The Future of African-European Relations

Table of Contents

1. Frontmatter

2. The Future of African-European Relations

   Dirk Brand, Doris Dialer, Annegret Eppler, Andreas Pattar

   Abstract

   This introduction opens the edited volume. The volume unites the contributions handed in for the PMIC Online Seminar Series (2022), which focused on the future of African-European relations and global cooperation. Organized by Ethiopian, German, Senegalese and South-African universities who also run the master’s programme Public Management in International Cooperation (PMIC), the series addressed public management challenges in international cooperation, with topics including governance, climate change, and global health. It emphasized the value of joint research and knowledge exchange. The introduction explores the evolving dynamics of African-European cooperation, highlighting multilateralism, public administration, and geopolitical shifts, offering insights and practical recommendations for strengthening international partnerships in addressing global challenges. It thus puts the contributions in the ten topical chapters of the book into a broader framework.

3. Interdependencies in the Age of Permacrisis—Common Challenges—Divisive Inequalities—Collaborative Solutions

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Introduction: Interdependencies in the Age of Permacrisis—Common Challenges—Divisive Inequalities—Collaborative Solutions

      Dirk Brand, Doris Dialer, Annegret Eppler, Andreas Pattar

      Abstract

      This introduction opens the chapter dealing with the future of African-European relations by addressing interdependencies between the continents, based on shared global challenges and inequalities. It groups the contributions to this opening chapter into three groups: A first group examines the backdrop of geopolitical shifts and their impact on societies, creating a volatile, uncertain world. The second group then delves into the inequalities between Africa and Europe, focusing on global health crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic, and how to prevent African marginalization. The third group emphasize cooperation as a key solution, highlighting initiatives such as the Public Management in International Cooperation Master’s Program, the role of public administration, and the European Parliament’s involvement. The introduction concludes that broader cooperation is essential to overcome crises and harness opportunities for both continents.

   3. Interdependencies in Challenging Times: Interwoven Societies, Scarce Goods and Geopolitical Shifts

      Dirk Brand

      Abstract

      The chapter explores the interdependencies of a globalized world marked by crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change and geopolitical tensions. It argues that interconnectedness intensifies risks, including economic disparities, resource scarcity and large-scale migration, while also creating opportunities for cooperative solutions. The discussion highlights key global risks outlined in the 2023 World Economic Forum report and examines their implications on societal cohesion, energy access and technological advancements. The text hypothesizes that international collaboration, particularly in education and sustainable development, is essential to address these challenges effectively. By examining examples like EU-Africa relations and AI regulation, the chapter emphasizes fostering democratic values, the rule of law and resilience. The potential for positive impacts through multilateral cooperation underscores the necessity of shared commitment to shaping a more equitable and sustainable future.

   4. Strengthening Africa–Europe Relationships in the Current VUCA World

      Maeregu Habtemariam Kazentet

      Abstract

      The chapter explores the challenges and opportunities shaping Africa–Europe relationships within the current VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous) global context. It argues that the interconnected and interdependent nature of the two continents necessitates renewed, equitable, and strategic collaboration to address shared global challenges such as climate change, economic crises, and migration. The text hypothesizes that a genuine partnership grounded in mutual respect, equality, and shared values can move beyond traditional donor–recipient dynamics. It emphasizes the potential of Africa’s untapped resources, youthful population, and Europe’s historical advantages to foster sustainable development. Key areas for cooperation include green growth, education, trade, peace, and security. The chapter concludes that fostering political, economic, and cultural ties through a joint vision and robust multilateral engagement is critical for navigating geopolitical shifts and achieving global resilience.

   5. Global Governance: Africa’s Role in a Context of Structural Inequalities, Health Crises, and Economic Pressures

      Ndeye Khadidiatou Mouhamed Diop

      Abstract

      This chapter examines Africa’s evolving role in global governance regarding structural inequalities, health crises, and shifting economic dynamics, arguing for transformative global governance. Using Mandela’s assertion that no nation is secure while others remain vulnerable, it underscores the urgency of equitable global health systems, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Historical crises, including the 2008 financial crisis and the 2014 Ebola outbreak, highlight the shortcomings of reactive measures in addressing interconnected vulnerabilities. This introductory chapter explores how regional integration and initiatives such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and Africa Centres of Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) enhance Africa’s strategic influence. The chapter advocates for strengthened regional integration, equitable resource management, and sustainable development. Recognizing health security as a global public good and Africa’s strategic assets can support a just, resilient, and inclusive future.

   6. A Glocal Approach to Health Advocacy in Africa

      Yacine Diop Djibo

      Abstract

      Global health initiatives have struggled to balance universal objectives with local health needs, often compromising sustainable healthcare outcomes. This chapter explores “glocalization” as a transformative approach to health advocacy in Africa, bridging the gap between global frameworks and local healthcare realities. By synthesizing global norms with localized strategies, glocalization addresses power imbalances and positions Africa as a key factor in determining its health future while participating in global health governance. Through case studies of the Voix EssentiELLES initiative and Lusaka Agenda, the chapter demonstrates how African-led approaches can align global health efforts with local priorities. The analysis highlights how civil society engagement, private sector partnerships, and enhanced policy transfer can create a sustainable glocal approach to health advocacy in Africa.

   7. Shaping the Future of African-European Relations: The Master’s Degree Programme Public Management in International Cooperation

      Lemma Gudissa Angessa

      Abstract

      This chapter reflects on the development of the Master’s degree programme “Public Management in International Cooperation (PMIC)” for African and European public servants, through partnership and cooperation of a selected group of some African and European higher education institutions. It stresses the need for cooperation and partnerships among the European and African countries during challenging times, and thus helps in furthering and deep-rooting the achievements of the objectives of the PMIC Program. Since its inception, the Program has passed through different challenges, such as COVID-19, and finally has become successful in producing graduates of its first cohort and creating a strong bondage for the future.

   8. The Role of Public Administration in Socio-Economic Development

      Joachim Beck

      Abstract

      This chapter explores the pivotal role of public administration in fostering socio-economic development, particularly emphasizing its relevance in the Global South. It argues that while significant disparities persist among nations in terms of wealth, governance, and social indicators, effective public administration underpins development. The analysis highlights diverse administrative systems worldwide, shaped by historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors, with Europe offering distinct administrative profiles. The chapter further hypothesizes that international efforts, such as good governance initiatives and development administration programs, can harmonize public management practices to address global challenges. A case study of the PMIC Master’s program illustrates the innovative potential of North–South and West–East collaborations, advocating culturally contextualized approaches over Eurocentric models. This collective effort underscores the necessity of tailored administrative training and international cooperation for sustainable development, showcasing the enduring impact of development administration in a global context.

   9. Africa and the EU: An all too Long Fallow Opportunity—Underappreciated and Squandered

      Rainer Wieland

      Abstract

      Rainer Wieland analyzes the role of the European Parliament in the relations between the European Union and African states from the perspective of a long-standing former Member and Vice-President of the European Parliament. He assumes that mutual knowledge on the one hand and mutual appreciation on the other are important for the relationship. Against this background, he explains the development of the European Union as a history of constant compromise. The agreement on common basic principles in the European Union, such as human rights and the rule of law, were also compromises. As the only directly elected supranational parliament in the world, the European Parliament stands for supranational democracy and is unique in many respects. It plays a key role in relations of the European Union with African states and for the development of Human Rights, for example through the OACPS-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, election observations and the Sakharov Prize. Rainer Wieland emphasizes that personal contact is crucial for any relation and that parliamentarians can act as forerunners for personal meetings and personal respect.

   10. Cooperation Between Baden-Württemberg and Africa: Growing the Efforts of a German Federal State in Economic Cooperation

       Albrecht Schütte, Sarah Hübner

       Abstract

       This chapter addresses the development cooperation between Baden-Württemberg, a state in Germany, and Burundi, focusing on the evolution of their partnership, which has had its 40th anniversary in 2024. The collaboration began with grassroots projects and has intensified over time, withstanding political disruptions in Burundi. Key areas of focus include agroforestry, food security, healthcare, education and governance. Furthermore, this article highlights the importance of academic partnerships between Baden-Württemberg and African countries/universities, emphasizing the role of cooperation in addressing global challenges like climate change, migration, and economic growth.

4. Challenges to the Rule of Law and Parliamentarism by Changing Power Relations

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Introduction: Challenges to the Rule of Law and Parliamentarism by Changing Power Relations

      Doris Dialer

      Abstract

      Living in an era of multiple crises, the introduction reflects on different rule of law traditions (e.g. South Africa), democratic fallbacks in selected EU countries and the vital role of parliaments. It demonstrates how regional integration actors, including the EU and the AU contributed to parliamentarization within the African continent. However, the rise of populism politically motivated a weakening of the judiciary, and an erosion of democratic institutions in the global north and thus influences the political dynamics around the world. In addition the dissemination of unbiased information and fake news pose significant risks to political systems and the well-being of people and society. Given the fact that public opinion is strongly polarized and the understanding of how political systems work is weak, improved civic education at all levels is needed to protect democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.

   3. The Rule of Law in Difficult Political Times

      Dirk Brand

      Abstract

      This chapter examines the historical evolution of the rule of law and the Rechtsstaat, emphasizing their roles in modern constitutional democracies. It argues that understanding these concepts and their practical applications is essential for analyzing events that erode the rule of law. Through case studies of political leaders in the UK, USA, and South Africa, the chapter highlights how unconstitutional actions by these individuals have impacted the rule of law and constitutional democracy. By identifying common traits in their behavior, it hypothesizes broader patterns of governance failure. The chapter concludes with recommendations aimed at fortifying the rule of law and ensuring the resilience of democratic systems.

   4. The Principle of the Rule of Law in the Supranational Multi-Level System of the European Union

      Annegret Eppler, Andreas Hackhofer, Jan Molzberger

      Abstract

      The chapter explores the principle of the rule of law within the European Union’s supranational multi-level system, examining its development and application across national and supranational levels. It argues that the rule of law ensures state actors’ adherence to legal frameworks, preventing arbitrary governance and fostering trust among EU member states. The analysis highlights variations in national interpretations, such as Germany’s constitution-centric approach and the UK’s reliance on common law. At the supranational level, the EU’s rule of law builds on treaties, the Court of Justice of the European Union’s jurisprudence, and shared legal heritage, encompassing principles like proportionality, legal certainty, and fundamental rights. By addressing challenges to the rule of law in some member states, the chapter sketches the EU’s response and hypothesizes it as vital for maintaining cohesion and legal integrity in its complex multi-level governance.

   5. Regional Parliaments in Africa

      Donnet Rose Adhiambo Odhiambo

      Abstract

      This chapter examines the emergence of regional parliaments in Africa, emphasizing their connection to regional integration and external influences. It argues that the African Union (AU) played a pivotal role through its normative commitment to democracy and good governance, as enshrined in its Constitutive Act. Furthermore, economic partnership agreements, notably with the European Union (EU), facilitated institutional development by embedding democratic principles and fostering parliamentary engagement. The EU's influence is highlighted through mechanisms like the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and capacity-building initiatives. Comparisons between the European Parliament and African regional parliaments reveal shared trajectories, including gradual empowerment and integration within regional governance frameworks. This chapter underscores the EU's exemplary role as a model for African parliamentary institutions, while also acknowledging internal and external factors that shaped their establishment. Ultimately, it portrays regional parliaments as integral to Africa's democratic evolution and regional cooperation.