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Published in: Society 5/2020

01-10-2020 | Symposium: The 2020 U.S Elections

The Origin and Evolution of Super PACs: a Darwinian Examination of a Campaign Finance Species

Author: Diana Dwyre

Published in: Society | Issue 5/2020

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Abstract

A series of campaign finance rulings, most notably the Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United decision, set off a sea change in how electoral politics are funded in the United States. The result is an evolutionary break that disrupted the campaign finance environment in ways that allowed a new species of organization, the super PAC, to thrive. Other traditional campaign finance organizations, such as political parties and political action committees, have not adapted as well and now play a reduced role relative to the new “super species.”

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Footnotes
1
Beginning with its 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that the only justification for limits and restrictions on campaign finance activities is to prevent corruption or the appearance of corruption.
 
2
Non-federal or soft money is money raised outside of the hard limits of the law. Before BCRA (2002), the national party committees could raise unlimited amounts from individuals, as well as from corporations and unions, for generic party activities such as voter identification and mobilization. Yet, the parties found clever ways to use all that soft money to help federal candidates by running so-called issue ads, which were also later regulated by BCRA (Dwyre 1996).
 
3
BCRA (2002) banned party soft money and regulated candidate-focused issue ads, ads funded by unlimited soft money that featured the name or likeness of a federal candidate but did not use the so-called magic words, such as “vote for” or “defeat,” spelled out in the 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision, 424 U.S. 1. These sham issue ads were deemed electioneering communications, and BCRA required they be paid for with disclosed hard money if run within a blackout period of 30 days before a primary election or 60 days before the general election.
 
4
The parties’ Hill Committees, or congressional campaign committees, are the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the National Republican Senatorial Committee, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the National Republican Congressional Committee.
 
6
In 2010, the Target Corporation came under attack by some of its customers and shareholders and experienced a nationwide boycott after it contributed $150,000 to MN Forward, a group that supported a Minnesota gubernatorial candidate who opposed same-sex marriage (Montopoli 2010).
 
7
Contributions to and from traditional multicandidate PACs are not adjusted for inflation. Thus, their value erodes over time. At some point, traditional PACs may become an unattractive option for contributors if there are other options to spend more in pursuit of the same goals, eroding traditional PACs’ ability to survive in the competitive campaign finance environment.
 
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Metadata
Title
The Origin and Evolution of Super PACs: a Darwinian Examination of a Campaign Finance Species
Author
Diana Dwyre
Publication date
01-10-2020
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Society / Issue 5/2020
Print ISSN: 0147-2011
Electronic ISSN: 1936-4725
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-020-00523-1

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