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2014 | Book

Exploring Legal Business Process Paths Read chapter Read first chapter

The Practice of Enterprise Modeling

7th IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference, PoEM 2014, Manchester, UK, November 12-13, 2014. Proceedings

Editors: Ulrich Frank, Pericles Loucopoulos, Óscar Pastor, Ilias Petrounias

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 8.1 Conference on the Practice of Enterprise Modeling held in November 2014 in Manchester, UK.

The focus of the PoEM conference series is on advances in the practice of enterprise modeling through a forum for sharing knowledge and experiences between the academic community and practitioners from industry and the public sector.

The 16 full and four short papers accepted were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions. They reflect different topics of enterprise modeling including business process modeling, enterprise architecture, investigation of enterprise modeling methods, requirements engineering, and specific aspects of enterprise modeling.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Exploring Legal Business Process Paths
Abstract
Nowadays, enterprises are very complex systems, often comprised of a large number of business processes run by actors working together to achieve business objectives. Ensuring compliance with applicable laws is mandatory to avoid heavy penalties or even business failure. To this purpose, an increasingly important challenge consists of finding and resolving discrepancies between strategic goals, business processes and laws. In this paper, we envisage a formal approach that uses two modeling languages, User Requirements Notation (URN) and Nòmos, to represent enterprise goals, processes and applicable laws. Automated reasoning techniques allow us to analyze models for compliance checking and detecting conditions of unwanted concurrent executions.
Sepideh Ghanavati, Silvia Ingolfo, Alberto Siena
Ensuring Quality of Large Scale Industrial Process Collections: Experiences from a Case Study
Abstract
As approaches and tools for process and enterprise modelling are maturing, these techniques are in an increasing number of organizations being taken into use on a large scale. In this paper we report on the use over many years of process-modelling in connection to the quality system of Statoil, a large Norwegian oil-company, in particular on the aspects found necessary to emphasis to achieve the right quality of the models in this organisation. The Statoil-guidelines for enterprise structure and use of standard notation are mapped to the levels of SEQUAL, a generic framework for understanding the quality of models. Guidelines for modelling are found on most levels. More detailed guidelines than in general work on quality of business process models are found in particular on the physical, empirical, and syntactic level, where the number of detailed guidelines in Statoil has increased over the years due to needs identified.
Merethe Heggset, John Krogstie, Harald Wesenberg
Value-Chain Discovery from Business Process Models
Abstract
Companies model their business processes either for documentation, analysis, re-engineering or automation purposes; usually using normalized business process modeling languages such as EPC or BPMN. Although these models explain how the processes should be performed and by whom, they abstract away their business rationale (i.e. what is offered and why). Business modeling aims to answer the latter and different frameworks have been proposed to express the process in terms of value-chains. Ensuring alignment between both of these views manually is error prone and labor intensive. In this paper, we present a novel approach to derive a value-chain - expressed in REA - from a business process model expressed in BPMN. At the heart of our approach and our main contribution lies a set of nine general business patterns we have defined and classified as structural and behavioral patterns.
Anis Boubaker, Dhouha Cherif, Abderrahmane Leshob, Hafedh Mili
Classification of Domain-Specific BPMN Extensions
Abstract
BPMN is a standard for modeling business processes and provides meta model concepts for the design of extensions. Thus, domain-specific extensions of the BPMN are facilitated. This research article provides an overview of BPMN extension development by the descriptive analysis and classification of 30 BPMN extensions. An extensive literature review was conducted in order to find published extensions. Further, a classification framework was designed to enable a comprehensive analysis of each extension. The analysis showed, that four out of five extensions are not compliant with the BPMN standard. Also, we found several methodological shortcomings that should be tackled in further research.
Richard Braun, Werner Esswein
Matching of Events and Activities - An Approach Based on Constraint Satisfaction
Abstract
Nowadays, business processes are increasingly supported by IT systems that produce massive amounts of event data during the execution of a process. This event data can be used to analyze the process using process mining techniques to discover the real process, measure conformance to a given process model, or to enhance existing models with performance information. While it is essential to map the produced events to activities of a given process model for conformance analysis and process model annotation, it is also an important step for the straightforward interpretation of process discovery results. In order to accomplish this mapping with minimal manual effort, we developed a semi-automatic approach that maps events to activities by transforming the mapping problem into the optimization of a constraint satisfaction problem. The approach uses log-replay techniques and has been evaluated using a real process collection from the financial services and telecommunication domains. The evaluation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach towards non-conformant execution and that the technique is able to efficiently reduce the number of possible mappings.
Thomas Baier, Andreas Rogge-Solti, Mathias Weske, Jan Mendling
A Look into Business Process Modeling Guidelines through the Lens of the Technology Acceptance Model
Abstract
Business process modeling is one of the first steps towards achieving organizational goals in the requirements engineering phase. This is why business process modeling quality is an essential aspect for the development and technical support of any company. Modeling experts rely mainly on their personal experience, and the tacit knowledge. In order to help less experienced modelers, many authors have formulated modeling guidelines as a mean to achieve better model quality. Our research goal is to assess the acceptance of these guidelines for teaching purposes through a survey. To achieve this objective we investigate usefulness, ease of use and the intention to use of a collected set of pragmatic guidelines according to the technology acceptance model by means of a survey amongst Cuban PhD students. Results reveal the "best" and "worst" guidelines as perceived by novice modelers. We also witnessed that perceived ease of use has an important influence on the perceived usefulness, and, at the same time, both influence the novice modelers’ intention to use the guidelines. This implies that to ensure usage of the guidelines by junior modelers, they should be understandable and their utility should be well-motivated.
Isel Moreno-Montes de Oca, Monique Snoeck, Gladys Casas-Cardoso
Evaluating and Improving the Visualisation of CHOOSE, an Enterprise Architecture Approach for SMEs
Abstract
Enterprise architecture (EA) serves as a means to improve business-IT and strategy-operations alignment in an organisation. While it is a fairly mature domain in large enterprises, the need for EA in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has only been recently addressed. As SMEs have different characteristics and cope with specific problems, a different approach is essential to enable a successful adoption of EA. In order to meet these particular requirements of SMEs, the EA approach CHOOSE has been developed. In previous research, emphasis has been put on refining the method and metamodel of CHOOSE and on the development of supporting software tools. However, the visual notation of CHOOSE has not been investigated yet, while the form of representation has a great impact on the cognitive effectiveness of a diagram. This paper assesses the current visualisation of CHOOSE, describes alternatives and conducts an experimental comparison.
Sarah Boone, Maxime Bernaert, Ben Roelens, Steven Mertens, Geert Poels
Simulation Preorder Semantics for Traceability Relations in Enterprise Architecture
Abstract
The paper proposes a formal semantics for traceability relations in enterprise architecture. The proposed semantics requires that traceability relations should be simulation preorders, a requirement on abstraction relations widely used in program verification. The effectiveness of the proposed semantics is illustrated on a well-known enterprise architecture model from the military domain.
Mika Cohen
Towards a Framework for Enterprise Information System Evolution Steering
Abstract
Evolution is characteristic to every Information System (IS) because of continuing changes in its environment. It is also a necessary condition for guaranteeing IS fitness to the organizational needs and requirements. Nonetheless, each IS evolution presents several risks towards its sustainability and further changes, and steering IS evolution is indispensable for any organization. In this work we propose a framework that aims to guide the actors responsible for IS evolution steering. The framework allows to reduce the uncertainty, which is inherent in the IS evolution, by providing the information necessary to realise IS evolution activities and to simulate their impact. It is composed of several conceptual models representing different IS dimensions (information, activities, regulation). In this paper we detail the IS Steering Metamodel (IS-SM), which is the main element of our framework.
Wanda Opprecht, Jolita Ralyté, Michel Léonard
Capturing Design Rationales in Enterprise Architecture: A Case Study
Abstract
We aim for rationalizing Enterprise Architecture, supplementing models that express EA designs with models that express the decision making behind the designs. In our previous work we introduced the EA Anamnesis approach for architectural rationalization, and illustrated it with a fictitious case study.
In this paper we evaluate our approach in terms of its ability to capture design rationales in the context of a real life case study. Together with stakeholders from the business and IT domains of a Luxembourgish Research and Technology Organization, we captured the design rationales behind the introduction of a new budget forecast business process. Our case study shows that EA Anamnesis can reflect the design rationales of the stakeholders, also linking business and IT concerns. Furthermore our study shows that, for this particular case, the stakeholders often used heuristics (commonsensical “short cuts”) to make their decision, or even made decisions without considering alternative choices. Finally, we discuss what the lessons learned from this case imply for further research.
Georgios Plataniotis, Sybren de Kinderen, Henderik A. Proper
A Comparative Analysis of Selected Enterprise Modeling Approaches
Abstract
Complexity inherent to the management of organizational action recommends the use of instruments that support the structured description and analysis of organizations. A variety of enterprise modeling (EM) methods have been developed to serve these purposes. To contribute to the elucidation of their conceptual differences, overlaps, and focal points, this paper analyzes four selected EM methods based on a designed analysis framework. It includes an assessment of the methods’ key goals and purposes, central assumptions, and concepts. The paper concludes with a suggestion of future research topics.
Alexander Bock, Monika Kaczmarek, Sietse Overbeek, Michael Heß
Component-Based Method Development: An Experience Report
Abstract
A method defines a systematic process for problem solving including the required aids and resources. This paper aims at contributing to the area of method development and in particular to practices and experiences in this field by reporting on a case from conceptual modelling and reflecting on lessons learned in it. The contributions of the paper are (1) an application case from method development in a distributed team, (2) the actual method development process integrating work procedure, cooperation principles and notation, and (3) experiences and lessons learned from developing a method component for context modeling.
Kurt Sandkuhl, Hasan Koç
Organizational Adoption of Enterprise Modeling Methods – Experience Based Recommendations
Abstract
Organizations normally begin using Enterprise Modeling (EM) within the context of a development project of some sort, where an outside vendor and/or consultant provide the method and related IT tool usage competence. If an organization uses EM sufficiently frequently it may be motivated to develop in-house EM competence and to acquire and adopt an EM method. The paper is an experience paper. It defines what it means to adopt an EM method in an organization and describes the process of adopting and institutionalizing EM as an organizational strategy to support continuous improvement and development. The process consists of three activities: deciding that an EM method should be adopted as part of the organization’s set of institutionalized methods, electing a suitable method and implementing the method.
Anne Persson, Janis Stirna
Requirements Engineering for Capability Driven Development
Abstract
Lately, the notion of capability has emerged in IS engineering as an instrument to context dependent design and delivery of business services. Representing core business functionalities of an organization, capabilities, and capability driven IS development can be seen as both – a shift beyond and complement to the widely established service-oriented engineering paradigm where needs of customers form the leading modeling and design perspective. To ensure the needs of business stakeholders for variety of business contexts that an organization faces, and thus facilitate successful systems delivery, capability- driven development needs a well-defined method for requirements engineering, as well as its confirmation in practices. In this paper a process for specifying requirements capabilities and their designs is proposed. An application of the proposed approach to the area of business process outsourcing (BPO) services is carried out for the German company SIV.
Jelena Zdravkovic, Janis Stirna, Jan-Christian Kuhr, Hasan Koç
Integrating Security Patterns with Security Requirements Analysis Using Contextual Goal Models
Abstract
Security patterns capture proven security knowledge to help analysts tackle security problems. Although advanced research in this field has produced an impressive collection of patterns, they are not widely applied in practice. In parallel, Requirements Engineering has been increasing focusing on security-specific issues, arguing for an upfront treatment of security in system design. However, the vast body of security patterns are not integrated with existing proposals for security requirements analysis, making them difficult to apply as part of early system analysis and design. In this paper, we propose to integrate security patterns with our previously introduced goal-oriented security requirements analysis approach. Specifically, we provide a full concept mapping between textual security patterns and contextual goal models, as well as systematic instructions for constructing contextual goal models from security patterns. Moreover, we propose a systematic process for selecting and applying security patterns, illustrated with a realistic smart grid scenario. To facilitate the practical adoption of security patterns, we have created contextual goal models for 20 security patterns documented in the literature, and have implemented a prototype tool to support our proposal.
Tong Li, Jennifer Horkoff, John Mylopoulos
Better Segmentation of Enterprise Modelling Governance through Usage Perspectives
Abstract
Enterprise modelling is an endeavor that involves many different stakeholders in a company and requires a long-term approach to reap major benefits. Due to their differing main tasks the stakeholders frequently pursue deviating goals. Therefore, an appropriate management of the stakeholders is considered a success factor for enterprise modelling. The goals of the stakeholders in respect of an enterprise model and their role in the modelling process are crucial for this distinction. The differentiation can be facilitated by generic goals and a scheme that accounts for influences like variants in the size of companies and the impact of enterprise modelling on business. The application of the outlined procedure is exemplified with an illustrative case of a chemical supplier.
Frank Wolff
Towards a Code of Ethics for Gamification at Enterprise
Abstract
Gamification is an emerging technique which utilises the “fun theory” mainly to motivate people to change their perception and attitude towards certain subjects. Within enterprises, gamification is used to motivate employees to do their tasks more efficiently and perhaps more enjoyably and sometimes to increase their feeling of being members of the enterprise as a community. While the literature has often emphasised the positive side of gamification, mainly from economic and business perspectives, little emphasis has been paid to the ethical use of gamification within enterprises. In this paper we report an empirical research to explore the ethical aspects of using gamification. We follow a mixed methods approach involving participants who are gamification experts, employees and managers. Our findings show that, for gamification, there is a fine line between being a positive tool to motivate employees and being a source of tension and pressure which could then affect the social and mental well-being within the workplace. This paper will evaluate that dual effect and clarify that fine line.
Alimohammad Shahri, Mahmood Hosseini, Keith Phalp, Jacqui Taylor, Raian Ali
Towards Actionable Business Intelligence: Can System Dynamics Help?
Abstract
Business intelligence (BI) and data analytics provide modern enterprises with insights about internal operations, performance, as well as environmental trends, and enable them to make data-driven decisions. Insights resulting from these systems often suggest several alternative changes or corrective actions within the enterprise. In this context, to trade-off and find the most proper action(s) is a non-trivial task due to existing dynamics and complexities of the enterprise. This paper proposes a model-based approach to support the analysis and selection of best alternative actions in adaptive enterprise contexts. The proposed approach links and synthesizes two existing modeling frameworks, the Business Intelligence Model (BIM) and System Dynamics, in a systematic step-by-step way to assist decision makers in finding best response action(s) from a given set of alternatives, and hence to make BI more actionable and understandable. The applicability of this approach in illustrated in a scenario adapted from literature.
Soroosh Nalchigar, Eric Yu, Steve Easterbrook
Impact Analysis via Reachability and Alias Analysis
Abstract
This work is concerned with localizing and analyzing the potential impact of changes to large-scale enterprise systems, and, in particular, how to incorporate reachability analysis and aliasing/pointer analysis to minimise false-positives and eliminate false-negatives. It is a continuation of our previous work, which included static analysis [1] and dynamic analysis [2] of changes to systems containing hundreds of thousands of classes and millions of methods. This current work adds: reachability analysis that examines the program to see “whether a given path in a program representation corresponds to a possible execution path”, such that infeasible paths of mis-matched calls and returns can be filtered out from the estimated impact set; and alias analysis to identify paths that are feasible but cannot be affected. Using our approach, organizations can focus on a much smaller, relevant subset of the test suite instead of performing their entire suite of tests without any idea as to whether any test is necessary. Also, in the future, we hope to be able to help testers to augment the test suite with new tests that cover the impacted methods/paths not already subjected to testing. We include a case study that illustrates the savings that can be attained.
Wen Chen, Alan Wassyng, Tom Maibaum
Model-Driven Alignment: An Empirical Study
Abstract
Current advancements in the business arena necessitate more than ever before the alignment of The Business and IT in organizations, which has been acknowledged as a complex issue to address. Our research is aimed at systematically addressing the linkage between business strategy and information systems (IS). We propose a model-driven approach for alignment, by leveraging the influence of established business strategy formulations from Strategic Management, and model-driven principles used within IS. The objective of this paper is to present the results of an empirical investigation carried out in Sweden on the linkage seeking to obtain insights from practitioners about the relevance of the problem, as well as of our model-driven proposal to address it.
Constantinos Giannoulis, Jelena Zdravkovic
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
The Practice of Enterprise Modeling
Editors
Ulrich Frank
Pericles Loucopoulos
Óscar Pastor
Ilias Petrounias
Copyright Year
2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-45501-2
Print ISBN
978-3-662-45500-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45501-2

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