on the Ombudsman for Patients’ Rights, J. of L. 2009, No. 52, item 417, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:18.02.2020).

Fragment of a preamble.

G. Szpor (in:) Szpor (2009), p. 18.

Art. 30, the Constitution.

Art. 65–66, the Constitution.

Art. 67, the Constitution.

Art. 68, the Constitution.

Art. 70, the Constitution.

Art. 73, the Constitution.

Art. 74, the Constitution.

J. of L. 1997, No. 141, item 943, as amended; http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited: 06.02.2020).

Art. 31, the Act of 4 September on government administration (UAR).

Regulation by the Council of Ministers of 3 December 2015 amending the Regulation on establishing the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and abolishing the Ministry of Social Affairs, J. of L. 2015, item 2056; http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

Art. 34 (1) in connection with Art. 32a UAR.

Art. 38 (1), UAR.

Art. 38 (2), UAR.

J. of L. 2009, No. 31, item 206, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:16.02.2020).

Art. 2 (1), UWAR.

Art. 2 (2) and (3), UWAR.

Art. 2 (4) and (5), UWAR.

The Act of 5 June 1998 on the voivodeship self-government, J. of L. 1998, No. 91, item 576 as amended; Art. 14 (1)(4), http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020); the Act of 5 June 1998 on the county self-government, J. of L. 1998, No. 91, item 578 as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020); Art. 4 (1)(3), http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020); the Act of 8 March 1990 on the municipal self-government, Art. 7 (1)(6), J. of L. 2016, item 446, as amended, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020). See also: G. Szpor (in:) Szpor (2009), pp. 21–22.

The Act of 12 March 2004 on social welfare, J. of L. 2004, No. 64, item 593 as amended; the Act of 27 August 1997 on the vocational and social rehabilitation and the employment of disabled persons, J. of L. 1997, No. 123, item 776 as amended; the Act on 21 June 2001 on housing subsidies, J. of L. 2001, No. 71, item 734 as amended; the Act of 28 November 2003 on family benefits, J. of L. 2003, No. 228, item 2255 as amended; the Act of 7 September 2007 on the assistance to persons entitled to maintenance payments, J. of L. 2007, No. 192, item 1378 as amended; the Act of 1 February 2016 on state aid in raising children, J. of L. 2016, item 195 as amended; the Act of 21 November 1967 on universal obligation to defend the Republic of Poland, J. of L. 2015, item 827 as amended; the Act of 7 September 1991 on the system of education, J. of L. 2015, item 2156 as amended; the Act of 12 December 2013 on foreign nationals, J. of L. 2013, item1650 as amended; the Act of 27 August 2004 on health care benefits financed from public funds, J. of L. 2004, No. 210, item 2135 as amended; the Act of 19 August 1994 on protection of mental health, J. of L. 1994, No. 111, item 535 as amended; the Act of 5 December 2014 on the Charter of a Large Family, J. of L. 2014, item 1863 as amended; the Act of 27 August 2009 on public finance, J. of L. 2009, No. 157, item 1240 as amended. All the documents can be found at http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:10.02.2020).

E.g. social co-operatives.

J. of L. 2010, No. 234, item 1536, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​spoleczenstwo-obywatelskie/​wspolpraca-organizacji-pozarzadowych-z-administracja/​.

The institution, where the government and social partners regularly meet.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​wsparcie-dla-rodzin-zdziecmi/​rodzina-500-plus.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​aktualnosci-wszystkie/​rodzina-500-plus/​art,9089,ponad-3-99-mln-dzieci-objetych-rodzina-500.​html.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​pomoc-spoleczna/​formy-udzielanej-pomocy/​mieszkanie-chronione/​.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​pomoc-spoleczna/​formy-udzielanej-pomocy/​pomoc-na-ekonomiczne-usamodzielnienie​/​.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​pomoc-spoleczna/​programy/​program-operacyjny-pomoc-zywnosciowa-2014–2020-popz/​aktualnosci/​html.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​aktualnosci-wszystkie/​pomoc-spoleczna/​art,9053,wiecej-gmin-z-pomoca-zywnosciowa.​html.

http://​75plus.​mz.​gov.​pl/​.

http://​mib.​gov.​pl/​2-NPM.​htm.

E.g. the Agreement of 2016 between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of Israel on cooperation in the field of health and medicine, Official Gazette (Monitor Polski) 2010, No 36, item 505, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl (visited:05.02.2020).

E.g. the Agreement between the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany on special benefits export for entitled persons residing in the territory of the Republic of Poland, J. of L. 2015, item 714. Under this agreement German social security pensions for work in ghettos shall be transferred to entitled persons residing in the territory of the Republic of Poland, https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​koordynacja-systemow-zabezpieczenia-spolecznego/​umowy-miedzynarodowe-o-zabezpieczeniu-spolecznym/​.

J. of L. 2016, item 2174, http://​isap.​sejm.​gov.​pl/​ (visited:10.02.2020).

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​aktualnosci-wszystkie/​pomoc-spoleczna/​art,8320,przeciwdzialanie​-ubostwu-w-polsce.​html.

https://​www.​mr.​gov.​pl/​media/​27996/​wytyczne_​CT9_​24.​pdf.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​aktualnosci-wszystkie/​fundusze-europejskie/​art,9006,konkurs-w-ramach-dzialania-2-6-po-wer-.​html.

https://​www.​mpips.​gov.​pl/​aktualnosci-wszystkie/​fundusze-europejskie/​art,8628,rusza-nowy-unijny-instrument-dla-polskich-mikroprzedsiebio​rcow.​html.

http://​www.​oecd.​org/​edu/​adultlearning.