Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management 3/2019

06-06-2019

The impact of Founder’s human capital on firms’ extent of early internationalisation: Evidence from a least-developed country

Authors: Farhad Uddin Ahmed, Louis Brennan

Published in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management | Issue 3/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This study addresses the impact of the principal founder’s general and specific human capital factors on the extent of the internationalisation of early internationalising firms originating from a relatively low-tech and labour-intensive industry in a least-developed country. We engage in quantitative analysis using data drawn from the Bangladeshi apparel industry. Our results reveal direct and indirect effects of specific human capital factors on the extent of a firm’s early internationalisation. However, contrary to the extant findings for developed and advanced-emerging economies, general human capital factors, namely the founder’s higher educational qualifications and international experience, are not found to be significant determinants of early internationalisation. Although human capital theory is used as a key theoretical framework, our study also draws on several other schools of thought, including the resource-based view, social networking theory and the learning perspective. The findings of our study provide evidence of the synergistic effects originating from the founder’s specific human capital factors. In particular, we find that resources, learning and social network ties derived from specific human capital factors influence the extent of a firm’s early internationalisation. Our findings are also consistent with the revisited Uppsala model in so far as they relate to the importance of knowledge and relationships prior to the establishment of focal firms. The implications of our findings for national and enterprise development policies are also considered.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
a. General HC relates to broadly applicable knowledge acquired through both formal education and professional or own life experience (Colombo & Grilli, 2005; Cooper et al., 1994),
b. Specific HC incorporates knowledge which can be gained through either specialised education, or domain specific know-how derived from prior working experience in a particular industry, or prior entrepreneurial experience (Colombo & Grilli, 2005; Samuelsson & Davidsson, 2009).
 
2
Evangelista (2005) has shown that the founders’ education, previous industry, entrepreneurial and international experience are critical to the creation of international new ventures.
 
3
Based on their findings, Thai and Chong (2008) have concluded that the founder’s age, education, prior entrepreneurial experience, industrial and technical experience, and international experience were not influential in driving EIFs in Vietnam.
 
4
The UN categorises forty nine countries as least-developed nations because of their low gross national income (GNI) per capita, weak human assets and high degree of economic vulnerability (UNCTAD, 2010, 2013).
 
5
Since 1974, the global apparel industry has been regulated by the Multi-Fibre Arrangements (MFA) imposed by the US and Europe on large Asian apparel exporters (Rashid, 2006). However, apparel exporters from LDCs have enjoyed quota free access to these countries. The Bangladeshi apparel industry experienced significant growth due to the quota facilities provided by the developed countries under the MFA and to the tariff free access to EU countries under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) scheme (Rashid, 2006).
 
Literature
go back to reference Alam, G. M. 2008. The role of technical and vocational education in the National Development of Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 9(1): 25–44. Alam, G. M. 2008. The role of technical and vocational education in the National Development of Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 9(1): 25–44.
go back to reference Aldrich, H. E. 1990. Using an ecological perspective to study organizational founding rates. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3): 7–24. Aldrich, H. E. 1990. Using an ecological perspective to study organizational founding rates. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3): 7–24.
go back to reference Ali, T., Larimo, J., & Le Nguyen, H. 2017. Value Creation in International Joint Ventures: Impact of Inter-Partner Factors and Location. In Value Creation in International Business (p. 15–53). Springer International Publishing. Ali, T., Larimo, J., & Le Nguyen, H. 2017. Value Creation in International Joint Ventures: Impact of Inter-Partner Factors and Location. In Value Creation in International Business (p. 15–53). Springer International Publishing.
go back to reference Amaral, A. M., Baptista, R., & Lima, F. 2011. Serial entrepreneurship: Impact of human capital on time to re-entry. Small Business Economics, 37(1): 1–21. Amaral, A. M., Baptista, R., & Lima, F. 2011. Serial entrepreneurship: Impact of human capital on time to re-entry. Small Business Economics, 37(1): 1–21.
go back to reference Andersson, S., & Evangelista, F. 2006. The entrepreneur in the born global firm in Australia and Sweden. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4): 642–659. Andersson, S., & Evangelista, F. 2006. The entrepreneur in the born global firm in Australia and Sweden. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4): 642–659.
go back to reference Andersson, S., & Wictor, I. 2003. Innovative internationalisation in new firms: Born globals–the Swedish case. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(3): 249–275. Andersson, S., & Wictor, I. 2003. Innovative internationalisation in new firms: Born globals–the Swedish case. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(3): 249–275.
go back to reference Archarungroj, P., & Hoshino, Y. 1998. The impact of firm size on export performance and attitudes: An empirical study on Thailand exporters. Japanese Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2): 79–88. Archarungroj, P., & Hoshino, Y. 1998. The impact of firm size on export performance and attitudes: An empirical study on Thailand exporters. Japanese Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2): 79–88.
go back to reference Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. 1977. Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 14(3): 396–402. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. 1977. Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 14(3): 396–402.
go back to reference Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. 2000. Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 909–924. Autio, E., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. 2000. Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 909–924.
go back to reference Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99–120. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99–120.
go back to reference Becker, G.S., 1964. Human capital theory. Columbia, New York, 1964. Becker, G.S., 1964. Human capital theory. Columbia, New York, 1964.
go back to reference Becker, G. S. 1975. Front matter, human Capital: A theoretical and empirical Analysis, with special reference to education. In Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 2nd ed. (pp. 22). NBER. Becker, G. S. 1975. Front matter, human Capital: A theoretical and empirical Analysis, with special reference to education. In Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 2nd ed. (pp. 22). NBER.
go back to reference Becker, G. S. 1993. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with specific reference to education. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Becker, G. S. 1993. Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with specific reference to education. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
go back to reference Bell, J. 1995. The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29(8): 60–75. Bell, J. 1995. The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29(8): 60–75.
go back to reference Bhide, A. 2000. The origin and evolution of new businesses. Oxford University Press. Bhide, A. 2000. The origin and evolution of new businesses. Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. 1996. The internationalization of new high-potential US ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4): 61–76. Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, H. J., & Almeida, J. G. 1996. The internationalization of new high-potential US ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4): 61–76.
go back to reference Booysen, F. 2002. An overview and evaluation of composite indices of development. Social Indicators Research, 59(2): 115–151. Booysen, F. 2002. An overview and evaluation of composite indices of development. Social Indicators Research, 59(2): 115–151.
go back to reference Bruneel, J., Yli-Renko, H., & Clarysse, B. 2010. Learning from experience and learning from others: How congenital and inter-organizational learning substitute for experiential learning in young firm internationalization. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(2): 164–182. Bruneel, J., Yli-Renko, H., & Clarysse, B. 2010. Learning from experience and learning from others: How congenital and inter-organizational learning substitute for experiential learning in young firm internationalization. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(2): 164–182.
go back to reference Brush, C. G. 2012. International entrepreneurship: The effect of firm age on motives for internationalization (Vol. 5). Routledge. Brush, C. G. 2012. International entrepreneurship: The effect of firm age on motives for internationalization (Vol. 5). Routledge.
go back to reference Calof, J. L. 1994. The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2): 367–387. Calof, J. L. 1994. The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2): 367–387.
go back to reference Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. 2015. The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1): 3–16. Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. 2015. The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1): 3–16.
go back to reference Chang, S. H., Jaw, Y. L., & Chiu, H. J. 2012. A behavioral perspective of international new ventures: Slack, early internationalization, and performance. Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2): 200. Chang, S. H., Jaw, Y. L., & Chiu, H. J. 2012. A behavioral perspective of international new ventures: Slack, early internationalization, and performance. Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2): 200.
go back to reference Chatterji, A. K. 2009. Spawned with a silver spoon? Entrepreneurial performance and innovation in the medical device industry. Strategic Management Journal, 30(2): 185–206. Chatterji, A. K. 2009. Spawned with a silver spoon? Entrepreneurial performance and innovation in the medical device industry. Strategic Management Journal, 30(2): 185–206.
go back to reference Chetty, S., & Campbell-Hunt, C. 2004. A strategic approach to internationalization: A traditional versus a “born-global” approach. Journal of International Marketing, 12(1): 57–81. Chetty, S., & Campbell-Hunt, C. 2004. A strategic approach to internationalization: A traditional versus a “born-global” approach. Journal of International Marketing, 12(1): 57–81.
go back to reference Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128–152. Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128–152.
go back to reference Colombo, M. G., & Grilli, L. 2005. Founders’ human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view. Research Policy, 34(6): 795–816. Colombo, M. G., & Grilli, L. 2005. Founders’ human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view. Research Policy, 34(6): 795–816.
go back to reference Contractor, F. J., Hsu, C. C., & Kundu, S. K. 2005. Explaining export performance: A comparative study of international new ventures in Indian and Taiwanese software industry. Management International Review, 45(3): 83–110. Contractor, F. J., Hsu, C. C., & Kundu, S. K. 2005. Explaining export performance: A comparative study of international new ventures in Indian and Taiwanese software industry. Management International Review, 45(3): 83–110.
go back to reference Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J., & Woo, C. Y. 1994. Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5): 371–395. Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J., & Woo, C. Y. 1994. Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5): 371–395.
go back to reference Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. 2005. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment. Research & Evaluation, 10(7): 1–9. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. 2005. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment. Research & Evaluation, 10(7): 1–9.
go back to reference Coviello, N. 2015. Re-thinking research on born globals. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1): 17–26. Coviello, N. 2015. Re-thinking research on born globals. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1): 17–26.
go back to reference Coviello, N., & Munro, H. 1997. Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6(4): 361–386. Coviello, N., & Munro, H. 1997. Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6(4): 361–386.
go back to reference Crick, D., & Spence, M. 2005. The internationalisation of ‘high performing’ UK high-tech SMEs: A study of planned and unplanned strategies. International Business Review, 14(2): 167–185. Crick, D., & Spence, M. 2005. The internationalisation of ‘high performing’ UK high-tech SMEs: A study of planned and unplanned strategies. International Business Review, 14(2): 167–185.
go back to reference Cumming, D., Sapienza, H. J., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. 2009. International entrepreneurship: Managerial and policy implications. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(4): 283–296. Cumming, D., Sapienza, H. J., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. 2009. International entrepreneurship: Managerial and policy implications. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(4): 283–296.
go back to reference Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. 1996. The robustness of test statistics to non-normality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1): 16–29. Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. 1996. The robustness of test statistics to non-normality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1): 16–29.
go back to reference Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. 2003. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3): 301–331. Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. 2003. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3): 301–331.
go back to reference De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. J., Yavuz, R. I., & Zhou, L. 2012. Learning and knowledge in early internationalization research: Past accomplishments and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1): 143–165. De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. J., Yavuz, R. I., & Zhou, L. 2012. Learning and knowledge in early internationalization research: Past accomplishments and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1): 143–165.
go back to reference De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. 2003. Task versus relationship conflict: Team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4): 741–749. De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. 2003. Task versus relationship conflict: Team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4): 741–749.
go back to reference de Jong, A., Song, M., & Song, L. Z. 2011. How lead founder personality affects new venture performance: The mediating role of team conflict. Journal of Management, 39(7): 1825–1854. de Jong, A., Song, M., & Song, L. Z. 2011. How lead founder personality affects new venture performance: The mediating role of team conflict. Journal of Management, 39(7): 1825–1854.
go back to reference Dib, L. A., da Rocha, A., & da Silva, J. F. 2010. The internationalization process of Brazilian software firms and the born global phenomenon: Examining firm, network, and entrepreneur variables. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3): 233–253. Dib, L. A., da Rocha, A., & da Silva, J. F. 2010. The internationalization process of Brazilian software firms and the born global phenomenon: Examining firm, network, and entrepreneur variables. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3): 233–253.
go back to reference Dimitratos, P., Lioukas, S., & Carter, S. 2004. The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: The importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13(1): 19–41. Dimitratos, P., Lioukas, S., & Carter, S. 2004. The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: The importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13(1): 19–41.
go back to reference Dimov, D. 2010. Nascent entrepreneurs and venture emergence: Opportunity confidence, human capital, and early planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6): 1123–1153. Dimov, D. 2010. Nascent entrepreneurs and venture emergence: Opportunity confidence, human capital, and early planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6): 1123–1153.
go back to reference Dominguinhos, P., & Simões, V. C. 2004. Born globals: taking stock, looking ahead. Proceedings of the 30th EIBA Annual Conference. Ljubljana, Slovenia, European International Business Academy. Dominguinhos, P., & Simões, V. C. 2004. Born globals: taking stock, looking ahead. Proceedings of the 30th EIBA Annual Conference. Ljubljana, Slovenia, European International Business Academy.
go back to reference Ellis, P. D. 2011. Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(1): 99–127. Ellis, P. D. 2011. Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(1): 99–127.
go back to reference Evangelista, F. 2005. Qualitative insights into the international new venture creation process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 179–198. Evangelista, F. 2005. Qualitative insights into the international new venture creation process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 179–198.
go back to reference Faroque, A.R., 2014. Network exploration and exploitation in international entrepreneurship: An opportunity-based view. Doctoral dissertation. University of Canterbury. Faroque, A.R., 2014. Network exploration and exploitation in international entrepreneurship: An opportunity-based view. Doctoral dissertation. University of Canterbury.
go back to reference Faroque, A. R., & Takahashi, Y. 2012. Export Assistance: The Way Back and Forward, 1–23. Springer New York. Faroque, A. R., & Takahashi, Y. 2012. Export Assistance: The Way Back and Forward, 1–23. Springer New York.
go back to reference Fernandez-Stark, K., Frederick, S., & Gereffi, G. 2011. The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development. Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Duke University. Fernandez-Stark, K., Frederick, S., & Gereffi, G. 2011. The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic Upgrading and Workforce Development. Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Duke University.
go back to reference Fiet, J. O. 1996. The informational basis of entrepreneurial discovery. Small Business Economics, 8(6): 419–430. Fiet, J. O. 1996. The informational basis of entrepreneurial discovery. Small Business Economics, 8(6): 419–430.
go back to reference Freeman, G. H., Edwards, R., & Schroder, B. 2006. How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, 14(3): 33–63. Freeman, G. H., Edwards, R., & Schroder, B. 2006. How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, 14(3): 33–63.
go back to reference Freeman, G. H., & Halton, J. H. 1951. Note on an exact treatment of contingency, goodness of fit and other problems of significance. Biometrika, 38(1–2): 141–149. Freeman, G. H., & Halton, J. H. 1951. Note on an exact treatment of contingency, goodness of fit and other problems of significance. Biometrika, 38(1–2): 141–149.
go back to reference Gabrielsson, M. 2005. Branding strategies of born globals. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 199–222. Gabrielsson, M. 2005. Branding strategies of born globals. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 199–222.
go back to reference Gabrielsson, M., & Gabrielsson, P. 2003. Global marketing strategies of born globals and globalising internationals in the ICT field. Journal of Euromarketing, 12(3–4): 123–145. Gabrielsson, M., & Gabrielsson, P. 2003. Global marketing strategies of born globals and globalising internationals in the ICT field. Journal of Euromarketing, 12(3–4): 123–145.
go back to reference Gabrielsson, M., & Kirpalani, V. M. 2004. Born globals: How to reach new business space rapidly. International Business Review, 13(5): 555–571. Gabrielsson, M., & Kirpalani, V. M. 2004. Born globals: How to reach new business space rapidly. International Business Review, 13(5): 555–571.
go back to reference Gabrielsson, M., Sasi, V., & Darling, J. 2004. Finance strategies of rapidly-growing Finnish SMEs: Born internationals and born globals. European Business Review, 16(6): 590–604. Gabrielsson, M., Sasi, V., & Darling, J. 2004. Finance strategies of rapidly-growing Finnish SMEs: Born internationals and born globals. European Business Review, 16(6): 590–604.
go back to reference Gassmann, O., & Keupp, M. M. 2007. The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: A knowledge-based view. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 350–366. Gassmann, O., & Keupp, M. M. 2007. The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: A knowledge-based view. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 350–366.
go back to reference Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. 2005. The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1): 78–104. Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., & Sturgeon, T. 2005. The governance of global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 12(1): 78–104.
go back to reference Gereffi, G., & Memodovic, O. 2003. The global apparel value chain: What prospects for upgrading by developing countries?’ United Nations industrial development Organization. Available at: http://www.unido.org/doc/12218. Accessed on Mar. 10, 2014. Gereffi, G., & Memodovic, O. 2003. The global apparel value chain: What prospects for upgrading by developing countries?’ United Nations industrial development Organization. Available at: http://​www.​unido.​org/​doc/​12218. Accessed on Mar. 10, 2014.
go back to reference Gerschewski, S., Rose, E. L., & Lindsay, V. J. 2015. Understanding the drivers of international performance for born global firms: An integrated perspective. Journal of World Business, 50(3): 558–575. Gerschewski, S., Rose, E. L., & Lindsay, V. J. 2015. Understanding the drivers of international performance for born global firms: An integrated perspective. Journal of World Business, 50(3): 558–575.
go back to reference Ghauri, P., Lutz, C., & Tesfom, G. 2003. Using networks to solve export-marketing problems of small-and medium-sized firms from developing countries. European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6): 728–752. Ghauri, P., Lutz, C., & Tesfom, G. 2003. Using networks to solve export-marketing problems of small-and medium-sized firms from developing countries. European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6): 728–752.
go back to reference Gras, D., & Nason, R. S. 2013. Exploring the tension between strategic resource characteristics: Evidence from Indian slum households. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 33(12): 1–15. Gras, D., & Nason, R. S. 2013. Exploring the tension between strategic resource characteristics: Evidence from Indian slum households. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 33(12): 1–15.
go back to reference Harris, R., & Li, Q. C. 2007. ‘Born global’ companies: Evidence from FAME and CIS. London:UKTI. Harris, R., & Li, Q. C. 2007. ‘Born global’ companies: Evidence from FAME and CIS. London:UKTI.
go back to reference Hart, D. M. 2011. Founder nativity, founding team formation, and firm performance in the US high-tech sector. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(1): 1–22. Hart, D. M. 2011. Founder nativity, founding team formation, and firm performance in the US high-tech sector. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(1): 1–22.
go back to reference Harveston, P. D., Kedia, B. L., & Davis, P. S. 2000. Internationalization of born global and gradual globalizing firms: The impact of the manager. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 8(1): 92–99. Harveston, P. D., Kedia, B. L., & Davis, P. S. 2000. Internationalization of born global and gradual globalizing firms: The impact of the manager. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 8(1): 92–99.
go back to reference Hatch, N. W., & Dyer, J. H. 2004. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12): 1155–1178. Hatch, N. W., & Dyer, J. H. 2004. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12): 1155–1178.
go back to reference Hofstede, G. H. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Geert Hofstede (Ed.). Sage. Hofstede, G. H. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Geert Hofstede (Ed.). Sage.
go back to reference Hoskisson, R. E., Wright, M., Filatotchev, I., & Peng, M. W. 2013. Emerging multinationals from mid-range economies: The influence of institutions and factor markets. Journal of Management Studies, 50(7): 1295–1321. Hoskisson, R. E., Wright, M., Filatotchev, I., & Peng, M. W. 2013. Emerging multinationals from mid-range economies: The influence of institutions and factor markets. Journal of Management Studies, 50(7): 1295–1321.
go back to reference Hossain, D. M. 2008. A literature survey on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Southeast University Journal of Business Studies, 2(1). In Available at SSRN https://ssrn.com/abstract=1261829. Accessed on Sept. 04, 2015 Hossain, D. M. 2008. A literature survey on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Southeast University Journal of Business Studies, 2(1). In Available at SSRN https://​ssrn.​com/​abstract=​1261829. Accessed on Sept. 04, 2015
go back to reference Hsu, W. T., Chen, H. L., & Cheng, C. Y. 2013. Internationalization and firm performance of SMEs: The moderating effects of CEO attributes. Journal of World Business, 48(1): 1–12. Hsu, W. T., Chen, H. L., & Cheng, C. Y. 2013. Internationalization and firm performance of SMEs: The moderating effects of CEO attributes. Journal of World Business, 48(1): 1–12.
go back to reference Huber, G. P. 1991. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1): 88–115. Huber, G. P. 1991. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1): 88–115.
go back to reference Ibeh, K. I. 2004. Furthering export participation in less performing developing countries: The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and managerial capacity factors. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1/2): 94–110. Ibeh, K. I. 2004. Furthering export participation in less performing developing countries: The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and managerial capacity factors. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1/2): 94–110.
go back to reference Islam, M. A., Khan, M. A., Obaidullah, A. Z. M., & Alam, M. S. 2011. Effect of entrepreneur and firm characteristics on the business success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3): 289. Islam, M. A., Khan, M. A., Obaidullah, A. Z. M., & Alam, M. S. 2011. Effect of entrepreneur and firm characteristics on the business success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3): 289.
go back to reference Jantunen, A., Puumalainen, K., Saarenketo, S., & Kyläheiko, K. 2005. Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and international performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 223–243. Jantunen, A., Puumalainen, K., Saarenketo, S., & Kyläheiko, K. 2005. Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and international performance. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(3): 223–243.
go back to reference Jin, Y., Hopkins, M. M., & Wittmer, J. L. 2010. Linking human capital to competitive advantages: Flexibility in a manufacturing firm's supply chain. Human Resource Management, 49(5): 939–963. Jin, Y., Hopkins, M. M., & Wittmer, J. L. 2010. Linking human capital to competitive advantages: Flexibility in a manufacturing firm's supply chain. Human Resource Management, 49(5): 939–963.
go back to reference Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 1977. The internationalization process of the firm—A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1): 23–32. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 1977. The internationalization process of the firm—A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1): 23–32.
go back to reference Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 1990. The mechanism of internationalisation. International Marketing Review, 7(4). Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 1990. The mechanism of internationalisation. International Marketing Review, 7(4).
go back to reference Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 2006. Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model. Management International Review, 46(2): 165–178. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 2006. Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: A note on the Uppsala internationalization process model. Management International Review, 46(2): 165–178.
go back to reference Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 2009. The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1411–1431. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 2009. The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9): 1411–1431.
go back to reference Kantis, H., Moori-Koening, V., & Angelelli, P. 2004. Developing entrepreneurship: Experience in Latin America and worldwide. Washington:Inter-American Development Bank. Kantis, H., Moori-Koening, V., & Angelelli, P. 2004. Developing entrepreneurship: Experience in Latin America and worldwide. Washington:Inter-American Development Bank.
go back to reference Keat, O. Y., Selvarajah, C., & Meyer, D. 2011. Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university students: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(4). Keat, O. Y., Selvarajah, C., & Meyer, D. 2011. Inclination towards entrepreneurship among university students: An empirical study of Malaysian university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(4).
go back to reference Keupp, M. M., & Gassmann, O. 2009. The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: A review and suggestions for developing the field. Journal of Management, 35(3): 600–633. Keupp, M. M., & Gassmann, O. 2009. The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: A review and suggestions for developing the field. Journal of Management, 35(3): 600–633.
go back to reference Khavul, S., Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., & Wood, E. 2010. Organizational entrainment and international new ventures from emerging markets. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1): 104–119. Khavul, S., Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., & Wood, E. 2010. Organizational entrainment and international new ventures from emerging markets. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1): 104–119.
go back to reference Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. 1996. The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. Advances in International Marketing, 8: 11–26. Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. 1996. The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. Advances in International Marketing, 8: 11–26.
go back to reference Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. 2004. Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2): 124–141. Knight, G. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. 2004. Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2): 124–141.
go back to reference Kuemmerle, W. 2002. Home base and knowledge management in international ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2): 99–122. Kuemmerle, W. 2002. Home base and knowledge management in international ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2): 99–122.
go back to reference Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S., & Servais, P. 2007. Firms’ degree of born globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 253–267. Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S., & Servais, P. 2007. Firms’ degree of born globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 253–267.
go back to reference Kundu, S., & Renko, M. 2005. Explaining export performance: A comparative study of international new ventures in Finnish and Indian software industry. In Dean A. Shepherd, Jerome A. 79. Katz (eds.) International Entrepreneurship (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, Volume 8, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 43–84. Kundu, S., & Renko, M. 2005. Explaining export performance: A comparative study of international new ventures in Finnish and Indian software industry. In Dean A. Shepherd, Jerome A. 79. Katz (eds.) International Entrepreneurship (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, Volume 8, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 43–84.
go back to reference Lado, N., Martinez-Ros, E., & Valenzuela, A. 2004. Identifying successful marketing strategies by export regional destination. International Marketing Review, 21(6): 573–597. Lado, N., Martinez-Ros, E., & Valenzuela, A. 2004. Identifying successful marketing strategies by export regional destination. International Marketing Review, 21(6): 573–597.
go back to reference Lindqvist, M., 1988. Internationalization of small technology based firms: Three illustrative case studies on Swedish firms. Institute of International Business, Stockholm School of Economics. Lindqvist, M., 1988. Internationalization of small technology based firms: Three illustrative case studies on Swedish firms. Institute of International Business, Stockholm School of Economics.
go back to reference Loane, S., & Bell, J. 2006. Rapid internationalisation among entrepreneurial firms in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New ZealandAn extension to the network approach. International Marketing Review, 23(5): 467–485. Loane, S., & Bell, J. 2006. Rapid internationalisation among entrepreneurial firms in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New ZealandAn extension to the network approach. International Marketing Review, 23(5): 467–485.
go back to reference Lorz, M. 2011. The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Gallen. Lorz, M. 2011. The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Gallen.
go back to reference Madsen, T. K., & Servais, P. 1997. The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process. International business review, 6(6): 561–583. Madsen, T. K., & Servais, P. 1997. The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process. International business review, 6(6): 561–583.
go back to reference Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., & Greene, P. G. 2002. Internationalization of small firms: Personal factors revisited. International Small Business Journal, 20(1): 9–31. Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., & Greene, P. G. 2002. Internationalization of small firms: Personal factors revisited. International Small Business Journal, 20(1): 9–31.
go back to reference Manolova, T. S., Eunni, R. V., & Gyoshev, B. S. 2008. Institutional environments for entrepreneurship: Evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 203–218. Manolova, T. S., Eunni, R. V., & Gyoshev, B. S. 2008. Institutional environments for entrepreneurship: Evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 203–218.
go back to reference Manuelli, R. E., & Seshadri, A. 2014. Human capital and the wealth of nations. The American Economic Review, 104(9): 2736–2762. Manuelli, R. E., & Seshadri, A. 2014. Human capital and the wealth of nations. The American Economic Review, 104(9): 2736–2762.
go back to reference Martin, D.M. 2013. Creating sustainable apparel value chains: A primer on industry transformation. Impact Economy, pp.1–41. Martin, D.M. 2013. Creating sustainable apparel value chains: A primer on industry transformation. Impact Economy, pp.1–41.
go back to reference Mascherpa, S. 2011. Born Global Companies as Market-Driven Organisations: An Empirical Analysis. Doctoral Dissertation, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca. Mascherpa, S. 2011. Born Global Companies as Market-Driven Organisations: An Empirical Analysis. Doctoral Dissertation, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca.
go back to reference McDougall, P, P., Shane, S., & Oviatt, B. M. 1994. Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(6), pp.469–487. McDougall, P, P., Shane, S., & Oviatt, B. M. 1994. Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(6), pp.469–487.
go back to reference McDougall, P. P. 1989. International versus domestic entrepreneurship: New venture strategic behavior and industry structure. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(6): 387–400. McDougall, P. P. 1989. International versus domestic entrepreneurship: New venture strategic behavior and industry structure. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(6): 387–400.
go back to reference McDougall, P. P., Oviatt, B. M., & Shrader, R. C. 2003. A comparison of international and domestic new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 59–82. McDougall, P. P., Oviatt, B. M., & Shrader, R. C. 2003. A comparison of international and domestic new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 59–82.
go back to reference McGaughey, S. L. 2007. Hidden ties in international new venturing: The case of portfolio entrepreneurship. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 307–321. McGaughey, S. L. 2007. Hidden ties in international new venturing: The case of portfolio entrepreneurship. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 307–321.
go back to reference McGranahan, D. V., Richard-Proust, C., Sovani, N. V., & Subramanian, M. 1972. Contents and measurement of socioeconomic development: A staff study of the United Nations research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). New York:Praeger. McGranahan, D. V., Richard-Proust, C., Sovani, N. V., & Subramanian, M. 1972. Contents and measurement of socioeconomic development: A staff study of the United Nations research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). New York:Praeger.
go back to reference McKinsey & Co 1993. Emerging exporters: Australia’s High Value-Added Manufacturing Exporters. Melbourne:Australian Manufacturing Council. McKinsey & Co 1993. Emerging exporters: Australia’s High Value-Added Manufacturing Exporters. Melbourne:Australian Manufacturing Council.
go back to reference Mesquita, L. F., & Lazzarini, S. G. 2008. Horizontal and vertical relationships in developing economies: Implications for SMEs’ access to global markets. The Academy of Management Journal, 51(2): 359–380. Mesquita, L. F., & Lazzarini, S. G. 2008. Horizontal and vertical relationships in developing economies: Implications for SMEs’ access to global markets. The Academy of Management Journal, 51(2): 359–380.
go back to reference Milanov, H., & Fernhaber, S. A. 2014. When do domestic alliances help ventures abroad? Direct and moderating effects from a learning perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3): 377–391. Milanov, H., & Fernhaber, S. A. 2014. When do domestic alliances help ventures abroad? Direct and moderating effects from a learning perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3): 377–391.
go back to reference Minniti, M., & Bygrave, W. 2001. A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(3): 5–16. Minniti, M., & Bygrave, W. 2001. A dynamic model of entrepreneurial learning. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(3): 5–16.
go back to reference Moen, Ø. 2002. The born globals: A new generation of small European exporters. International Marketing Review, 19(2): 156–175. Moen, Ø. 2002. The born globals: A new generation of small European exporters. International Marketing Review, 19(2): 156–175.
go back to reference Moen, Ø., & Servais, P. 2002. Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 10(3): 49–72. Moen, Ø., & Servais, P. 2002. Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 10(3): 49–72.
go back to reference Morrish, S. C., & Vasilchenko, E. 2013. The role of prior experience in the internationalisation of born global firms. Proceedings of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), 2(2). Morrish, S. C., & Vasilchenko, E. 2013. The role of prior experience in the internationalisation of born global firms. Proceedings of the International Council for Small Business (ICSB), 2(2).
go back to reference Mort, G. S., & Weerawardena, J. 2006. Networking capability and international entrepreneurship: How networks function in Australian born global firms. International Marketing Review, 23(5): 549–572. Mort, G. S., & Weerawardena, J. 2006. Networking capability and international entrepreneurship: How networks function in Australian born global firms. International Marketing Review, 23(5): 549–572.
go back to reference Mottaleb, K. A., & Sonobe, T. 2011. An inquiry into the rapid growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 60(1): 67–89. Mottaleb, K. A., & Sonobe, T. 2011. An inquiry into the rapid growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 60(1): 67–89.
go back to reference Mudambi, R., & Zahra, S. A. 2007. The survival of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2): 333–352. Mudambi, R., & Zahra, S. A. 2007. The survival of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(2): 333–352.
go back to reference Naudé, W., & Rossouw, S. 2010. Early international entrepreneurship in China: Extent and determinants. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(1): 87–111. Naudé, W., & Rossouw, S. 2010. Early international entrepreneurship in China: Extent and determinants. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(1): 87–111.
go back to reference Nowiński, W., & Rialp, A. 2013. Drivers and strategies of international new ventures from a central European transition economy. Journal for East European Management Studies, 18(2): 191–231. Nowiński, W., & Rialp, A. 2013. Drivers and strategies of international new ventures from a central European transition economy. Journal for East European Management Studies, 18(2): 191–231.
go back to reference Okhomina, D. 2010. Entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits: The moderating influence of supportive environment. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, 3: 1–16. Okhomina, D. 2010. Entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits: The moderating influence of supportive environment. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, 3: 1–16.
go back to reference Onkelinx, J., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. 2012. The role of employee human capital in the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs: Empirical evidence from Belgium. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(16): 1–16. Onkelinx, J., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. 2012. The role of employee human capital in the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs: Empirical evidence from Belgium. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(16): 1–16.
go back to reference Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1994. Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1): 45–64. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1994. Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1): 45–64.
go back to reference Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1995. Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(2): 30–44. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1995. Global start-ups: Entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Academy of Management Executive, 9(2): 30–44.
go back to reference Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1997. Challenges for internationalization process theory: The case of international new ventures. Management International Review, 37(Special Issue 1997/2): 85–99. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 1997. Challenges for internationalization process theory: The case of international new ventures. Management International Review, 37(Special Issue 1997/2): 85–99.
go back to reference Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 2005. Defining international entrepreneurship and modelling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5): 537–554. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. 2005. Defining international entrepreneurship and modelling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5): 537–554.
go back to reference Pallant, J. 2010. SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. McGraw-Hill International. 151. Pallant, J. 2010. SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. McGraw-Hill International. 151.
go back to reference Parry, M. E., Song, M., & Spekman, R. 2008. Task conflict, integration potential, and conflict management strategies in joint ventures. IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management, 55(2): 201–220. Parry, M. E., Song, M., & Spekman, R. 2008. Task conflict, integration potential, and conflict management strategies in joint ventures. IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management, 55(2): 201–220.
go back to reference Pisano, V., Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Webb, J. W. 2007. International entrepreneurship in emerging economies: The role of social capital, knowledge development and entrepreneurial actions. International Journal of Technology Management, 38(1): 11–28. Pisano, V., Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Webb, J. W. 2007. International entrepreneurship in emerging economies: The role of social capital, knowledge development and entrepreneurial actions. International Journal of Technology Management, 38(1): 11–28.
go back to reference Pla-Barber, J., & Escribá-Esteve, A. 2006. Accelerated internationalisation: Evidence from a late investor country. International Marketing Review, 23(3): 255–278. Pla-Barber, J., & Escribá-Esteve, A. 2006. Accelerated internationalisation: Evidence from a late investor country. International Marketing Review, 23(3): 255–278.
go back to reference Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903.
go back to reference Politis, D. 2005. The process of entrepreneurial learning: A conceptual framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4): 399–424. Politis, D. 2005. The process of entrepreneurial learning: A conceptual framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4): 399–424.
go back to reference Prashantham, S., & Young, S. 2011. Post-entry speed of international new ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2): 275–292. Prashantham, S., & Young, S. 2011. Post-entry speed of international new ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2): 275–292.
go back to reference Preece, S. B., Miles, G., & Baetz, M. C. 1999. Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(3): 259–281. Preece, S. B., Miles, G., & Baetz, M. C. 1999. Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(3): 259–281.
go back to reference Rahman, M., Uddin, M., & Lodorfos, G. 2017. Barriers to enter into foreign markets: Evidence from SMEs in emerging market. International Marketing Review, 34(1): 68–86. Rahman, M., Uddin, M., & Lodorfos, G. 2017. Barriers to enter into foreign markets: Evidence from SMEs in emerging market. International Marketing Review, 34(1): 68–86.
go back to reference Rana, M. B., & Sørensen, O. J. 2013. Exploring management and entrepreneurial factors in the internationalisation of SMEs: Evidence from the Bangladeshi apparel industry. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(4): 517–542. Rana, M. B., & Sørensen, O. J. 2013. Exploring management and entrepreneurial factors in the internationalisation of SMEs: Evidence from the Bangladeshi apparel industry. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(4): 517–542.
go back to reference Raposo, M., & Paco, A. D. 2011. Entrepreneurship education: Relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity. Psicothema, 23(3). Raposo, M., & Paco, A. D. 2011. Entrepreneurship education: Relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity. Psicothema, 23(3).
go back to reference Rashid, M. A. 2006. Rise of readymade garments industry in Bangladesh: entrepreneurial ingenuity or public policy. In workshop on Governance and Development organised by the World Bank and BIDS at, Dhaka on November 2006. Rashid, M. A. 2006. Rise of readymade garments industry in Bangladesh: entrepreneurial ingenuity or public policy. In workshop on Governance and Development organised by the World Bank and BIDS at, Dhaka on November 2006.
go back to reference Rastogi, P. N. 2002. Knowledge management and intellectual capital as a paradigm of value creation. Human Systems Management, 21(4): 229–240. Rastogi, P. N. 2002. Knowledge management and intellectual capital as a paradigm of value creation. Human Systems Management, 21(4): 229–240.
go back to reference Rauch, A., & Rijsdijk, S. A. 2013. The effects of general and specific human capital on long-term growth and failure of newly founded businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4): 923–941. Rauch, A., & Rijsdijk, S. A. 2013. The effects of general and specific human capital on long-term growth and failure of newly founded businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4): 923–941.
go back to reference Reid, S. D. 1982. The impact of size on export behavior in small firms. In M. Czinkota, & G. Tesar (Eds.). Export management. New York: Praeger. Reid, S. D. 1982. The impact of size on export behavior in small firms. In M. Czinkota, & G. Tesar (Eds.). Export management. New York: Praeger.
go back to reference Rennie, M. W. 1993. Born global. The McKinsey Quarterly, 4: 45–52. Rennie, M. W. 1993. Born global. The McKinsey Quarterly, 4: 45–52.
go back to reference Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. 1997. The influence of the management team's international experience on the internationalization behaviors of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4): 807–825. Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. 1997. The influence of the management team's international experience on the internationalization behaviors of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4): 807–825.
go back to reference Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. 1999. Understanding the consequences of founders' experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2): 30–45. Reuber, A. R., & Fischer, E. 1999. Understanding the consequences of founders' experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(2): 30–45.
go back to reference Rialp, A., Rialp, J., & Knight, G. A. 2005. The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: What do we know after a decade (1993–2003) of scientific inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2): 147–166. Rialp, A., Rialp, J., & Knight, G. A. 2005. The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: What do we know after a decade (1993–2003) of scientific inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2): 147–166.
go back to reference Rutashobya, L., & Jaensson, J. E. 2004. Small firms' internationalization for development in Tanzania: Exploring the network phenomenon. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1/2): 159–172. Rutashobya, L., & Jaensson, J. E. 2004. Small firms' internationalization for development in Tanzania: Exploring the network phenomenon. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(1/2): 159–172.
go back to reference Ruzzier, M., Antonci, B., Hisrich, R. D., & Konecnik, M. 2007. Human capital and SME internationalization: A structural equation modelling study. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 24(1): 15–29. Ruzzier, M., Antonci, B., Hisrich, R. D., & Konecnik, M. 2007. Human capital and SME internationalization: A structural equation modelling study. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 24(1): 15–29.
go back to reference Samuelsson, M., & Davidsson, P. 2009. Does venture opportunity variation matter? Investigating systematic process differences between innovative and imitative new ventures. Small Business Economics, 33(2): 229–255. Samuelsson, M., & Davidsson, P. 2009. Does venture opportunity variation matter? Investigating systematic process differences between innovative and imitative new ventures. Small Business Economics, 33(2): 229–255.
go back to reference Sapienza, H. J., Autio, E., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31(4): 914–933. Sapienza, H. J., Autio, E., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31(4): 914–933.
go back to reference Sasi, V., & Arenius, P. 2008. International new ventures and social networks: Advantage or liability? European Management Journal, 26(6): 400–411. Sasi, V., & Arenius, P. 2008. International new ventures and social networks: Advantage or liability? European Management Journal, 26(6): 400–411.
go back to reference Schmitz, H. 1999. Global competition and local cooperation: Success and failure in the Sinos Valley, Brazil. World Development, 27(9): 1627–1650. Schmitz, H. 1999. Global competition and local cooperation: Success and failure in the Sinos Valley, Brazil. World Development, 27(9): 1627–1650.
go back to reference Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. 2009. How early opposed to late internationalizers learn: Experience of others and paradigms of interpretation. International Business Review, 18(5): 509–522. Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. 2009. How early opposed to late internationalizers learn: Experience of others and paradigms of interpretation. International Business Review, 18(5): 509–522.
go back to reference Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4): 448–469. Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4): 448–469.
go back to reference Shane, S., & Khurana, R. 2003. Bringing individuals back in: The effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(3): 519–543. Shane, S., & Khurana, R. 2003. Bringing individuals back in: The effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(3): 519–543.
go back to reference Sharma, D. D., & Blomstermo, A. 2003. The internationalization process of born globals: A network view. International Business Review, 12(6): 739–753. Sharma, D. D., & Blomstermo, A. 2003. The internationalization process of born globals: A network view. International Business Review, 12(6): 739–753.
go back to reference Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. 2003. Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3): 379–399. Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & McGee, J. E. 2003. Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3): 379–399.
go back to reference Singh, R. K., Murty, H. R., Gupta, S. K., & Dikshit, A. K. 2012. An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecological Indicators, 15(1): 281–299. Singh, R. K., Murty, H. R., Gupta, S. K., & Dikshit, A. K. 2012. An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecological Indicators, 15(1): 281–299.
go back to reference Song, M., Dyer, B., & Thieme, R. J. 2006. Conflict management and innovation performance: An integrated contingency perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3): 341–356. Song, M., Dyer, B., & Thieme, R. J. 2006. Conflict management and innovation performance: An integrated contingency perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3): 341–356.
go back to reference Sousa, C. M., Ruzo, E., & Losada, F. 2010. The key role of Managers' values in exporting: Influence on customer responsiveness and export performance. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2): 1–19. Sousa, C. M., Ruzo, E., & Losada, F. 2010. The key role of Managers' values in exporting: Influence on customer responsiveness and export performance. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2): 1–19.
go back to reference Staritz, C. 2012. Apparel exports-still a path for industrial development? Dynamics in apparel global value chains and implications for low-income countries. Working Paper (No. 34), Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE). Staritz, C. 2012. Apparel exports-still a path for industrial development? Dynamics in apparel global value chains and implications for low-income countries. Working Paper (No. 34), Austrian Foundation for Development Research (ÖFSE).
go back to reference Strand, R. 2011. Exploring the role of leadership in corporate social responsibility: A review. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 8(4): 84–96. Strand, R. 2011. Exploring the role of leadership in corporate social responsibility: A review. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 8(4): 84–96.
go back to reference Stucki, T. 2016. How the founders’ general and specific human capital drives export activities of start-ups. Research Policy, 45(5): 1014–1030. Stucki, T. 2016. How the founders’ general and specific human capital drives export activities of start-ups. Research Policy, 45(5): 1014–1030.
go back to reference Sullivan, D. 1994. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2): 325–342. Sullivan, D. 1994. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2): 325–342.
go back to reference Thai, M. T. T., & Chong, L. C. 2008. Born-global: The case of four Vietnamese SMEs. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 6(2): 72–100. Thai, M. T. T., & Chong, L. C. 2008. Born-global: The case of four Vietnamese SMEs. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 6(2): 72–100.
go back to reference Tomski, P., Pabian, A., & Bylok, F. 2015. Internationalization of new ventures and the central role of the nascent entrepreneur. The Online Journal of Science and Technology, 5(3): 45–55. Tomski, P., Pabian, A., & Bylok, F. 2015. Internationalization of new ventures and the central role of the nascent entrepreneur. The Online Journal of Science and Technology, 5(3): 45–55.
go back to reference Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. 2008. Opportunity identification and pursuit: Does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter? Small Business Economics., 30(2): 153–173. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. 2008. Opportunity identification and pursuit: Does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter? Small Business Economics., 30(2): 153–173.
go back to reference Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. 2011. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3): 341–358. Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. 2011. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3): 341–358.
go back to reference Venkataraman, S. 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3(1): 119–138. Venkataraman, S. 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3(1): 119–138.
go back to reference Verbeke, A., Zargarzadeh, M. Amin., & Osiyevskyy, O. 2014. Founding Entrepreneurs' Characteristics: Impacts on New Ventures’ Internationalization. Multinational Business Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN. Verbeke, A., Zargarzadeh, M. Amin., & Osiyevskyy, O. 2014. Founding Entrepreneurs' Characteristics: Impacts on New Ventures’ Internationalization. Multinational Business Review, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN.
go back to reference Vesper, K. 1996. New venture experience. Seattle, WA:Vector Books. Vesper, K. 1996. New venture experience. Seattle, WA:Vector Books.
go back to reference Weiss, A. M., & Heide, J. B. 1993. The nature of organizational search in high technology markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2): 220–233. Weiss, A. M., & Heide, J. B. 1993. The nature of organizational search in high technology markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(2): 220–233.
go back to reference Westhead, P., & Wright, M. 1998. Novice, portfolio, and serial founders: Are they different? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(3): 173–204. Westhead, P., & Wright, M. 1998. Novice, portfolio, and serial founders: Are they different? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(3): 173–204.
go back to reference Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2001. The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(4): 333–358. Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2001. The internationalization of new and small firms: A resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(4): 333–358.
go back to reference Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2004. Internationalization of private firms: Environmental turbulence and organizational strategies and resources. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(6): 501–522. Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Ucbasaran, D. 2004. Internationalization of private firms: Environmental turbulence and organizational strategies and resources. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(6): 501–522.
go back to reference Wolff, J. A., & Pett, T. L. 2000. Internationalization of small firms: An examination of export competitive patterns, firm size and export performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(2): 34–47. Wolff, J. A., & Pett, T. L. 2000. Internationalization of small firms: An examination of export competitive patterns, firm size and export performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(2): 34–47.
go back to reference Yamakawa, Y., Khavul, S., Peng, M. W., & Deeds, D. L. 2013. Venturing from emerging economies. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7: 181–196. Yamakawa, Y., Khavul, S., Peng, M. W., & Deeds, D. L. 2013. Venturing from emerging economies. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7: 181–196.
go back to reference Yamakawa, Y., Peng, M. W., & Deeds, D. L. 2008. What drives new ventures to internationalize from emerging to developed economies? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 59–82. Yamakawa, Y., Peng, M. W., & Deeds, D. L. 2008. What drives new ventures to internationalize from emerging to developed economies? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 59–82.
go back to reference Yates, D., Moore, D., & McCabe, G. 1999. The practice of statistics, 1st ed. New York:W.H. Freeman. Yates, D., Moore, D., & McCabe, G. 1999. The practice of statistics, 1st ed. New York:W.H. Freeman.
go back to reference Zahra, S. A., & George, G. 2002. International entrepreneurship: the current status of the field and future research agenda. Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating an integrated mind-set. Strategic management series: Oxford, pp 255–288. Zahra, S. A., & George, G. 2002. International entrepreneurship: the current status of the field and future research agenda. Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating an integrated mind-set. Strategic management series: Oxford, pp 255–288.
go back to reference Zhang, M., Tansuhaj, P., & McCullough, J. 2009. International entrepreneurial capability: The measurement and a comparison between born global firms and traditional exporters in China. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 292–322. Zhang, M., Tansuhaj, P., & McCullough, J. 2009. International entrepreneurial capability: The measurement and a comparison between born global firms and traditional exporters in China. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 292–322.
go back to reference Zhou, L. 2007. The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 281–293. Zhou, L. 2007. The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization. Journal of World Business, 42(3): 281–293.
go back to reference Zhou, L., & Wu, A. 2014. Earliness of internationalization and performance outcomes: Exploring the moderating effects of venture age and international commitment. Journal of World Business, 49(1): 132–142. Zhou, L., & Wu, A. 2014. Earliness of internationalization and performance outcomes: Exploring the moderating effects of venture age and international commitment. Journal of World Business, 49(1): 132–142.
go back to reference Zhou, L., Wu, W. P., & Luo, X. 2007. Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: The mediating role of social networks. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 673–690. Zhou, L., Wu, W. P., & Luo, X. 2007. Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: The mediating role of social networks. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 673–690.
go back to reference Zucchella, A., Palamara, G., & Denicolai, S. 2007. The drivers of the early internationalization of the firm. Journal of World Business, 42(3), pp.268–28, 280 Zucchella, A., Palamara, G., & Denicolai, S. 2007. The drivers of the early internationalization of the firm. Journal of World Business, 42(3), pp.268–28, 280
Metadata
Title
The impact of Founder’s human capital on firms’ extent of early internationalisation: Evidence from a least-developed country
Authors
Farhad Uddin Ahmed
Louis Brennan
Publication date
06-06-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Asia Pacific Journal of Management / Issue 3/2019
Print ISSN: 0217-4561
Electronic ISSN: 1572-9958
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-019-09646-4

Other articles of this Issue 3/2019

Asia Pacific Journal of Management 3/2019 Go to the issue