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2019 | Book

A Review of IoT Technologies, Standards, Tools, Frameworks and Platforms Read chapter Read first chapter

The Internet of Things in the Industrial Sector

Security and Device Connectivity, Smart Environments, and Industry 4.0

Editor: Prof. Zaigham Mahmood

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Computer Communications and Networks

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book has a focus on the development and deployment of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm, discussing frameworks, methodologies, benefits and limitations, as well as providing case studies of employing the IoT vision in the industrial domain. IIoT is becoming an attractive business reality for many organisations such as manufacturing, logistics, oil and gas, energy and other utilities, mining, aviation, and many more. The opportunities for this paradigm are huge, and according to one report, the IIoT market is predicted to reach $125 billion by 2021. The driving philosophy behind the IIoT is that smart machines are better than humans at accurately capturing, analysing and communicating real-time data. The underlying technologies include distributed computing, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and machine-to-machine communication, with a typical IIoT system consisting of intelligent systems (applications, controllers, sensors, and security mechanisms), data communication infrastructure (cloud computing, edge computing, etc.), data analytics (to support business intelligence and corporate decision making), and most importantly the human element. The promised benefits of the IIoT include enhanced safety, better reliability, smart metering, inventory management, equipment tracking, and facilities management. There are, however, numerous issues that are also becoming the focus of active research, such as concerns regarding service availability, data security, and device communication. Lack of ubiquitous interoperability between heterogeneous devices is also a major concern.

This book intends to fill a gap in the IIoT literature by providing the scientific contributions and latest developments from researchers and practitioners of international repute, focusing on frameworks, methodologies, benefits, and inherent issues/barriers to connected environments, especially in industrial settings.

The intended audience includes network specialists, hardware engineers, and security experts who wish to adopt newer approaches for device connectivity, IoT security, and sensor-based devices design. University level students, researchers and practitioners will also find the latest innovation in technology and newer approaches relevant to the IIoT from a distributed computing perspective.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Concepts, Processes and Limitations

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. A Review of IoT Technologies, Standards, Tools, Frameworks and Platforms
Abstract
In this contribution, we present an integrated view of the technologies, standards, tools, frameworks and platforms that support the end-to-end Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in general terms and highlight specific Industrial IoT (IIoT) solution components. Our study goes beyond existing research, including our own previous work, by focusing on all relevant IoT/IIoT solution components relating to development and operation. Specifically, we discuss the communication standards, messaging protocol standards, and communication platforms; device control, integration and simulation frameworks; tools and frameworks for modeling, development and deployment; and IoT cloud integration platforms that support IoT solutions. By highlighting the features as well as the advantages and limitations of different IoT solutions, this technical analysis can prove useful to IoT practitioners designing IoT and IIoT systems with diverse requirements; to students further learning about IoT/IIOT vision; and to researchers interested in understanding the current limitations of the IoT/IIoT landscape and developing new standards, tools, frameworks and platforms for future application.
Eldar Sultanow, Alina Chircu
Chapter 2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): Principles, Processes and Protocols
Abstract
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a paradigm shift, primarily in the domain of manufacturing industry. The concept is highly attractive for a majority of the industrial sectors due to better operational efficiency capabilities in the production process, smart objects identification mechanisms by embeddedness technologies, intelligent automation abilities and around the clock monitoring abilities. Importantly, it reduces workforce intervention in risky industrial environments. Some of the best practicing places and activities for the IIoT employment are factory shop floors, materials handling, assembly lines, production processes, finalising goods, and other inbound and outbound logistical tasks. The basis for the IIoT phenomenon growth is the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which have currently been ensuring efficient work execution in many spheres, industrial as well as commercial and social. This chapter provides a discussion on IIoT concepts and definitions, on business drivers behind the growth of this technology, and the evolution process of this phenomenon. This contribution also discusses the fundamental underlying principles, related technologies, deployment approaches in different areas and associated frameworks. The chapter also explore Japanese Industry-specific case studies, where the industries have already been employing the IIoT-related practices. These include Zenitaka Corporation, Tsuchiya-Gousei, Toyota and Hitachi. This book chapter provides a broader overview in crystal clear and sets the background for the rest of the chapters in this book.
Somayya Madakam, Takahiro Uchiya
Chapter 3. Systems Development for the Industrial IoT: Challenges from Industry R&D Projects
Abstract
Industrial paradigms such as Industry 4.0 (I4.0), also known as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), provide an insight into the use of underlying Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in an integrated manner. In order to follow the IoT vision and gain the inherent benefits, industrial information systems providers have been modernizing their solutions. However, the complexity of such systems has been proving an obstacle in developing efficient solutions. Following the trends of the industrial IoT including Smart Manufacturing, Connected Factories, and Factories of the Future, industrial and academic projects have also been aiming at developing better solutions for IIoT-related projects. Such solutions typically heavily rely on interoperability requirements between sensors, actuators and other IoT-based diverse smart devices toward, for example, supply chain and production management services such as ERP, MES, and SCADA. This chapter identifies challenges in developing IIoT solutions, based on recent R&D projects. Such identification, in turn, contributes to proposing opportunities, challenges, methodologies, and approaches for the analysis, design, implementation, and deployment of R&D projects. This is specifically so when developing interoperable solutions for the IIoT domain, mainly concerning the applications of the IoT and services to the manufacturing industry.
Nuno Santos, Francisco Morais, Helena Rodrigues, Ricardo J. Machado

Frameworks and Methodologies

Frontmatter
Chapter 4. Internet of Measurement Things: Toward an Architectural Framework for the Calibration Industry
Abstract
Many improvements have been realized in various domains, whether commercial or societal, through the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, since the introduction of the IoT concept some two decades ago. Nowadays, the benefits that IoT technologies promise are becoming highly attractive for the industrial domain, in particular. There is no doubt that manufacturing of products, processing of big data produced in the production phases and gathering of customer behavior profiles, increases the efficiency of production, reduces the time to market and decreases the operational costs. This new approach that uses IoT based smart devices and intelligent sensors is called the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Major global companies from various sectors such as manufacturing, automotive, mining and aviation are all taking advantage of the IIoT paradigm. The related technologies also provide limitless opportunities for the calibration industry. In turn, the world of IIoT needs to be provided with accurate and timely calibration information to increase the efficiency of processes. Having many sensitive measurement devices from customers to be calibrated by certified experts calls for networked and automated solutions. This chapter proposes an IIoT-based solution that could evolve into an architectural framework for the calibration industry.
Mahdi Saeedi Nikoo, M. Cagri Kaya, Michael L. Schwartz, Halit Oguztuzun
Chapter 5. Architecture Modeling of Industrial IoT Systems Using Data Distribution Service UML Profile
Abstract
The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) in the industrial sector, that is the IIoT, has led to a dramatic increase in the volume of data that is usually distributed over multiple devices. To realize the distributed execution and management of IIoT systems, various requirements and quality factors must be satisfied. To reduce the effort for developing IIoT-based systems, a middleware seems to be a feasible solution. A middleware that is directly related to data-intensive systems in which quality of service parameters are explicitly considered is the Data Distribution Service (DDS) software. The DDS has been applied for the development of high-performance distributed systems such as in the defense, finance, automotive, and simulation domains. Yet, for modeling the DDS-based IIoT systems, the specific modeling abstractions are missing which impedes the overall design. To overcome this problem, we provide a UML DDS profile that can be used for modeling the architecture of DDS-based IIoT systems. Along with the profile, we propose a systematic method for applying the profile. We illustrate the application of the profile for modeling the architecture of a smart traffic system.
Bedir Tekinerdogan, Turgay Çelik, Ömer Köksal
Chapter 6. Industrial IoT Projects Based on Automation Pyramid: Constraints and Minimum Requirements
Abstract
The industrial sector requires to improve the quality of processes to increase competitiveness. In addition, interconnectivity has seen a huge development based on teamwork related to hardware and software, which is the basis of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) vision. In this context, the automation pyramid concept defines the integration of relevant technologies, based on several hierarchical levels of automation, that working correctly together can improve the quality of processes without high-end hardware and software requirements. Therefore, it is important to clarify the relationship between all levels of automation in the IIoT context, emphasizing that the backbone of the IIoT is the optimal design and implementation of hardware and software based on real constraints for particular users; in order to increase the level of effectiveness and competitiveness. This chapter presents the real constraints for IIoT projects related to the state of the art of each level of automation of the automation pyramid. It also proposes the general minimum requirements necessary to develop an optimum IIoT system. These minimum requirements will promote the use of optional hardware and software to relax the design and implementation of IIoT projects based on cost-effectiveness analysis. Finally, the minimum requirements proposed and the detail description of the logical topology for IIoT projects can be used as a roadmap to increase the industrial competitiveness based on efficient use of resources.
J. A. López-Leyva, A. Talamantes-Álvarez, M. A. Ponce-Camacho, O. Meza-Arballo, B. Valadez-Rivera, L. Casemiro-Oliveira

Connectivity and Novel Technologies

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Blockchain Mechanisms as Security-Enabler for Industrial IoT Applications
Abstract
The introduction and enactment of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) have initiated a global revolution. The volume and variety of data that are collected and processed in industries are ever increasing due to the widespread acceptance of modern technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, edge computing, and cloud storage. Conventional systems with centralized architecture are not designed to handle the complexity and scale of data that is processed in IIoT operations. Moreover, the threat of security and privacy breaches also increases with the growth of IIoT-connected devices. IoT devices often tend to have poor security defense systems due to low processing power, limited storage capabilities, and poor manufacturing standards. In this context, blockchain technology can help to eliminate the security vulnerabilities faced by the IIoT systems and provides extensive protection from data thefts, cyberattacks, and data corruption. Blockchain with its distributed architecture offers peer-to-peer networking and enables auditable and transparent transactions. This chapter explores the concept of IIoT and its limitations, and the need for deploying blockchain mechanisms in the IIoT paradigm. We further analyze blockchain technology and how it can reinforce IIoT systems. Existing systems of blockchain in the IIoT ecosystems and relevant use cases are also explored. As conventional systems struggle to handle the scale of data operations handled by the IIoT, blockchain has emerged as a viable solution to reinforce and reform existing systems.
J. Rian Leevinson, V. Vijayaraghavan, Muthu Dammodaran
Chapter 8. Visible Light Communications in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
Abstract
Miniaturization of sensors and hardware for enabling technologies such as wireless charging, energy harvesting, and low-power communications are foreseen to play an important role in the future of various industries ranging from manufacturing to automotive. These industries are projected to become mainly data-driven, as the data acquisition and manipulation capabilities are becoming the main competencies in these industries. Hence, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) emerges not only as a key paradigm for distributed control of actuators but also solidifies the need for capturing and processing data. In this chapter, we discuss the use of visible light communications (VLC) within the IIoT paradigm. VLC considers the use of light sources and photodetectors operating in the visible band of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., light-emitting diodes) for communication purposes. Since VLC works in the visible band, it does not further congest the already over-crowded radio frequency (RF) bands. VLC is also secure, RF interference-free, low-cost, and energy efficient. Thus, it has been considered for utilization in many application areas such as intelligent transport systems, indoor localization, and communication in RF-sensitive zones. In this chapter, while discussing the advantages and limitations of using VLC in IIoT systems, we further explore the possible utilization of bi-directional LED to LED communication within this scope for very low-cost communication devices. Finally, we discuss current and possible future applications of VLC in the IIoT context, identifying the following as potential future applications: LED-Based IIoT sensor data transmissions, LED beaconing for localization and signaling, wearable VLC devices for safety, VLC for ubiquitous computing, VLC-supported augmented reality, VLC for smart farming, VLC-assisted energy load scheduling, VLC-supported industrial Internet of Underwater Things, VLC-offloaded telecom services, and VLC usage in the transportation industry.
Bugra Turan, Kadir Alpaslan Demir, Burak Soner, Sinem Coleri Ergen
Chapter 9. The Internet of Things LoRaWAN Technologies in Academia: A Case Study
Abstract
Universities are a propitious place to leverage knowledge and bring life to new technologies to enhance their effectiveness when used in the industry. Universities are a special case of non-profit organizations that offer improvements in teaching, research, and extension activities for their academic community. It is a fact that many companies now partner with academia to evaluate new products, perform internal personnel training, and improve the quality of their production for end markets. In this book chapter, we discuss how to connect cloud services to thousands of IoT end devices with low-range technologies. This chapter consists of an explanation about the implementation of a complete and functional low-power long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) using the current local wireless infrastructures. Our objective is to report the core aspects to be considered for learning about low-power long-range WAN IoT technologies. These aspects include the analysis of the coverage area, communication restrictions, network data-link and bandwidth, and many others. We also present a set of experiments carried out at a Brazilian university that currently uses novel LoRaWAN technologies and related devices as teaching tools. We enumerate many real possibilities of application of IoT sensing for smart cities with interesting experimental evaluations.
Lucio A. Rocha, Fernando Barreto, Laio O. Seman

Applications and Use Case Scenarios

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Implementation of Industrial Internet of Things in the Renewable Energy Sector
Abstract
A smart microgrid is becoming a popular approach for power generation due to the scarcity of fossil fuel, increasing air pollution, increasing demand for cleaner energy resources, and better energy utilization. Presently, sensor technology, big data, and data analytics are the hot topics for research for optimizing business operations, such as efficient and balancing supply versus demand as customers connect to a smart microgrid. These advancements based on smart devices and their connectivity via the Internet have given rise to what is now being known as Industrial Internet of things (i.e., industrial IoT or IIoT). These devices help to maximize operational efficiency, optimize business operation, and protect the system. This chapter presents detailed discussion of the concept of IIoT, history and applications of IoT, developments in the energy sector, introduction to renewable energy, role of IoT in developing smart grids and smart microgrids, role of IIoT to combat the challenges of renewable energy sector, and the future vision of the IIoT paradigm in the energy industry. The main objective is to study and analyze the IIoT-based renewable energy sector for reducing fossil fuel usage, increasing cleaner energy resources usage, and better energy utilization. It is also suggested that the IIoT-based energy systems can easily tackle the problems of non-availability of individual renewable energy sources by monitoring energy usage, energy generation, and its integration with other sources.
Somudeep Bhattacharjee, Champa Nandi
Chapter 11. The Internet of Things in Health Care: Transforming the Industry with Technology
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm seeks to integrate physical objects, processes, people, hardware and software, into seamlessly functioning ecosystems. A key application context of this paradigm is the healthcare industry which has the growing challenge of providing affordable quality services with strained resources. This chapter has a focus on the IoT paradigm in the context of the healthcare industry; more specifically, a technological emphasis on IoT use cases in the healthcare environment. The chapter discusses the generic architectural IoT-based healthcare systems and focuses on the development and deployment of wearable and unobtrusive sensing technologies. Although the interest in IoT-based innovation in the field of health care is growing, its widespread usage is rightly encumbered by the critical nature of the applications that necessitate proven reliability through rigorous development and testing. In this chapter, we offer an example of an experimental IoT-based healthcare system and also unpack the details of the various challenges with the different components of IoT systems in healthcare scenarios that affect reliability; we also offer technical insight into future developments and opportunities.
Wesley Doorsamy, Babu Sena Paul, Jerry Malapane
Chapter 12. Internet of Things Applications and Use Cases in the Era of Industry 4.0
Abstract
The advent of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has pioneered a global revolution that is transforming the industrial world. This technological transformation toward a digitalized and connected world improving manufacturing process and production lines with more efficiency, higher capacity, increased worker safety and better return on investment compared to traditional industrial techniques. With the Fourth Industrial Revolution already underway, companies and organizations are swiftly moving toward smart factories, smart workforce, integrated machines and intelligent operations through the use of advanced technologies such as IIoT, cloud computing, cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence and big data analytics. This chapter explores a variety of IIoT use cases in areas such as manufacturing, automotive, transportation, preventive maintenance production lines, etc. We examine a variety of real-life examples from the industrial sector where companies and organizations have successfully implemented IIoT-based solutions in their factory ecosystems with excellent results. With the global industrial sector advancing toward digitalization and automation, IIoT-based solutions will help to drive digital transformations and thereby create a better future.
V. Vijayaraghavan, J. Rian Leevinson
Chapter 13. Technology Trade-offs for IIoT Systems and Applications from a Developing Country Perspective: Case of Egypt
Abstract
As technologies and availability of IoT-based services in the industrial sector advance, new demands from users emerge. Every day, we see countless IoT applications appearing on the scene that have a direct impact on society and the public at large. Recently in Egypt, interest in IoT technologies has been emphasized by government ministries and the industrial sector. As a result, the Egyptian government is taking a keen interest to develop IoT-based solutions and attract foreign investment. However, the prevalence of new related technologies is creating confusion and giving rise to more compromises and decisions in industrial systems and applications. These decisions often involve one or more trade-offs. Additionally, there are many inherent challenges that need to be addressed to make IoT deployment more successful and turning these challenges into opportunities with good possibilities to succeed in the future. This chapter aims to address the related concerns and trade-offs for both current and possible future technologies and their deployment in Egypt.
Aya Sedky Adly
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
The Internet of Things in the Industrial Sector
Editor
Prof. Zaigham Mahmood
Copyright Year
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-24892-5
Print ISBN
978-3-030-24891-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24892-5

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