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Introduction: The Game in the Arctic—A Historical Review Read chapter Read first chapter

2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. The New Strategic Triangle in the Arctic: China, Russia, and the United States

Author : Edmund Li Sheng

Published in: Arctic Opportunities and Challenges

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

The Arctic is becoming an important arena of contestation between the great powers in the context of global warming. As China has an increasingly strong presence in the region, the bipolar competition in the Arctic between Russia and the United States is shifting into a triangular game. This chapter elaborates on the formation of a new strategic triangle between China, Russia, and the United States and the gradual change in the balance of power in the Arctic as it becomes a hotspot for interactions between the three powers.

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previous chapter A Panorama of the Arctic: Geopolitics and International Law
next chapter Sino–Russian Cooperation on the Polar Silk Road: Vision, Divergence, and Challenges
Footnotes
1
Blank, S. (2019). Triangularism old and new: China, Russia, and the United States. In J. I. Bekkevold & B. Lo (Eds.), Sino-Russian relations in the 21st Century (pp. 215–241). Springer.
 
2
Graham, T. (2020). China-Russia-US relations and strategic triangles. Political Studies, 6(6), 62–72.
 
3
Sheng, L. (2014b). Economic structure, cost outsourcing and global imbalances. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 74, 81–94.
 
4
Sheng, L. (2016). Explaining US-China economic imbalances: A social perspective. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29(3), 1097–1111.
 
5
Stephen, M. D., & Stephen, K. (2020). The integration of emerging powers into club institutions: China and the Arctic Council. Global Policy, 11, 51–60.
 
6
Sheng, L., & Nascimento, D. F. (2021). The Belt and road initiative in South-South Cooperation: The impact on world trade and geopolitics. Palgrave Macmillan.
 
7
Allison, G. (2018, December 14). China and Russia: A strategic alliance in the making. The National Interest; The Center for the National Interest.
 
8
Huebert, R. (2019). The New Arctic Strategic Triangle Environment (NASTE). Breaking the ice curtain? Russia, Canada, and Arctic security in a changing circumpolar world, Canadian Global Affairs Institute report (pp. 75–93). https://​d3n8a8pro7vhmx.​cloudfront.​net/​cdfai/​pages/​4193/​attachments/​original/​1558816637/​Breaking_​the_​Ice_​Curtain.​pdf?​1558816637.
 
9
Sheng, L. (2021). How Covid-19 reshapes new world order: Political economy perspective. Springer.
 
10
Gaddis, J. L. (1992). International relations theory and the end of the Cold War. International Security, 17(3), 5–58.
 
11
Cui, S., & Buzan, B. (2016). Great power management in international society. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(2), 181–210.
 
12
Holmes, C. (1979). The Soviet Union and China. In The Soviet Union in East Asia. Routledge.
 
13
Kissinger, H. A. (1969). National security study memorandum 63. United States.
 
14
Feus. (1969). Foreign relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972.
 
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Kissinger, H. (2011). White house years. Simon and Schuster.
 
16
Ibid.
 
17
Gaddis, J. L., & Bothwell, R. (1997). We now know: Rethinking cold-war history. International Journal, 52(3), 537–560.
 
18
Ross, R. S. (2015). China, the United States, and the Soviet Union: Tripolarity and policy making in the Cold War. M. E. Sharpe.
 
19
Varisco, A. E. (2013). Towards a multi-polar international system: Which prospects for global peace? E-International Relations Students, 3.
 
20
Sheng, L. (2012). Dealing with financial risks of international capital flows: A theoretical framework. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 463–474.
 
21
Sheng, L. (2014a). Capital controls and international development: A theoretical reconsideration. Global Policy, 5(1), 114–120.
 
22
Sheng, L. (2017). Explaining urban economic governance: The city of Macao. Cities, 61, 96–108.
 
23
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner politics: Russia, China, and the challenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479–504.
 
24
Statista. (2021b). Value of Russian trade in goods (export, import, and trade balance) with China from 2007 to 2020.
 
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29
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30
Ibid.
 
31
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021). Love and trade war: China and the US in historical context. Springer.
 
32
Carr Jr, E. A. (2021). From Trump to Biden and beyond: Reimagining US–China relations. Springer.
 
33
Piesse, M. (2021). The US-China trade relationship during the Biden Administration.
 
34
Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R., & Weiss, A. S. (2017). Trump and Russia: The right way to manage relations. Foreign Affairs, 96, 12.
 
35
Graham, T. (2020). China-Russia-US relations and strategic triangles. Political Studies, 6(6), 62–72.
 
36
Ibid.
 
37
Ibid.
 
38
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner politics: Russia, China, and the challenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479–504.
 
39
Goldgeier, J. M., & McFaul, M. (2003). Power and purpose: US policy toward Russia after the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press.
 
40
MacMillan, S., & Outlook, N. E. (2015). Coups and “Color Revolutions”: US wages geopolitical warfare against Russia in Central Asia and Caucasus. Global Research, 9.
 
41
Wilson, J. L. (2010). The legacy of the color revolutions for Russian politics and foreign policy. Problems of Post-Communism, 57(2), 21–36.
 
42
Zhao, Q. (2005). America’s response to the rise of China and Sino‐US relations. Asian Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 1–27.
 
43
Gu, X., & Sheng, L. (2010). A sensible policy tool for Pareto improvement: Capital controls. Journal of World Trade, 44(3).
 
44
Sheng, L., & Zhao, W. (2016). Strategic destination management in the face of foreign competition: The case of Macao SAR. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 263–278.
 
45
Friedberg, A. L. (2010). Implications of the financial crisis for the US–China rivalry. Survival, 52(4), 31–54.
 
46
Hsu, J.-Y., & Soong, J.-J. (2014). Development of China-Russia relations (1949–2011) limits, opportunities, and economic Ties. Chinese Economy, 47(3), 70–87.
 
47
Turner, S. (2009). Russia, China and a multipolar world order: The danger in the undefined. Asian Perspective, 33(1), 159–184.
 
48
Hansen, F. S. (2012). China, Russia, and the foreign policy of the SCO. Connections, 11(2), 95–102.
 
49
Logan, J. (2013). China, America, and the pivot to Asia. Cato Institute Policy Analysis (717).
 
50
Pant, H., & Parpiani, K. (2020). US engagement in the Indo-Pacific: An assessment of the Trump era. Observer Research Foundation (ORF).
 
51
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner Politics: Russia, China, and the Challenge of Extending US Hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479–504.
 
52
Trenin, D. (2018). Avoiding US-Russia Military escalation during the hybrid war. Carnegie Moscow Centre, 25.
 
53
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner politics: Russia, China, and the challenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479–504.
 
54
Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R., & Weiss, A. S. (2017). Trump and Russia: The right way to manage relations. Foreign Affairs, 96, 12.
 
55
Schoen, D. E., & Kaylan, M. (2014). The Russia-China axis: The New Cold War and America’s crisis of leadership. Encounter Books.
 
56
Lukin, A. (2021). The Russia–China entente and its future. International Politics, 58(3), 363–380.
 
57
Bertelsen, R. G., & Gallucci, V. (2016). The return of China, post-Cold War Russia, and the Arctic: Changes on land and at sea. Marine Policy, 72, 240–245.
 
58
Bouffard, T., Greaves, W., Lackenbauer, P. W., & Teeple, N. (2020). North American Arctic Security Expectations in a New US Administration. NAADSN Strategic Perspectives, 23.
 
59
Berkman, P. A., Vylegzhanin, A. N., & Young, O. R. (2016). Governing the Bering Strait region: Current status, emerging issues and future options. Ocean Development & International Law, 47(2), 186–217.
 
60
Ibid.
 
61
Conley, H. A., & Melino, M. (2019). The implications of US policy stagnation toward the Arctic region.
 
62
Mariia, K. (2019). China’s Arctic policy: Present and future. The Polar Journal, 9(1), 94–112.
 
63
Ibid.
 
64
Tillman, H., Yang, J., & Nielsson, E. T. (2018). The polar silk road: China’s new frontier of international cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(03), 345–362.
 
Literature
Abdenur, A. E. (2017). Can the BRICS cooperate in international security? International Organisations Research Journal, 12(3), 73–93. CrossRef
Berkman, P. A., Vylegzhanin, A. N., & Young, O. R. (2016). Governing the Bering Strait region: Current status, emerging issues and future options. Ocean Development & International Law, 47(2), 186–217. CrossRef
Bertelsen, R. G., & Gallucci, V. (2016). The return of China, post-Cold War Russia, and the Arctic: Changes on land and at sea. Marine Policy, 72, 240–245. CrossRef
Blank, S. (2019). Triangularism old and new: China, Russia, and the United States. In J. I. Bekkevold & B. Lo (Eds.), Sino-Russian relations in the 21st century (pp. 215–241). Springer. CrossRef
Carr, E. A., Jr. (2021). From Trump to Biden and beyond: Reimagining US–China relations. Springer. CrossRef
Cui, S., & Buzan, B. (2016). Great power management in international Society. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 9(2), 181–210. CrossRef
Friedberg, A. L. (2010). Implications of the financial crisis for the US–China rivalry. Survival, 52(4), 31–54. CrossRef
Gaddis, J. L. (1992). International relations theory and the end of the Cold War. International Security, 17(3), 5–58. CrossRef
Gaddis, J. L. (1997). We now know: Rethinking cold-war history. Cambridge University Press.
Goldgeier, J. M., & McFaul, M. (2003). Power and purpose: US policy toward Russia after the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press.
Graham, T. (2020). China-Russia-US relations and strategic triangles. Political Studies, 6(6), 62–72.
Gu, X., & Sheng, L. (2010). A sensible policy tool for Pareto improvement: Capital controls. Journal of World Trade, 44(3).
Hansen, F. S. (2012). China, Russia, and the foreign policy of the SCO. Connections, 11(2), 95–102. CrossRef
Holmes, C. (1979). The Soviet Union and China. In The Soviet Union in East Asia. Routledge.
Hsu, J.-Y., & Soong, J.-J. (2014). Development of China-Russia relations (1949–2011) limits, opportunities, and economic ties. Chinese Economy, 47(3), 70–87. CrossRef
Kissinger, H. (2011). White house years. Simon and Schuster.
Lukin, A. (2021). The Russia-China entente and its future. International Politics, 58(3), 363–380. CrossRef
Mariia, K. (2019). China’s Arctic policy: Present and future. The Polar Journal, 9(1), 94–112. CrossRef
Mastanduno, M. (2019). Partner politics: Russia, China, and the challenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War. Security Studies, 28(3), 479–504. CrossRef
Ross, R. S. (2015). China, the United States, and the Soviet Union: Tripolarity and policy making in the Cold War. M. E. Sharpe.
Schoen, D. E., & Kaylan, M. (2014). The Russia-China Axis: The New Cold War and America’s crisis of leadership. Encounter Books.
Sheng, L. (2012). Dealing with financial risks of international capital flows: A theoretical framework. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 463–474. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2014a). Capital controls and international development: A theoretical reconsideration. Global Policy, 5(1), 114–120. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2014b). Economic structure, cost outsourcing and global imbalances. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 74, 81–94.
Sheng, L. (2016). Explaining US-China economic imbalances: A social perspective. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 29(3), 1097–1111. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2017). Explaining urban economic governance: The city of Macao. Cities, 61, 96–108. CrossRef
Sheng, L. (2021) How Covid-19 reshapes new world order: Political economy perspective. Springer.
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021) The Belt and Road Initiative in South-South Cooperation: The impact on world trade and geopolitics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Sheng, L., & do Nascimento, D. F. (2021). Love and trade war: China and the US in historical context. Springer.
Sheng, L., & Zhao, W. (2016). Strategic destination management in the face of foreign competition: The case of Macao SAR. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(2), 263–278. CrossRef
Tillman, H., Yang, J., & Nielsson, E. T. (2018). The Polar Silk Road: China’s new frontier of international cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(03), 345–362. CrossRef
Turner, S. (2009). Russia, China and a multipolar world order: The danger in the undefined. Asian Perspective, 33(1), 159–184. CrossRef
Varisco, A. E. (2013). Towards a multi-polar International System: Which prospects for global peace? E-International Relations Students, 3.
Wilson, J. L. (2010). The legacy of the color revolutions for Russian politics and foreign policy. Problems of Post-Communism, 57(2), 21–36. CrossRef
Zhao, Q. (2005). America’s response to the rise of China and Sino-US relations. Asian Journal of Political Science, 13(2), 1–27. CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The New Strategic Triangle in the Arctic: China, Russia, and the United States
Author
Edmund Li Sheng
Copyright Year
2022
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Arctic Opportunities and Challenges

Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1245-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-1246-7

Copyright Year: 2022

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1246-7_3

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