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Are We Going Through a Real Revolution? Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. The Robot Inside Us

Author : Maria Chiara Carrozza

Published in: The Robot and Us

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Robotics offers methods and technologies for prosthetics to progress, and to obtain wearable devices that can substitute the functions of organs or parts of the human body. I have worked for years on the artificial hand, investigating how to replicate touch, to obtain the maximum operational characteristics of the prostheses to restore the ability to grasp in activities of daily living and to ‘feel’ the characteristics of objects. In the scenario of hand prosthesis the robot is no longer outside of us, but on us, and it converses with the intimate part of us thanks to the neuro-prosthesis. This is how wearable robotics originates.

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previous chapter Our Friend the Robot
Footnotes
1
Visit the Boston Dynamics website http://​www.​bostondynamics.​com.
 
2
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) is the Research Agency of the American Department of Defense. For more information, visit the website http://​www.​darpa.​mil.
 
3
P. Dario, Bioinspired Minirobotic Platforms for Educational Activities, in Advances in Autonomous Mini Robots, Springer, 2012.
 
4
K. Autumn et al., Frictional adhesion: a new angle on gecko attachment, «Journal of Experimental Biology», 209.18 (2006): 3569–3579.
 
5
P. Dario, et al., Development and in vitro testing of a miniature robotic system for computer-assisted colonoscopy, Computer Aided Surgery 4.1 (1999): 1–14.
 
6
C. M. Oddo, et al. Intraneural stimulation elicits discrimination of textural features by artificial fingertip in intact and amputee humans, Elife 5 (2016): e09148.
 
7
Bionics is defined as the “science that studies the sensorial and motor functions of living organisms (and their components), with the aim of reproducing them or enhancing them with devices of various kinds…”. A year ago, there was the introduction in Pisa of the Master’s degree in Bionics Engineering organised jointly by the University of Pisa and the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies. For my colleagues and myself, this was a very important act which consolidated the status of bionics as a scientific discipline, and as teaching subject with scientific dignity according to the Aristotelian interpretation. At the moment in which an engineering study program institutes a course with the title of a specific scientific area, it receives an academic approval that attributes both maturity and dignity. Due to the mere fact of being taught, we can say that also in Italy bionics is now accredited as a science and technology of the future, because within a year we shall have new engineers graduating in Bionics Engineering.
 
8
L. E. Lipetz, Bionics, Science, New Series, Vol. 133, No. 3452 (Feb. 24, 1961), pp. 588-590+592–593.
 
9
Y. H-L., Luo, and L. da Cruz, A review and update on the current status of retinal prostheses (bionic eye), British medical bulletin 109.1 (2014): 31–44.
 
10
M. A. Svirsky et al. Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants, Psychological science 11.2 (2000): 153–158.
 
11
D. Borton,, et al. Personalized neuroprosthetics, Science translational medicine 5.210 (2013): 210rv2–210rv2.
 
12
J. A. Pruszynski , and J. Diedrichsen, Reading the mind to move the body, Science 348.6237 (2015): 860–861.
 
13
To see an authoritative video example of a neural-implanted patient who recovers tactile feelings using a robotic arm, see http://​www.​theverge.​com/​2016/​10/​13/​13269824/​brain-implant-chip-feel-touch-robot-arm-paralyzed-tetraplegia.
 
14
In the biomedical engineering sector in which these disciplines are studied, rehabilitation bioengineering, this situation is defined as support or functional substitution. The biomedical engineer studies and designs systems which exploit bionics and robotics in order to treat a specific problem and deals with the clinical implementation of the system.
 
15
S. Raspopovic, et al. Restoring natural sensory feedback in real-time bidirectional hand prostheses, Science translational medicine 6.222 (2014): 222ra19–222ra19.
 
16
S. R. Soekadar, et al. Hybrid EEG/EOG-based brain/neural hand exoskeleton restores fully independent daily living activities after quadriplegia, Science Robotics 1.1 (2016): eaag3296.
 
17
Recently a document was issued by the Executive Office of President Obama, edited by the National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technologies, Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence, October 2016 https://​obamawhitehouse.​archives.​gov/​sites/​default/​files/​whitehouse_​files/​microsites/​ostp/​NSTC/​preparing_​for_​the_​future_​of_​ai.​pdf.
 
18
Also the author is founding partner of IUVO, a spinoff of the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, which deals with wearable robotics and exoskeletons.
 
19
In the European Union, the framework programs have funded research for medical applications, supporting the research into developing rehabilitation or personal assistance exoskeletons, and within a few years results are expected from industrial exploitation of the intellectual property generated.
 
Metadata
Title
The Robot Inside Us
Author
Maria Chiara Carrozza
Copyright Year
2019
Book
The Robot and Us

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97766-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-97767-6

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97767-6_5

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