Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

The Greater Horn of Africa: Geopolitical Aspects of the “Refugee Crisis”

Author : Bjørn Møller

Published in: Refugees and Forced Migration in the Horn and Eastern Africa

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Møller offers an account of the refugee flows in and out of the Greater Horn of Africa with a special emphasis on the (classical or critical) geopolitical aspects thereof. Distances still matter, both with regard to the causes of displacement and the destination. The main cause of refugee flows is armed conflict, which mainly takes place within countries or between neighbouring countries, and the first (and often final) destination of refugee flows is likewise neighbouring countries. The latter tendency is further strengthened by the efforts by the European Union to externalise its border controls, e.g. by means of “carrier sanctions” as a result of which it becomes almost impossible to reach a place where an application for asylum may be handed in and processed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Abebe, A. M. (2010). The African Union Convention on Internally Displaced Persons: Its codification background, scope, and enforcement challenges. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 29(3), 28–57.CrossRef Abebe, A. M. (2010). The African Union Convention on Internally Displaced Persons: Its codification background, scope, and enforcement challenges. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 29(3), 28–57.CrossRef
go back to reference Abink, J. (2003a). Ethiopia-Eritrea: Proxy wars and prospects of peace in the Horn of Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 21(3), 407–426.CrossRef Abink, J. (2003a). Ethiopia-Eritrea: Proxy wars and prospects of peace in the Horn of Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 21(3), 407–426.CrossRef
go back to reference Abink, J. (2003b). Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean border: The challenge of demarcation in the post-war period. Africa, 58(2), 219–231. Abink, J. (2003b). Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean border: The challenge of demarcation in the post-war period. Africa, 58(2), 219–231.
go back to reference Adamson, F. B. (2013). Mechanisms of diaspora mobilization and the transnationalization of war. In J. B. Checkel (Ed.), Transnational dynamics of civil war (pp. 63–88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Adamson, F. B. (2013). Mechanisms of diaspora mobilization and the transnationalization of war. In J. B. Checkel (Ed.), Transnational dynamics of civil war (pp. 63–88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Adebajo, A. (2011). UN peacekeeping in Africa. From the Suez crisis to the Sudan conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRef Adebajo, A. (2011). UN peacekeeping in Africa. From the Suez crisis to the Sudan conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRef
go back to reference Adler, E., & Barnett, M. (1998a). Security communities in theoretical perspective. In E. Adler & M. Barnett (Eds.), Security communities (pp. 3–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Adler, E., & Barnett, M. (1998a). Security communities in theoretical perspective. In E. Adler & M. Barnett (Eds.), Security communities (pp. 3–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Adler, E., & Barnett, M. (1998b). A framework for the study of security communities. In E. Adler & M. Barnett (Eds.), Security communities (pp. 29–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Adler, E., & Barnett, M. (1998b). A framework for the study of security communities. In E. Adler & M. Barnett (Eds.), Security communities (pp. 29–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Agier, M. (2008). On the margins of the world: The refugee experience today. Cambridge: Polity. Agier, M. (2008). On the margins of the world: The refugee experience today. Cambridge: Polity.
go back to reference Agier, M. (2011). Managing the undesirables: Refugee camps and humanitarian government. Cambridge: Polity. Agier, M. (2011). Managing the undesirables: Refugee camps and humanitarian government. Cambridge: Polity.
go back to reference Allain, J. (2002). The jus cogens nature of non-refoulement. International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(4), 533–558.CrossRef Allain, J. (2002). The jus cogens nature of non-refoulement. International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(4), 533–558.CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, D. (2005). Histories of the hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the end of empire. New York: W.W. Norton. Anderson, D. (2005). Histories of the hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the end of empire. New York: W.W. Norton.
go back to reference Andersson, R. (2017). Rescued and caught: The humanitarian-security nexus at Europe’s frontiers. In N. de Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 64–94). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Andersson, R. (2017). Rescued and caught: The humanitarian-security nexus at Europe’s frontiers. In N. de Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 64–94). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Arielli, N. (2011). Beyond ‘Mare Nostrum’: Ambitions and limitations in fascist Italy’s Middle Eastern policy. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 37(3), 385–407.CrossRef Arielli, N. (2011). Beyond ‘Mare Nostrum’: Ambitions and limitations in fascist Italy’s Middle Eastern policy. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 37(3), 385–407.CrossRef
go back to reference Atzili, B. (2006). When good fences make bad neighbors. Fixed borders, state weakness, and international conflict. International Security, 31(3), 139–173.CrossRef Atzili, B. (2006). When good fences make bad neighbors. Fixed borders, state weakness, and international conflict. International Security, 31(3), 139–173.CrossRef
go back to reference Baird, T. (2017). Carrier sanctions in Europe: A comparison of trends in 10 countries. European Journal of Migration and Law, 19(3), 307–334.CrossRef Baird, T. (2017). Carrier sanctions in Europe: A comparison of trends in 10 countries. European Journal of Migration and Law, 19(3), 307–334.CrossRef
go back to reference Baldo, S. (2017). Border control from Hell: How the EU’s migration partnership legitimizes Sudan’s ‘militia state’. Washington, DC: Enough Project. Baldo, S. (2017). Border control from Hell: How the EU’s migration partnership legitimizes Sudan’s ‘militia state’. Washington, DC: Enough Project.
go back to reference Balthasar, D. (2017). In search of more than a state: Trajectories of political ordering and identity plurality in Somalia. African Identities, 15(2), 171–186.CrossRef Balthasar, D. (2017). In search of more than a state: Trajectories of political ordering and identity plurality in Somalia. African Identities, 15(2), 171–186.CrossRef
go back to reference Barbulescu, R. (2017). Still a beacon of human rights? Considerations on the EU response to the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Politics, 22(2), 301–308.CrossRef Barbulescu, R. (2017). Still a beacon of human rights? Considerations on the EU response to the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean Politics, 22(2), 301–308.CrossRef
go back to reference Bariagaber, A. (2006). Conflict and the refugee experience: Flight, exile, and repatriation in the Horn of Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate. Bariagaber, A. (2006). Conflict and the refugee experience: Flight, exile, and repatriation in the Horn of Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate.
go back to reference Barrera, G. (2003). Mussolini’s colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana, 1935-41. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 8(3), 425–443.CrossRef Barrera, G. (2003). Mussolini’s colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana, 1935-41. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 8(3), 425–443.CrossRef
go back to reference Basaran, T. (2014). Saving lives at sea: Security, law and adverse effects. European Journal of Migration and Law, 16(3), 365–387.CrossRef Basaran, T. (2014). Saving lives at sea: Security, law and adverse effects. European Journal of Migration and Law, 16(3), 365–387.CrossRef
go back to reference Bascom, J. (2005). The long ‘last step’? Reintegration of repatriates in Eritrea. Journal of Refugee Studies, 18(2), 165–180.CrossRef Bascom, J. (2005). The long ‘last step’? Reintegration of repatriates in Eritrea. Journal of Refugee Studies, 18(2), 165–180.CrossRef
go back to reference Bateman, S. (2017). UNCLOS and the modern law of the Sea. In N. A. M. Rodger & C. Buchet (Eds.), The sea in history: The modern world (pp. 70–80). Woodbridge: Boydell Press.CrossRef Bateman, S. (2017). UNCLOS and the modern law of the Sea. In N. A. M. Rodger & C. Buchet (Eds.), The sea in history: The modern world (pp. 70–80). Woodbridge: Boydell Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Battersby, P. (2014). Timetabling globalization: Technology, travel and peripheral integration. In M. E. Steger, P. Battersby, & J. M. Siracusa (Eds.), The Sage handbook of globalization (pp. 347–362). London: Sage.CrossRef Battersby, P. (2014). Timetabling globalization: Technology, travel and peripheral integration. In M. E. Steger, P. Battersby, & J. M. Siracusa (Eds.), The Sage handbook of globalization (pp. 347–362). London: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference Bauman, Z. (2007). Liquid times: Living in an age of uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity. Bauman, Z. (2007). Liquid times: Living in an age of uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity.
go back to reference Bedrhe, A. A. (2004). Of land and identity: Territorialization of the Eritrean national identity. Eritrean Studies Review, 4(1), 55–82. Bedrhe, A. A. (2004). Of land and identity: Territorialization of the Eritrean national identity. Eritrean Studies Review, 4(1), 55–82.
go back to reference Bennett, H. (2007). The Mau Mau emergency as part of the British Army’s post-war counter-insurgency experience. Defense and Security Analysis, 23(2), 143–163.CrossRef Bennett, H. (2007). The Mau Mau emergency as part of the British Army’s post-war counter-insurgency experience. Defense and Security Analysis, 23(2), 143–163.CrossRef
go back to reference Bentham, J. (1843). Anarchical fallacies, being an examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution. In J. Bowring (Ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham (Vol. II, pp. 489–534). Edinburgh: William Tait. Bentham, J. (1843). Anarchical fallacies, being an examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution. In J. Bowring (Ed.), The works of Jeremy Bentham (Vol. II, pp. 489–534). Edinburgh: William Tait.
go back to reference Bermant, L. S. (2017). The Mediterranean question. Europe and its predicament in the southern peripheries. In N. de Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 120–140). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Bermant, L. S. (2017). The Mediterranean question. Europe and its predicament in the southern peripheries. In N. de Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 120–140). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Betts, A. (2013). Survival migration: Failed governance and the crisis of displacement. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRef Betts, A. (2013). Survival migration: Failed governance and the crisis of displacement. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Betts, A., & Collier, C. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee regime. New York: Allen Lane. Betts, A., & Collier, C. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee regime. New York: Allen Lane.
go back to reference Boedeltje, F. (2012). The other spaces of Europe: Seeing European geopolitics through the disturbing eye of Foucault’s heterotopias. Geopolitics, 17(1), 1–24.CrossRef Boedeltje, F. (2012). The other spaces of Europe: Seeing European geopolitics through the disturbing eye of Foucault’s heterotopias. Geopolitics, 17(1), 1–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Bonnefoy, P. (2016). Bending the rules: An ambassador’s quest to save lives. In M. Esparza & C. de Ycaza (Eds.), Remembering the rescuers of victims of human rights crimes in Latin America (pp. 25–56). Lanham, ML: Lexington Books. Bonnefoy, P. (2016). Bending the rules: An ambassador’s quest to save lives. In M. Esparza & C. de Ycaza (Eds.), Remembering the rescuers of victims of human rights crimes in Latin America (pp. 25–56). Lanham, ML: Lexington Books.
go back to reference Boulding, K. (1962). Conflict and defense: A general theory. New York: Harper & Row. Boulding, K. (1962). Conflict and defense: A general theory. New York: Harper & Row.
go back to reference Bradbury, M. (2008). Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey. Bradbury, M. (2008). Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey.
go back to reference Brian, T., & Laczko, F. (Eds.). (2014). Fatal journeys: Tracking lives lost during migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Brian, T., & Laczko, F. (Eds.). (2014). Fatal journeys: Tracking lives lost during migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
go back to reference Brian, T., & Laczko, F. (Eds.). (2015). Fatal journeys. Volume 2: Identification and tracing of dead or missing migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Brian, T., & Laczko, F. (Eds.). (2015). Fatal journeys. Volume 2: Identification and tracing of dead or missing migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
go back to reference Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives. New York: Basic Books. Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Buzan, B. (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war world. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Buzan, B. (1991). People, states and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war world. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
go back to reference Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, E. (2006). Urban refugees in Nairobi: Problems of protection, mechanisms of survival, and possibilities for integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(3), 396–413.CrossRef Campbell, E. (2006). Urban refugees in Nairobi: Problems of protection, mechanisms of survival, and possibilities for integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(3), 396–413.CrossRef
go back to reference Carr, M. (2016). Fortress Europe: Dispatches from a gated continent (2nd ed.). London: The New Press. Carr, M. (2016). Fortress Europe: Dispatches from a gated continent (2nd ed.). London: The New Press.
go back to reference Carrera, S. (2016). Implementation of EU readmission agreements: Identity determination dilemmas and the blurring of rights. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef Carrera, S. (2016). Implementation of EU readmission agreements: Identity determination dilemmas and the blurring of rights. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Carrier, N., & Lochery, E. (2013). Missing states? Somali trade networks and the eastleigh transformation. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(2), 334–352.CrossRef Carrier, N., & Lochery, E. (2013). Missing states? Somali trade networks and the eastleigh transformation. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(2), 334–352.CrossRef
go back to reference Churchill, W. S. (1899). The river war: An historical account of the reconquest of the Soudan, I-II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Churchill, W. S. (1899). The river war: An historical account of the reconquest of the Soudan, I-II. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
go back to reference Cohen, R., & Deng, F. M. (1998). Masses in flight. The global crisis of internal displacement. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Cohen, R., & Deng, F. M. (1998). Masses in flight. The global crisis of internal displacement. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
go back to reference Collier, P. (2013). Exodus: Immigration and multiculturalism in the 21st century. London: Penguin. Collier, P. (2013). Exodus: Immigration and multiculturalism in the 21st century. London: Penguin.
go back to reference Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 563–595.CrossRef Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 563–595.CrossRef
go back to reference Conrad, J. (1988). In R. Kimbrough (Ed.), Heart of darkness: An authoritative text, backgrounds and sources, criticism (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. Conrad, J. (1988). In R. Kimbrough (Ed.), Heart of darkness: An authoritative text, backgrounds and sources, criticism (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
go back to reference Craze, J. (2013). Unclear lines: State and non-state actors in Abyei. In C. Vaughan, M. Schomerus, & L. de Vries (Eds.), The borderlands of South Sudan: Authority and identity in contemporary and historical perspectives (pp. 45–66). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Craze, J. (2013). Unclear lines: State and non-state actors in Abyei. In C. Vaughan, M. Schomerus, & L. de Vries (Eds.), The borderlands of South Sudan: Authority and identity in contemporary and historical perspectives (pp. 45–66). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Cunha, A., Silva, M., & Frederico, R. (Eds.). (2015). The borders of Schengen. Brussels: P.I.E. Lang. Cunha, A., Silva, M., & Frederico, R. (Eds.). (2015). The borders of Schengen. Brussels: P.I.E. Lang.
go back to reference Dalby, S. (1991). Critical geopolitics: Discourse, difference, and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9, 263–281.CrossRef Dalby, S. (1991). Critical geopolitics: Discourse, difference, and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9, 263–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur’s sorrow: A history of destruction and genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur’s sorrow: A history of destruction and genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264.CrossRef De Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264.CrossRef
go back to reference De Waal, A. (2004). Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa. London: Hurst & Co. De Waal, A. (2004). Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa. London: Hurst & Co.
go back to reference De Waal, A. (2015). The real politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, war and the business of power. Cambridge: Polity. De Waal, A. (2015). The real politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, war and the business of power. Cambridge: Polity.
go back to reference Den Heijer, M. (2013). Diplomatic asylum and the assange case. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26, 399–425.CrossRef Den Heijer, M. (2013). Diplomatic asylum and the assange case. Leiden Journal of International Law, 26, 399–425.CrossRef
go back to reference Deng, F. M. (1993). Protecting the dispossessed: A challenge for the international community. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Deng, F. M. (1993). Protecting the dispossessed: A challenge for the international community. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
go back to reference Deutsch, K. W., et al. (1957). Political community and the North Atlantic area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Deutsch, K. W., et al. (1957). Political community and the North Atlantic area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Dias, A. M. (2011). The conduct of an inter-state war and multiple dimensions of territory, 1998-2000 Eritrea-Ethiopia war. Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, (22), 21–41. Dias, A. M. (2011). The conduct of an inter-state war and multiple dimensions of territory, 1998-2000 Eritrea-Ethiopia war. Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, (22), 21–41.
go back to reference Dmitriadi, A. (2016) Deals without borders: Europe’s foreign policy of migration, Policy Brief. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. Dmitriadi, A. (2016) Deals without borders: Europe’s foreign policy of migration, Policy Brief. London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
go back to reference Duffy, C. (1996). Siege warfare: The fortress in the early modern world, 1494-1660. London: Routledge. Duffy, C. (1996). Siege warfare: The fortress in the early modern world, 1494-1660. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Elkins, C. (2005). Imperial reckoning. The untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt. Elkins, C. (2005). Imperial reckoning. The untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt.
go back to reference EU. (2011). Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2001 on standards for the qualification of third-party nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees and for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, L337/9-L337/26. EU. (2011). Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2001 on standards for the qualification of third-party nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees and for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, L337/9-L337/26.
go back to reference Farer, T. J. (1979). War clouds on the Horn of Africa: The widening storm (2nd ed.). New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Farer, T. J. (1979). War clouds on the Horn of Africa: The widening storm (2nd ed.). New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
go back to reference Faustmann, H. (2011). The Cyprus issue after accession. In J. Ker-Lindsay, F. Mullen, & H. Faustmann (Eds.), Island in Europe: The EU and the transformation of Cyprus (pp. 154–180). London: I.B. Tauris. Faustmann, H. (2011). The Cyprus issue after accession. In J. Ker-Lindsay, F. Mullen, & H. Faustmann (Eds.), Island in Europe: The EU and the transformation of Cyprus (pp. 154–180). London: I.B. Tauris.
go back to reference Feller, E. (1989). Carrier sanctions and international law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(1), 48–66.CrossRef Feller, E. (1989). Carrier sanctions and international law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(1), 48–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Ferrer-Gallardo, X. (2008). The Spanish-Moroccan border complex: Processes of geopolitical, functional, and symbolic rebordering. Political Geography, 27, 301–321.CrossRef Ferrer-Gallardo, X. (2008). The Spanish-Moroccan border complex: Processes of geopolitical, functional, and symbolic rebordering. Political Geography, 27, 301–321.CrossRef
go back to reference Feyissa, D., & Hoehne, M. V. (Eds.). (2010). Borders and borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. Feyissa, D., & Hoehne, M. V. (Eds.). (2010). Borders and borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey.
go back to reference Fischer-Lescano, A., Löhr, T., & Tohidipur, T. (2009). Border controls at sea: Requirements under international human rights and refugee law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 21(2), 256–296.CrossRef Fischer-Lescano, A., Löhr, T., & Tohidipur, T. (2009). Border controls at sea: Requirements under international human rights and refugee law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 21(2), 256–296.CrossRef
go back to reference Follis, K. S. (2015). Responsibility, emergency, blame: Reporting on migrant deaths on the mediterranean in the Council of Europe. Journal of Human Rights, 14(1), 41–62.CrossRef Follis, K. S. (2015). Responsibility, emergency, blame: Reporting on migrant deaths on the mediterranean in the Council of Europe. Journal of Human Rights, 14(1), 41–62.CrossRef
go back to reference Foucault, M., & Miskowiec, J. (1986). Of other spaces. Diacritics, 16(1), 22–27.CrossRef Foucault, M., & Miskowiec, J. (1986). Of other spaces. Diacritics, 16(1), 22–27.CrossRef
go back to reference Gad, U. P. (2016). National identity politics and postcolonial sovereignty games: Greenland, Denmark and the EU. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Publishers. Gad, U. P. (2016). National identity politics and postcolonial sovereignty games: Greenland, Denmark and the EU. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Publishers.
go back to reference Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2008). The refugee, the sovereign and the Sea: European Union interdiction policies. In R. Adler-Nissen & T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Eds.), Sovereignty game: Instrumentalizing state sovereignty in Europe and beyond (pp. 171–195). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2008). The refugee, the sovereign and the Sea: European Union interdiction policies. In R. Adler-Nissen & T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Eds.), Sovereignty game: Instrumentalizing state sovereignty in Europe and beyond (pp. 171–195). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Adler-Nissen, R. (2008). An introduction to sovereignty games. In R. Adler-Nissen & T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Eds.), Sovereignty games: Instrumentalizing state sovereignty in Europe and beyond (pp. 1–17). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Adler-Nissen, R. (2008). An introduction to sovereignty games. In R. Adler-Nissen & T. Gammeltoft-Hansen (Eds.), Sovereignty games: Instrumentalizing state sovereignty in Europe and beyond (pp. 1–17). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Garnham, D. (1996). Dyadic international war, 1816-1965: The role of power parity and geographical proximity. Western Political Quarterly, 29(3), 231–242. Garnham, D. (1996). Dyadic international war, 1816-1965: The role of power parity and geographical proximity. Western Political Quarterly, 29(3), 231–242.
go back to reference Gestri, M. (2016). EUNAVFOR MED: Fighting migrant smuggling under UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015). Italian Yearbook of International Law, 25, 21–54. Gestri, M. (2016). EUNAVFOR MED: Fighting migrant smuggling under UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015). Italian Yearbook of International Law, 25, 21–54.
go back to reference Giuffré, M. (2013). State responsibility beyond borders: What legal basis for Italy’s push-backs to Libya? International Journal of Refugee Law, 24(4), 692–734.CrossRef Giuffré, M. (2013). State responsibility beyond borders: What legal basis for Italy’s push-backs to Libya? International Journal of Refugee Law, 24(4), 692–734.CrossRef
go back to reference Gizelis, T. I., & Wooden, A. E. (2010). Water resources, institutions and intra-state conflict. Political Geography, 29(8), 444–453.CrossRef Gizelis, T. I., & Wooden, A. E. (2010). Water resources, institutions and intra-state conflict. Political Geography, 29(8), 444–453.CrossRef
go back to reference Godenau, D. (2014). Irregular maritime immigration in the Canary Islands: Externalization and communautarisation in the social construction of borders. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 12(2), 123–143.CrossRef Godenau, D. (2014). Irregular maritime immigration in the Canary Islands: Externalization and communautarisation in the social construction of borders. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 12(2), 123–143.CrossRef
go back to reference Gold, P. (2000). Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.CrossRef Gold, P. (2000). Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Goldsmith, P. (2013). The future of pastoralist conflict in the Horn of Africa. In A. Catley, J. Lind, & I. Scoones (Eds.), Pastoralism and development in Africa (pp. 131–142). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.CrossRef Goldsmith, P. (2013). The future of pastoralist conflict in the Horn of Africa. In A. Catley, J. Lind, & I. Scoones (Eds.), Pastoralism and development in Africa (pp. 131–142). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.CrossRef
go back to reference Goldsmith, P., Abura, L. A., & Switzer, J. (2002). Oil and water in Sudan. In J. Lind & K. Sturman (Eds.), Scarcity and surfeit: The ecology of Africa’s conflicts (pp. 187–241). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Goldsmith, P., Abura, L. A., & Switzer, J. (2002). Oil and water in Sudan. In J. Lind & K. Sturman (Eds.), Scarcity and surfeit: The ecology of Africa’s conflicts (pp. 187–241). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
go back to reference Gorman, R. F. (1981). Political conflict on the Horn of Africa. New York: Praeger. Gorman, R. F. (1981). Political conflict on the Horn of Africa. New York: Praeger.
go back to reference Gray, C., & Sloan, G. (Eds.). (2013). Geopolitics, geography and strategy. London: Routledge. Gray, C., & Sloan, G. (Eds.). (2013). Geopolitics, geography and strategy. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Green, S. (2010). Performing border in the Aegean. Journal of Cultural Economy, 3(2), 261–278.CrossRef Green, S. (2010). Performing border in the Aegean. Journal of Cultural Economy, 3(2), 261–278.CrossRef
go back to reference Greenhill, K. M. (2010). Weapons of mass migration: Forced displacement, coercion, and foreign policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRef Greenhill, K. M. (2010). Weapons of mass migration: Forced displacement, coercion, and foreign policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Grotius, H. (1916). The freedom of the seas. New York: Oxford University Press. Grotius, H. (1916). The freedom of the seas. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Hamerslag, R. J. (1989). The Schiphol Refugee Centre Case. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(3), 395–401.CrossRef Hamerslag, R. J. (1989). The Schiphol Refugee Centre Case. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(3), 395–401.CrossRef
go back to reference Hansen, P. (2002). European integration, European identity and the colonial connections. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(4), 483–498.CrossRef Hansen, P. (2002). European integration, European identity and the colonial connections. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(4), 483–498.CrossRef
go back to reference Hansen, S. J. (2013). Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The history and ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012. London: Hurst.CrossRef Hansen, S. J. (2013). Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The history and ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012. London: Hurst.CrossRef
go back to reference Haushofer, A. (1951). Allgemeine politische Geographie und Geopolitik (pp. 1–2). Heidelberg: Kurt Viwinckel. Haushofer, A. (1951). Allgemeine politische Geographie und Geopolitik (pp. 1–2). Heidelberg: Kurt Viwinckel.
go back to reference Haushofer, K., Obst, E., Lautensach, H., & Maull, O. (1928). Bausteine zur Geopolitik. Berlin: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag. Haushofer, K., Obst, E., Lautensach, H., & Maull, O. (1928). Bausteine zur Geopolitik. Berlin: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag.
go back to reference Havlíček, T., Jeřábek, M., & Dokoupil, J. (Eds.). (2018). Borders in Central Europe after the Schengen agreement. Cham: Springer. Havlíček, T., Jeřábek, M., & Dokoupil, J. (Eds.). (2018). Borders in Central Europe after the Schengen agreement. Cham: Springer.
go back to reference Heller, C., & Pezzani, L. (2017). Liquid traces: Investigating the deaths of migrants at the EU’s maritime frontier. In N. De Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 95–119). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Heller, C., & Pezzani, L. (2017). Liquid traces: Investigating the deaths of migrants at the EU’s maritime frontier. In N. De Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 95–119). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Hess, R. L. (1964). The ‘Mad Mullah’ and Northern Somalia. Journal of African History, 5(3), 415–433.CrossRef Hess, R. L. (1964). The ‘Mad Mullah’ and Northern Somalia. Journal of African History, 5(3), 415–433.CrossRef
go back to reference Holdar, S. (1992). The ideal state and the power of geography: The life-work of Rudolf Kjellen. Political Geography, 11(3), 307–323.CrossRef Holdar, S. (1992). The ideal state and the power of geography: The life-work of Rudolf Kjellen. Political Geography, 11(3), 307–323.CrossRef
go back to reference Horst, C. (2006). Transnational nomads: How Somalis cope with refugee life in the dadaab camps of Kenya. Oxford: Berghahn Books. Horst, C. (2006). Transnational nomads: How Somalis cope with refugee life in the dadaab camps of Kenya. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
go back to reference Hruškovic, I. (2014). Legal aspects of the association of overseas countries and territories with the European Union. Danube Law and Economics Review, 5(1), 65–75.CrossRef Hruškovic, I. (2014). Legal aspects of the association of overseas countries and territories with the European Union. Danube Law and Economics Review, 5(1), 65–75.CrossRef
go back to reference IDMC. (2017). GRID 2017: Global report on internal displacement. Geneva: International Displacement Monitoring Center. IDMC. (2017). GRID 2017: Global report on internal displacement. Geneva: International Displacement Monitoring Center.
go back to reference Johansen, A. I. (2017). Assessing the European Union’s strategic capacity: The case of EURONAVFOR MED Operation Sofia. European Security, 26(4), 507–526.CrossRef Johansen, A. I. (2017). Assessing the European Union’s strategic capacity: The case of EURONAVFOR MED Operation Sofia. European Security, 26(4), 507–526.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, D. H. (2008). Why Abyei matters: The breaking point of Sudan’s comprehensive peace agreement. African Affairs, 107(426), 1–19.CrossRef Johnson, D. H. (2008). Why Abyei matters: The breaking point of Sudan’s comprehensive peace agreement. African Affairs, 107(426), 1–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, D. H. (2011). The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars: Peace or truce? (2nd ed.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. Johnson, D. H. (2011). The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars: Peace or truce? (2nd ed.). Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey.
go back to reference Jones, R. (2016). Violent borders: Refugees and the right to move. London: Verso. Jones, R. (2016). Violent borders: Refugees and the right to move. London: Verso.
go back to reference Kapiteijns, L. (2013). Clan cleansing in Somalia: The ruinous legacy of 1991. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRef Kapiteijns, L. (2013). Clan cleansing in Somalia: The ruinous legacy of 1991. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Kendall, E. C. (2014). Sanctuary in the 21st century: The unique asylum exception to the extradition rule. Michigan State International Law Review, 23(1), 153–176. Kendall, E. C. (2014). Sanctuary in the 21st century: The unique asylum exception to the extradition rule. Michigan State International Law Review, 23(1), 153–176.
go back to reference Kendle, D. (1999). Egypt and the hydro-politics of the blue nile river. Northeast African Studies, 6(1–2), 141–169.CrossRef Kendle, D. (1999). Egypt and the hydro-politics of the blue nile river. Northeast African Studies, 6(1–2), 141–169.CrossRef
go back to reference Kennan, J., & Walker, J. A. (2013). Modeling individual migration decisions. In A. F. Constant & K. F. Zimmermann (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of migration (pp. 39–54). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Kennan, J., & Walker, J. A. (2013). Modeling individual migration decisions. In A. F. Constant & K. F. Zimmermann (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of migration (pp. 39–54). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
go back to reference Kibreab, G. (2002). When refugees come home: The relationship between stayees and returnees in post-conflict Eritrea. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 20(1), 53–80.CrossRef Kibreab, G. (2002). When refugees come home: The relationship between stayees and returnees in post-conflict Eritrea. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 20(1), 53–80.CrossRef
go back to reference Kibreab, G. (2009a). Eritrea: A dream deferred. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. Kibreab, G. (2009a). Eritrea: A dream deferred. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey.
go back to reference Kibreab, G. (2009b). Forced labour in Eritrea. Journal of Modern African Studies, 47(1), 41–72.CrossRef Kibreab, G. (2009b). Forced labour in Eritrea. Journal of Modern African Studies, 47(1), 41–72.CrossRef
go back to reference Killingray, D. (1984). ‘A swift agent of government’: Air power in British colonial Africa, 1916-1939. Journal of African History, 25(4), 429–444.CrossRef Killingray, D. (1984). ‘A swift agent of government’: Air power in British colonial Africa, 1916-1939. Journal of African History, 25(4), 429–444.CrossRef
go back to reference Kingsley, P. (2016). The new odyssey: The story of Europe’s refugee crisis. London: Guardian Books. Kingsley, P. (2016). The new odyssey: The story of Europe’s refugee crisis. London: Guardian Books.
go back to reference Kjellén, R. (1917). Der Staat als Lebensform. Leipzig: S. Hirzel Verlag. Kjellén, R. (1917). Der Staat als Lebensform. Leipzig: S. Hirzel Verlag.
go back to reference Kupchan, C. (1995). Introduction: Nationalism resurgent. In C. Kupchan (Ed.), Nationalism and nationalities in the New Europe (pp. 1–14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Kupchan, C. (1995). Introduction: Nationalism resurgent. In C. Kupchan (Ed.), Nationalism and nationalities in the New Europe (pp. 1–14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Laczko, F., Singleton, A., & Black, J. (Eds.). (2016). Fatal journeys. Vol. 3, Part 1: Improving data on missing migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Laczko, F., Singleton, A., & Black, J. (Eds.). (2016). Fatal journeys. Vol. 3, Part 1: Improving data on missing migrants. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
go back to reference Laitin, D. D. (1976). Somali territorial claims in international perspective. Africa Today, 23(2), 29–38. Laitin, D. D. (1976). Somali territorial claims in international perspective. Africa Today, 23(2), 29–38.
go back to reference Lata, L. (2003). The Ethiopia-Eritrea War. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Dealing with conflict in Africa. The United Nations and Regional Organizations (pp. 153–184). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Lata, L. (2003). The Ethiopia-Eritrea War. In J. Boulden (Ed.), Dealing with conflict in Africa. The United Nations and Regional Organizations (pp. 153–184). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Legomsky, S. H. (2006). The USA and the Caribbean interdiction program. International Journal of Refugee Law, 18(3–4), 677–695.CrossRef Legomsky, S. H. (2006). The USA and the Caribbean interdiction program. International Journal of Refugee Law, 18(3–4), 677–695.CrossRef
go back to reference Lemberg-Petersen, M. (2013). Private security companies and the European borderscapes. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen & N. N. Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration (pp. 152–172). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Lemberg-Petersen, M. (2013). Private security companies and the European borderscapes. In T. Gammeltoft-Hansen & N. N. Sørensen (Eds.), The migration industry and the commercialization of international migration (pp. 152–172). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
go back to reference Lewis, I. M. (1989). The Ogaden and the fragility of Somali segmentary nationalism. African Affairs, 88(353), 573–579.CrossRef Lewis, I. M. (1989). The Ogaden and the fragility of Somali segmentary nationalism. African Affairs, 88(353), 573–579.CrossRef
go back to reference Lewis, I. M. (2002). A modern history of the Somali (4th ed.). Oxford: James Currey. Lewis, I. M. (2002). A modern history of the Somali (4th ed.). Oxford: James Currey.
go back to reference Lischer, S. K. (2005). Dangerous sanctuaries: Refugee camps, civil war, and the dilemmas of humanitarian aid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Lischer, S. K. (2005). Dangerous sanctuaries: Refugee camps, civil war, and the dilemmas of humanitarian aid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
go back to reference Longman, T. (2002). The complex reasons for Rwanda’s engagement in Congo. In J. Clark (Ed.), The African stakes of the Congo war (pp. 129–144). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Longman, T. (2002). The complex reasons for Rwanda’s engagement in Congo. In J. Clark (Ed.), The African stakes of the Congo war (pp. 129–144). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference MacKinder, H. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421–437.CrossRef MacKinder, H. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421–437.CrossRef
go back to reference Mahan, A. T. (1987). The influence of sea power upon history, 1660-1783. New York: Dover Publications. Mahan, A. T. (1987). The influence of sea power upon history, 1660-1783. New York: Dover Publications.
go back to reference Majidi, N., & Oucho, L. (2016). East Africa. In M. McAuliffe & F. Laczko (Eds.), Migrant smuggling data and research: A global review of the emerging evidence base (pp. 55–84). Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Majidi, N., & Oucho, L. (2016). East Africa. In M. McAuliffe & F. Laczko (Eds.), Migrant smuggling data and research: A global review of the emerging evidence base (pp. 55–84). Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
go back to reference Malkki, L. H. (1995). Purity in exile: Violence, memory, and national cosmology among hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef Malkki, L. H. (1995). Purity in exile: Violence, memory, and national cosmology among hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Mandal, R. (2005) Protection mechanisms outside of the 1951 convention (‘complementary protection’), Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, PPLA/2005/02, Geneva: UNHCR. Mandal, R. (2005) Protection mechanisms outside of the 1951 convention (‘complementary protection’), Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, PPLA/2005/02, Geneva: UNHCR.
go back to reference Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.CrossRef Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.CrossRef
go back to reference Mansell, J. N. K. (2009). Flag state responsibility: Historical development and contemporary issues. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef Mansell, J. N. K. (2009). Flag state responsibility: Historical development and contemporary issues. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Marchand, K., Roosen, I., Reinold, J., & Siegel, M. (2016). Irregular migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa. Maastricht: Maastricht University. Marchand, K., Roosen, I., Reinold, J., & Siegel, M. (2016). Irregular migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa. Maastricht: Maastricht University.
go back to reference Martin, A. G. L. (2010). International straits: Concept, classification, and rules of passage. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef Martin, A. G. L. (2010). International straits: Concept, classification, and rules of passage. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Martín, I., & Bonfanti, S. (2015) Migration and asylum challenges in Eastern Africa: Mixed migration flows require dual policy approaches, Policy Brief 4. Florence: Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute. Martín, I., & Bonfanti, S. (2015) Migration and asylum challenges in Eastern Africa: Mixed migration flows require dual policy approaches, Policy Brief 4. Florence: Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute.
go back to reference Massicot, S. (1986). Effets sur la nationalité française de l’accession à l’indépendance de territoires ayant été sous la souveraineté française. Population, 41(3), 533–546.CrossRef Massicot, S. (1986). Effets sur la nationalité française de l’accession à l’indépendance de territoires ayant été sous la souveraineté française. Population, 41(3), 533–546.CrossRef
go back to reference Mburu, N. (2005). Bandits at the border: The lost frontier in the quest for Somali unity. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. Mburu, N. (2005). Bandits at the border: The lost frontier in the quest for Somali unity. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.
go back to reference McDonald-Gibson, C. (2016). Cast away: Stories of survival from Europe’s refugee crisis. London: Portobello Books. McDonald-Gibson, C. (2016). Cast away: Stories of survival from Europe’s refugee crisis. London: Portobello Books.
go back to reference Meier, P., Bond, D., & Bond, J. (2007). Environmental influences on pastoral conflict in the Horn of Africa. Political Geography, 26(6), 716–735.CrossRef Meier, P., Bond, D., & Bond, J. (2007). Environmental influences on pastoral conflict in the Horn of Africa. Political Geography, 26(6), 716–735.CrossRef
go back to reference Mengisteab, K. (2014). The Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Polity. Mengisteab, K. (2014). The Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Polity.
go back to reference Menkhaus, K. (2017). Elections in the hardest places: The case of Somalia. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 132–146.CrossRef Menkhaus, K. (2017). Elections in the hardest places: The case of Somalia. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 132–146.CrossRef
go back to reference Mockler, A. (2003). Haile Salassie’s War. Oxford: Signal Books. Mockler, A. (2003). Haile Salassie’s War. Oxford: Signal Books.
go back to reference Mogire, E. (2011). Victims as security threats: Refugee impact on host state security in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate. Mogire, E. (2011). Victims as security threats: Refugee impact on host state security in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate.
go back to reference Moïsi, D. (2009). The geopolitics of emotions: How cultures of fear, humiliation and hope are reshaping the world. London: Bodley Head. Moïsi, D. (2009). The geopolitics of emotions: How cultures of fear, humiliation and hope are reshaping the world. London: Bodley Head.
go back to reference Møller, B. (2010). Pan-Africanism and federalism. Perspectives on Federalism, 2(3), 38–76. Møller, B. (2010). Pan-Africanism and federalism. Perspectives on Federalism, 2(3), 38–76.
go back to reference Møller, B. (2015). Refugees, prisoners and camps: A functional analysis of the phenomenon of encampment. In Houndmills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Møller, B. (2015). Refugees, prisoners and camps: A functional analysis of the phenomenon of encampment. In Houndmills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Moore, K. (2013). ‘Asylum shopping’ in the neoliberal social imaginary. Media, Culture and Society, 35(3), 348–365.CrossRef Moore, K. (2013). ‘Asylum shopping’ in the neoliberal social imaginary. Media, Culture and Society, 35(3), 348–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Morone, A. M. (2017). Policies, practices, and representations regarding sub-Saharan migrants in Libya: From partnership with Italy to the post-Qadhafi era. In P. Gaibazzi, A. Bellagamba, & S. Dünnwald (Eds.), EurAfrican borders and migration management: Political cultures, contested spaces, and ordinary lives (pp. 129–155). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Morone, A. M. (2017). Policies, practices, and representations regarding sub-Saharan migrants in Libya: From partnership with Italy to the post-Qadhafi era. In P. Gaibazzi, A. Bellagamba, & S. Dünnwald (Eds.), EurAfrican borders and migration management: Political cultures, contested spaces, and ordinary lives (pp. 129–155). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Muggah, R. (Ed.). (2006). No refuge: The crisis of refugee militarization in Africa. London: Zed Books. Muggah, R. (Ed.). (2006). No refuge: The crisis of refugee militarization in Africa. London: Zed Books.
go back to reference Munene, M. (2010). Historical perspectives on security in Africa: The refugee problem. In J. J. Abubakar, K. Omeje, & H. Galadima (Eds.), Conflict of securities: Reflections on state and human security in Africa (pp. 87–112). London: Adonis & Abbey. Munene, M. (2010). Historical perspectives on security in Africa: The refugee problem. In J. J. Abubakar, K. Omeje, & H. Galadima (Eds.), Conflict of securities: Reflections on state and human security in Africa (pp. 87–112). London: Adonis & Abbey.
go back to reference Napoleoni, L. (2016). Merchants of men: How Jihadists and ISIS turned kidnapping and refugee trafficking into a multibillion dollar business. New York: Seven Stories Press. Napoleoni, L. (2016). Merchants of men: How Jihadists and ISIS turned kidnapping and refugee trafficking into a multibillion dollar business. New York: Seven Stories Press.
go back to reference Nasr, H., & Neef, A. (2016). Ethiopia’s challenge to Egyptian hegemony in the Nile River basin: The case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Geopolitics, 21(4), 969–989.CrossRef Nasr, H., & Neef, A. (2016). Ethiopia’s challenge to Egyptian hegemony in the Nile River basin: The case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Geopolitics, 21(4), 969–989.CrossRef
go back to reference Natsios, A. S. (2012). Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: University Press.CrossRef Natsios, A. S. (2012). Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Negash, T., & Tronvoll, K. (2000). Brothers at war: Making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War. Oxford: James Currey. Negash, T., & Tronvoll, K. (2000). Brothers at war: Making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War. Oxford: James Currey.
go back to reference Noll, G. (2005). Seeking asylum at embassies: A right to entry under international law? International Journal of Refugee Law, 17(3), 542–573.CrossRef Noll, G. (2005). Seeking asylum at embassies: A right to entry under international law? International Journal of Refugee Law, 17(3), 542–573.CrossRef
go back to reference Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. (Ed.). (1991). Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association Press. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. (Ed.). (1991). Conflict in the Horn of Africa. Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association Press.
go back to reference O’Hara, S. (2006). From geo strategy to geo economics: The Heartland and British imperialism before and after MacKinder. Geopolitics, 11(1), 54–73.CrossRef O’Hara, S. (2006). From geo strategy to geo economics: The Heartland and British imperialism before and after MacKinder. Geopolitics, 11(1), 54–73.CrossRef
go back to reference Orakhelashvili, A. (2009). International law and geopolitics: One object, conflicting legitimacies. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 39, 155–204.CrossRef Orakhelashvili, A. (2009). International law and geopolitics: One object, conflicting legitimacies. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 39, 155–204.CrossRef
go back to reference Pateman, R. (1998). Eritrea: Even the stones are burning (2nd ed.). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Pateman, R. (1998). Eritrea: Even the stones are burning (2nd ed.). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
go back to reference Perkowski, N. (2016). Deaths, interventions, humanitarianism and human rights in the mediterranean migration crisis. Mediterranean Politics, 21(2), 331–335.CrossRef Perkowski, N. (2016). Deaths, interventions, humanitarianism and human rights in the mediterranean migration crisis. Mediterranean Politics, 21(2), 331–335.CrossRef
go back to reference Picozza, F. (2017). Dubliners: Unthinking displacement, illegality, and refugeeness within Europe’s geographies of asylum. In N. De Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 233–254). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Picozza, F. (2017). Dubliners: Unthinking displacement, illegality, and refugeeness within Europe’s geographies of asylum. In N. De Genova (Ed.), The borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of migration, tactics of bordering (pp. 233–254). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
go back to reference Plaut, M. (2016). Understanding eritrea: Inside Africa’s most repressive state. London: Hurst. Plaut, M. (2016). Understanding eritrea: Inside Africa’s most repressive state. London: Hurst.
go back to reference Pool, D. (2001). From guerrillas to government: The Eritrean people’s liberation front. Oxford: James Currey. Pool, D. (2001). From guerrillas to government: The Eritrean people’s liberation front. Oxford: James Currey.
go back to reference Prunier, G. (2004). Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99). African Affairs, 103(412), 359–383.CrossRef Prunier, G. (2004). Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99). African Affairs, 103(412), 359–383.CrossRef
go back to reference Pugh, M. (2004). Drowning, not waving: Boat people and humanitarianism at sea. Journal of Refugee Studies, 17(1), 50–69.CrossRef Pugh, M. (2004). Drowning, not waving: Boat people and humanitarianism at sea. Journal of Refugee Studies, 17(1), 50–69.CrossRef
go back to reference Ratzel, F. (1897). Politische geographie. Munich: Oldenbourg. Ratzel, F. (1897). Politische geographie. Munich: Oldenbourg.
go back to reference Rawlence, B. (2016). City of thorns: Nine lives in the world’s largest refugee camp. New York: Picador. Rawlence, B. (2016). City of thorns: Nine lives in the world’s largest refugee camp. New York: Picador.
go back to reference Reid, R. (2007). War in pre-colonial Eastern Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Reid, R. (2007). War in pre-colonial Eastern Africa. Oxford: James Currey.
go back to reference Richards, R. (2014). Understanding statebuilding: Traditional governance and the modern state in Somaliland. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Richards, R. (2014). Understanding statebuilding: Traditional governance and the modern state in Somaliland. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
go back to reference Rijpma, J., & Vermeulen, M. (2015). EUROSUR: Saving lives or building borders? European Security, 24(3), 454–472.CrossRef Rijpma, J., & Vermeulen, M. (2015). EUROSUR: Saving lives or building borders? European Security, 24(3), 454–472.CrossRef
go back to reference Roberts, P. (2018). The militarisation of migration: From Triton to Sofia: Assessing the credibility of the EU’s naval interventions against migrant smuggling in the mediterranean. In T. Raitano, L. B. R.-B. de Lugo, & S. Jesperson (Eds.), Militarised responses to transnational organised crime: The war on crime (pp. 217–233). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Roberts, P. (2018). The militarisation of migration: From Triton to Sofia: Assessing the credibility of the EU’s naval interventions against migrant smuggling in the mediterranean. In T. Raitano, L. B. R.-B. de Lugo, & S. Jesperson (Eds.), Militarised responses to transnational organised crime: The war on crime (pp. 217–233). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Rodenhäuser, T. (2014). Another brick in the Wall: Carrier sanctions and the privatization of immigration control. International Journal of Refugee Law, 26(2), 223–247.CrossRef Rodenhäuser, T. (2014). Another brick in the Wall: Carrier sanctions and the privatization of immigration control. International Journal of Refugee Law, 26(2), 223–247.CrossRef
go back to reference Rudincová, K. (2017). The right to self-determination or inviolability of borders in the Horn of Africa? The African Union approach. In M. Riegl & B. Dobos (Eds.), Unrecognized states and secession in the 21st century (pp. 187–203). Cham: Springer.CrossRef Rudincová, K. (2017). The right to self-determination or inviolability of borders in the Horn of Africa? The African Union approach. In M. Riegl & B. Dobos (Eds.), Unrecognized states and secession in the 21st century (pp. 187–203). Cham: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Salih, M. A. M. (1999). The Horn of Africa in the new world order. In C. Thomas & P. Wilkin (Eds.), Globalization, human security and the African experience (pp. 127–143). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRef Salih, M. A. M. (1999). The Horn of Africa in the new world order. In C. Thomas & P. Wilkin (Eds.), Globalization, human security and the African experience (pp. 127–143). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRef
go back to reference Sbacci, A. (2005). Poison gas and atrocities in the Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1936). In R. Ben-Giat & M. Fuller (Eds.), Italian colonialism (pp. 47–56). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Sbacci, A. (2005). Poison gas and atrocities in the Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1936). In R. Ben-Giat & M. Fuller (Eds.), Italian colonialism (pp. 47–56). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Schloenhardt, A., & Craig, C. (2015). ‘Turning back the boats’: Australia’s interdiction of irregular migrants at sea. International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(4), 536–572.CrossRef Schloenhardt, A., & Craig, C. (2015). ‘Turning back the boats’: Australia’s interdiction of irregular migrants at sea. International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(4), 536–572.CrossRef
go back to reference Schmitt, C. (2003). The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europaeum. New York: Telos. Schmitt, C. (2003). The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europaeum. New York: Telos.
go back to reference Selassie, B. H. (1980). Conflict and intervention in the Horn of Africa. New York: Monthly Review. Selassie, B. H. (1980). Conflict and intervention in the Horn of Africa. New York: Monthly Review.
go back to reference Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s strategy in world politics: The United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s strategy in world politics: The United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
go back to reference Stedman, S. J., & Tanner, F. (Eds.). (2003). Refugee manipulation: War, politics, and the abuse of human suffering. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Stedman, S. J., & Tanner, F. (Eds.). (2003). Refugee manipulation: War, politics, and the abuse of human suffering. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
go back to reference Steiner, H. A. (1936). The government of Italian East Africa. American Political Science Review, 30(5), 884–902.CrossRef Steiner, H. A. (1936). The government of Italian East Africa. American Political Science Review, 30(5), 884–902.CrossRef
go back to reference Sumida, J. T. (1999). Alfred Thayer Mahan geopolitician. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22(2–3), 39–62.CrossRef Sumida, J. T. (1999). Alfred Thayer Mahan geopolitician. Journal of Strategic Studies, 22(2–3), 39–62.CrossRef
go back to reference Tareke, G. (2000). The Ethiopia-Somalia War 1977 revisited. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 33(3), 635–667.CrossRef Tareke, G. (2000). The Ethiopia-Somalia War 1977 revisited. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 33(3), 635–667.CrossRef
go back to reference Tazzioli, M. (2015). The desultory politics of mobility and the humanitarian-military border in the Mediterranean: Mare Nostrum beyond the sea. The Journal Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana (REMHU), 23(44), 61–82.CrossRef Tazzioli, M. (2015). The desultory politics of mobility and the humanitarian-military border in the Mediterranean: Mare Nostrum beyond the sea. The Journal Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana (REMHU), 23(44), 61–82.CrossRef
go back to reference Tazzioli, M. (2016). Border displacements. Challenging the politics of rescue between Mare Nostrum and Triton. Migration Studies, 4(1), 1–19.CrossRef Tazzioli, M. (2016). Border displacements. Challenging the politics of rescue between Mare Nostrum and Triton. Migration Studies, 4(1), 1–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Theophylacton, D. A. (2012). Geopolitics, Turkey’s accession course and Cyprus: Power balances and ‘soft power’ calculations. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(1), 97–114.CrossRef Theophylacton, D. A. (2012). Geopolitics, Turkey’s accession course and Cyprus: Power balances and ‘soft power’ calculations. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 12(1), 97–114.CrossRef
go back to reference Tinti, P., & Reitano, T. (2016). Migrant refugee smuggler saviour. London: Hurst. Tinti, P., & Reitano, T. (2016). Migrant refugee smuggler saviour. London: Hurst.
go back to reference Tiruneh, A. (1993). The Ethiopian revolution 1974-1987: A transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Tiruneh, A. (1993). The Ethiopian revolution 1974-1987: A transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Tocci, N. (2017). Framing the EU global strategy: A stronger Europe in a fragile world. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Tocci, N. (2017). Framing the EU global strategy: A stronger Europe in a fragile world. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Touval, S. (1967). The organization of African unity and African borders. International Organization, 21(1), 102–127.CrossRef Touval, S. (1967). The organization of African unity and African borders. International Organization, 21(1), 102–127.CrossRef
go back to reference Tronvoll, K., & Mekkonen, D. R. (2014). The African Garrison state: Human rights and political development in Eritrea. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey. Tronvoll, K., & Mekkonen, D. R. (2014). The African Garrison state: Human rights and political development in Eritrea. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey.
go back to reference Tuathail, G. Ó. (1996). Critical geopolitics. London: Routledge. Tuathail, G. Ó. (1996). Critical geopolitics. London: Routledge.
go back to reference UN High Commisioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2007a). Collection of international instruments and legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR, 1: International instruments. Geneva: UNHCR. UN High Commisioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2007a). Collection of international instruments and legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR, 1: International instruments. Geneva: UNHCR.
go back to reference UN High Commisioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2007b). Collection of international instruments and legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR, 3: Regional instruments. Geneva: UNHCR. UN High Commisioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2007b). Collection of international instruments and legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR, 3: Regional instruments. Geneva: UNHCR.
go back to reference Van Hear, N. (2006). ‘I went as far as my money would take me’: Conflict, forced migration and class. In F. Crépau et al. (Eds.), Forced migration and global processes: A view from forced migration studies (pp. 125–157). Lanham, ML: Lexington Books. Van Hear, N. (2006). ‘I went as far as my money would take me’: Conflict, forced migration and class. In F. Crépau et al. (Eds.), Forced migration and global processes: A view from forced migration studies (pp. 125–157). Lanham, ML: Lexington Books.
go back to reference Vandervort, B. (1998). Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1917. London: UCL. Vandervort, B. (1998). Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1917. London: UCL.
go back to reference Vasquez, J. A. (1993). The war puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Vasquez, J. A. (1993). The war puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Väyrynen, R. (1984). Regional conflict formations: An intractable problem of international relations. Journal of Peace Research, 21(4), 337–359.CrossRef Väyrynen, R. (1984). Regional conflict formations: An intractable problem of international relations. Journal of Peace Research, 21(4), 337–359.CrossRef
go back to reference Vives, L. (2017). Unwanted sea migrants across the EU border: The Canary Islands. Political Geography, 61, 181–193.CrossRef Vives, L. (2017). Unwanted sea migrants across the EU border: The Canary Islands. Political Geography, 61, 181–193.CrossRef
go back to reference Wæver, O. (1993). Societal security: The concept. In O. Wæver, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, & P. Lemaitre (Eds.), Identity, migration and the new security agenda in Europe (pp. 17–40). London: Pinter. Wæver, O. (1993). Societal security: The concept. In O. Wæver, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, & P. Lemaitre (Eds.), Identity, migration and the new security agenda in Europe (pp. 17–40). London: Pinter.
go back to reference Webb, K. (2007). The continued importance of geographic distance and boulding’s loss of strength gradient. Comparative Strategy, 26(4), 295–310.CrossRef Webb, K. (2007). The continued importance of geographic distance and boulding’s loss of strength gradient. Comparative Strategy, 26(4), 295–310.CrossRef
go back to reference Weinar, A. (2017). Cooperation on migration and the revised European neighbourhood policy. In D. Bouris & T. Schumacher (Eds.), The revised European neighbourhood policy: Continuity and change in EU’s foreign policy (pp. 263–283). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Weinar, A. (2017). Cooperation on migration and the revised European neighbourhood policy. In D. Bouris & T. Schumacher (Eds.), The revised European neighbourhood policy: Continuity and change in EU’s foreign policy (pp. 263–283). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
go back to reference Whitman, R. G. (Ed.). (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Whitman, R. G. (Ed.). (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
go back to reference Wilkin, D. (1980). Refugees and British administrative policy in Northern Kenya, 1936-1938. African Affairs, 79(317), 510–530.CrossRef Wilkin, D. (1980). Refugees and British administrative policy in Northern Kenya, 1936-1938. African Affairs, 79(317), 510–530.CrossRef
go back to reference Wilson, H. S. (1994). African decolonisation. London: Edward Arnold. Wilson, H. S. (1994). African decolonisation. London: Edward Arnold.
go back to reference Wolkersdorfer, G. (1999). Karl Haushofer and geopolitics: The history of a German mythos. Geopolitics, 4(3), 145–160.CrossRef Wolkersdorfer, G. (1999). Karl Haushofer and geopolitics: The history of a German mythos. Geopolitics, 4(3), 145–160.CrossRef
go back to reference Woodward, P. (2003). The Horn of Africa: Politics and international relations. London: I.B. Tauris. Woodward, P. (2003). The Horn of Africa: Politics and international relations. London: I.B. Tauris.
go back to reference Woodward, P. (2006). US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate. Woodward, P. (2006). US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate.
go back to reference Woodward, P. (2013). Crisis in the Horn of Africa: politics, piracy and the threat of terror. London: I.B. Tauris.CrossRef Woodward, P. (2013). Crisis in the Horn of Africa: politics, piracy and the threat of terror. London: I.B. Tauris.CrossRef
go back to reference Wright, T. C., & Zúñiga, R. O. (2007). Chilean political exile. Latin American Perspectives, 34(4), 31–49.CrossRef Wright, T. C., & Zúñiga, R. O. (2007). Chilean political exile. Latin American Perspectives, 34(4), 31–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Young, J. (1997). Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People’s Liberation Front, 1975–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Young, J. (1997). Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People’s Liberation Front, 1975–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Yusuf, A. A. (2010). African yearbook of international law. Leiden: Brill. Yusuf, A. A. (2010). African yearbook of international law. Leiden: Brill.
go back to reference Zegeye, A., & Tegegn, M. (2008). The post-border dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea: On the brink of another war? Journal of Developing Societies, 24(2), 245–272.CrossRef Zegeye, A., & Tegegn, M. (2008). The post-border dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea: On the brink of another war? Journal of Developing Societies, 24(2), 245–272.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Greater Horn of Africa: Geopolitical Aspects of the “Refugee Crisis”
Author
Bjørn Møller
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03721-5_3