In accordance with the conceptual framework, the result section is split up into two main chapters, investigating on the one hand the role HEIs play in RTPS via teaching, research and outreach activities, and on the other hand the organisational- and field-level drivers influencing these roles.
5.1 The role of HEIs in RTPS via teaching, research and outreach
The investigation of the channel “teaching” reveals that only the JKU offers whole study programmes with a clear focus on sustainability: namely the master programme “Operational and Regional Environmental Management” with its respective specializations, the specialization Environmental Law within the study programme Law as well as the bachelor programme “Economic Law” and the further education programme “Energy Management” (see Table
3). Nevertheless the topic of sustainability enters numerous lectures also within the other HEIs, ranging from “Good governance”, “Ecological sustainability in moral theology”, “Solar architecture”, and “Fashion and Sustainability”, just to mention a few (
www.jku.at (Johannes Kepler University Linz
2017);
https://www.fh-ooe.at/campus-linz/ (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Campus Linz
2017);
https://ph-ooe.at/ (University College of Education Upper Austria
2017);
http://www.ufg.ac.at/ (University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz
2017);
http://ku-linz.at/ (Catholic-Theological Private University Linz
2017)). “
As sustainability is multidimensional in nature, there are various topics which may be assigned to this concept” (interview partner). Furthermore, practical student projects with a clear focus on sustainability are conducted, mainly at the UoAS Linz (study programme Public Management), and the UAL (Institute for Space and Design) (e. g. concepts for inter-municipal cooperation, concept to counter youth out-migration of rural communities, design for regional wood construction projects, urban renewal and development projects). They are often implemented in inter- and transdisciplinary settings with representatives from the public administration, local businesses, regional management, the local population or representatives from various chambers. All of the interviewees stated that they have strong personal networks, which make these kinds of transdisciplinary student projects possible. Due to its organisational characteristics and founding idea, the UoAS in particular has a strong focus on bridging teaching content and regional practical demand. All of the investigated HEIs point out that the students and their awareness for the topic of sustainability are important multipliers at the local and regional scale. This becomes especially important as—according to information provided by the interview partners—the majority of the students enter the labour market in Linz or Upper Austria after their studies.
Table 3
Teaching, research and outreach activities towards RTPS of the investigated HEIs
JKU | “Environmental Law” (Austrian-wide unique specialization within the study program law) Graduate programme “Energy management” “Future Lectures” series Study programme “Environmental‑, Resource- and Quality-Management” Further education programme “Energy Management” |
Institute of Environmental Law: research on diverse fields of environmental law, e. g. legal frameworks of carbon capture and storage, hydropower in Natura2000 areas, light pollution, legal issues of the energy certificate.
Institute of Environmental Management in Companies and Regions: research in the field of climate change, environmental protection, renewable energy, environmental technology, sustainable technologies, sustainable economic activity, and environmental politics.
Energy Institute: applied research in the field of energy law, energy economics as well as energy technology Students master thesis in the mentioned research fields | Public event series “Days of Environmental Law” Public event series “Education for sustainable development” Participation in the LA21 working group on air, climate and energy of the city of Linz Participation in the elaboration of the regional energy concept “Energy 21” Participation in the elaboration of the Environmental Programme Upper Austria 2030, Upper Austrian Energy concept, Upper Austrian Future academy and further current political discussions |
KTU | Ecological sustainability in moral theology Interdisciplinary lecture on sustainability in arts and moral theology Further education opportunities in sustainability issues for members of the KTU | Research projects on sustainable lifestyle, sustainable nutrition and food, regionalisation and greening of agriculture etc. | Former rector is active as environmental spokesperson of the dioceses Linz (supported the dioceses becoming 100% powered by green electricity) Initiatives like “abandon the car”, fair trade days etc. |
PH | Sustainability as inherent principle of most lectures BINE—further education programme for teachers on innovations in education for sustainable development |
Research pillar in development
| Participation in the ÖKOLOG network Cooperation with the Austrian Youth Red Cross and Austrian Students Union for the integration of refugees via cultural and language courses Projects with Ars Electronica (e. g. museum of the future) on the elaboration of an OTELO—open technology lab |
UoAS | Sustainability is anchored as topic in various lectures in the study programme “Public Management”: “Public Governance”, “Good governance”, “Regional development and inter-municipal cooperation” Transdisciplinary study projects | Research in the field of participatory community planning, good governance; strategies to encounter out-migration from rural communities; labour market integration of people with disabilities; inter-communal cooperation in various fields (infrastructure, education, childcare) Transdisciplinary research settings Master thesis in cooperation with regional stakeholders (e. g. sustainable transport concepts, sustainable location development) | Event series “Public management impetus” Fair Trade Days Transdisciplinary cooperation (various associations, different departments of the government Upper Austria, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Austrian Chamber of Commerce, Regional management) |
UAL | Lectures “Solar architecture”,“Ecology”, “Fashion and sustainability” Student projects on sustainable wood timber construction Further education programme “Überholz” (sustainable timber construction) | Research with focus on regional sustainable timber construction Project “ins Blaue” on the elaboration of a sustainable fashion label Endowment professorship on “Sustainable and Spatial Tactics” | Initiation of the Upper Austrian Wood construction price; Public lectures, presentations and media work (local, regional and national) to raise awareness for the topic “sustainability” in architecture, construction and design |
With regards to research, sustainability is on the agenda of selected institutes of the investigated HEIs, for which it is a basic principle or even taken for granted, or as one interview partner states “
sustainability is our umbrella brand, under which various thematic specialisations are subsumed”. The investigation of the HEIs’ research activities reveals that following Rio in 1992 there was a strong focus on environmental issues as well as on sustainability in a holistic sense, whereas in the last decade a separation into the topics of energy, demography, climate change etc. has taken place (see also research documentation of the JKU:
http://www.jku.at/content/e263/e16099/e16086/ (Johannes Kepler University Linz
2017); UAL:
https://ufgonline.ufg.ac.at/ufg_online/; (University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz
2017) UoAS:
http://research.fh-ooe.at/ (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria
2017)). The research topics covered in the investigated HEIs are manifold, ranging from climate change, environmental technology, energy law and economics to sustainable lifestyle, sustainable nutrition and food, sustainable transport concepts, etc. (see Table
3). Although inter- and transdisciplinary research settings are taken for granted in all of the investigated institutes, no institutionalized transdisciplinary research platform has been set up so far. Contacts to partners from the public policy arena, industry and the regional economy, and other regional stakeholders are informal and selective, and strongly dependent on each individual’s networks.
Interestingly, the investigated institutes vary in the degree of regionalism of their research focus and partners. While an interview partner from JKU points out that “
unfortunately often the results from basic research projects do not find their way into practice”, interviewees from the UoAS emphasize the impact through inter- and transdisciplinary research settings with local and regional stakeholders. The Energy Institute at the JKU shows a high local and regional focus regarding research projects as well as partners (
http://www.energieinstitut-linz.at/v2/projekte/ (Energy Institute
2017)). This is also true for the Institute of Environmental Law, the Institute of Environmental Management in Companies and Regions at the JKU as well as the UoAS. The KTU and the UAL, on the other hand, show in general a low degree of research activities with a regional focus. The research and student projects throughout Upper Austria in the field of sustainable wood construction conducted by UAL are a notable exception. The PH as a rather young HEI is still in the development phase of its research pillar. It was pointed out that a strong regional focus does not necessarily conflict with the distinct national and international perspective of the HEI. The investigated HEIs confirm that contacts through teaching and research with stakeholders on the regional level outnumber the contacts with the local level, especially the city government of Linz.
When it comes to outreach activities, all of the investigated HEIs are very active: ranging from annual public events (Austrian Days of Environmental Law, Public Management Days), participation in Austrian-wide cross-organisational activities (e. g. Future Lectures), volunteer involvement (e. g. environmental spokesperson in the diocese Linz), numerous presentations and speeches, provision of expertise in regional bodies (e. g. advisory board of the Ecoenergy cluster), initiation of awards (e. g. Upper Austrian Wood construction prize) and participation in working groups (e. g. elaboration of the regional energy concept “Energy 21”). One interview partner put individual engagement in a nutshell “(…) recently we conducted a pilot study in the field of sustainable transport and e‑car sharing for a regional partner, because we have been interested in the topic and considered it important, it was not important for us to receive funding for it”.
Taking again into account the spatial dimension of the contribution of HEIs to RTPS via the channel of outreach, the contacts with the city government of Linz are occasional and informal, and often take place on the personal level between single individuals, rather than on the level of the organisation. While the Institute for Environmental Law as well as the UoAS and PH outline good and regular contacts to the city government Linz, other interviewees highlight that requests from the municipality level are rare. The picture is a different one for the role of the HEIs on the regional level, where all of the investigated HEIs are in ongoing collaboration and contact with departments of the state government and other organisations (e. g. Chamber of Commerce, Climate Alliance Upper Austria). “The contribution of our institute to a transition towards sustainability is more regional than local. In my perspective it is a well-known problem, that the potential in front of one’s own door is not valued” (interview partner, referring to the scarce contacts to the city government).
5.2 Organisational and field-level drivers influencing the role of HEIs within RTPS
The legally defined ‘type’ of organization influences the share of teaching versus research and the self-perception of HEIs towards their regional mission. While the focus on teaching and research is rather balanced at public universities (JKU, UAL), private universities (UAL) and UoAS have a strong emphasis in teaching as the number of students has also financial implications. The UoAS is the only type of HEI with an inherent and explicit regional mission.
On the organisational-level the university management can exert coercive power via the regulatory framework (e. g. development plan) and/or undertake voluntary activities such as mission statements, memoranda, or participate in international networks, which spur normative and cognitive change.
The Development plan is the strategic instrument of the university, outlining personnel related developments, foci of study programmes, teaching and research, as well as societal goals, following the template from the performance agreements with the national ministry (Österreichischer Wissenschaftsrat
2016). The development plans of the universities are elaborated by the rectorate and enfold a self-binding character for the university management and a guiding normative framework for faculty members. The JKU outlines sustainability within the development plan 2006–2012 (Johannes Kepler University Linz
2009), as one component of the fields of excellence “environment/energy/sustainability” as well as “management/economic politics/environmental law”. In 2013 it is further emphasized as a main thematic focus of the excellence fields “management and innovation”, “biotechnology” as well as “social systems/welfare state” (Johannes Kepler University Linz
2013). On the other hand, sustainability is not mentioned in the mission statement of the university. The UAL emphasizes and acknowledges sustainability as a thematic focus of selected teaching and research activities in the development plan 2014–2018 (University of Arts and Industrial Design Linz
2014). The UAL does not have a separate mission statement. The UoAS Upper Austria outlines in its mission statement and strategy: “
Through regional and global interlinkages with economy, society, public bodies, research and education institutions we create education opportunities, innovation, knowledge and sustainability” (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Campus Linz
2016). Special emphasis is given to ecological sustainability. The KTU does not have a mission statement, nor a development plan. The PH as youngest HEI does not emphasize sustainability in its overall strategy, but highlights in the description of the single areas and study programmes of the PH that “
sustainability is taken into account on all levels of education and further education programmes for teachers”. In sum it turns out that:
a)
there was/is not a continuous commitment towards sustainability throughout the last decades,
b)
any attention given to these issues is not always communicated under the label of sustainability (e. g. the KTU mentions in its environmental mission statement the environmental responsibility of the KTU) and
c)
the way in which sustainability is grounded and mentioned in the investigated documents implies no obligation.
Apart from these formal frameworks several HEIs engage in voluntary activities influencing the institutional framework:
In 1996 the KTU committed itself to the environmentally friendly management and operation of the university, and—under the leadership of the rector—has bundled their activities in the field of sustainability in the EMAS (Eco Management and Audit Scheme) from 2009 on. The JKU was one of the first Austrian Universities to sign and endorse the Copernicus Charter in 1993 (Campus Sustainability Centre
2005), thereby committing themselves to featuring sustainability prominently in curricula, institutional management and service. It was in 2005 when the JKU, as part of the European University Association, signed the Graz declaration (European University Association
2005), and therewith renewed its commitment towards sustainability. The PH Upper Austria was the first to join the ÖKOLOG network. ÖKOLOG is an initiative of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Arts and Culture to support sustainability as educational content. The HEI management as well as other HEI boards exert authority and induce organisational change in form of the foundation of new university institutes, professorships or the establishment and (re-)orientation of study programmes: the rectorate of the JKU, together with the city of Linz and state government Upper Austria founded the Institute for Environmental Law in 1994 and the Institute for Environmental Management in Companies and Regions in 1998, along with respective study programmes and specializations. Another example is the endowment professorship on “Sustainability and spatial tactics” at the UAL in 2010. Managerial incentives of this kind to legitimate sustainability related activities were not found at all of the investigated HEIs. Faculty members in some of the HEIs took action or made use of the opportunities afforded by their position (e. g. as head of an institute, study programme manager). This was, for example, the case at the UOA: “
I brought the topic of sustainability to the HEI. In the environment where I was working before joining the HEI it was taken-for-granted to take sustainability and its dimensions into account. Therefore, it was somehow self-evident for me to bring this topic to the HEI and implement it into the curricula in my role as study programme manager. I initiated this process 20 years ago and it was not until the last years that I have the feeling that it also reached the university rectorate” (interview partner).
Two further examples which have been already described, were certain personalities in their role as rectors have initiated institutional change, are the EMAS (Eco Management and Audit Scheme) at the KTU and the participation in the ÖKOLOG by the PH. The crucial role of individual faculty members incorporating sustainability issues into the content of their lectures, or even setting up whole courses around it, should not be underestimated. The driving mechanism evident here is a normative one: it is the personal values of faculty members as well as their personal perception of their role and position at the HEI which generates a commitment to sustainability and thereby shapes the overall role of HEIs in RTPS. “It is part of my understanding of science to bring also controversial topics such as sustainability into the public debate” (interview partner). “Numerous lectures, presentations and other types of engagement in the field of sustainability are conducted based on personal convictions. It is this kind of engagement which is special to researchers in the field of environmental protection and sustainability. I have seen and learned this from my former head of the institute” (interview partner). The latter statement captures another important organisational-level driver: role models. Several interview partners mentioned their mentors and former heads of institutes or departments as role models when it comes to engaging with sustainability related topics. It was also pointed out that due to the small size of institutes focusing on sustainability related issues, limited personnel and time resources are a barrier to engagement. Apart from the described normative driver, different forms of incentives may activate engagement within RTPS. Such incentives at the organisational level include awards, funding programmes, official recognition of output besides teaching and research contributions, or oral appreciation. For the investigated HEIs it is especially oral appreciation from the rectorate that was confirmed as important.
For reasons of precision we differentiate the field-level drivers into national, local as well as regional ones.
The national level exerts a strong regulative power on HEIs. That is on the one hand due to the fact that much of the relevant legislation lies within the purview of the national government (Ministry of Science, Research and Economy, Ministry of Education), as does the basic financing (except for private universities). The investigation of the respective legal basis (Universitätsgesetz 2002 (
2017); Hochschulgesetz 2005 (
2017); Privatuniversitätengesetz 2011 (
2017); Fachhochschulstudiengesetz 1993 (
2017)) revealed that only the University Law 2002 mentions “sustainable resource use” as one of the guiding principles and furthermore outlines that
“universities (…) are responsible to contribute to the beneficial development of society and the natural environment”. Although sustainability is therefore part of the legal framework, one interview partner states, “(…)
as there are no sanctions for not taking sustainability into account, it has not yet entered all areas of the university”. According to the interview partners, the performance agreements between the ministry and the universities on the one hand, as well as the national funding programmes on the other hand, exert more influence on the sustainability focus and activity of the HEIs than the legal framework. The ministry provides a general template for the performance agreements but leaves sustainability dependent on voluntary compliance.
What exerts a stronger influence are the nationwide funding programmes, specifically the FFG (the Austrian Research Promotion Agency for applied research) and the FWF (the Austrian Research Fund for basic research), but also the Austrian Climate and Energy fund—a special programme to foster research and development for sustainable energy technologies and climate. The FFG has also developed special programmes, in line with international EU programmes and agendas, with a focus on energy and environmental studies (e. g. smart city, city of the future, e‑mobility, etc.). As third party funding is an important source of income for all of the mentioned HEIs (becoming even more important following the University Law 2002 (
2017)), these programmes and funding schemes influence research foci and raise awareness among researchers and HEI management.
Through prizes and awards, appreciation is expressed and further awareness raised. The interview partners confirmed that such incentives have more of an indirect effect than that of a direct driver. One of the best known is the “Austrian Sustainability Award” (BMWF, BMLFUW
2010,
2012,
2014). The Institute for Environmental Law has received this award multiple times (2010, 2012, and 2014) for their event series “Austrian Days of Environmental Law”, the project “Carbon Capture Storage—technical requirements and legal frameworks” and the project “Legal issues of the energy certificate”. The PH was also nominated for this award in 2014 for their activities in the ÖKOLOG network, and also in 2016 for the further education programme “BINE”. By expressing appreciation, this award aims at incentivizing HEI members, while raising awareness and legitimizing their initiatives.
At the regional level of the state of Upper Austria as well as City of Linz several driving mechanisms are rather similar to those of the national level, namely funding programmes, political strategies and agenda setting, as well as awards.
Through various activities by the government Upper Austria in the early 1990s (elaboration of a sustainability concept, Sustainability Strategy Upper Austria, programme Local Agenda 21) sustainability was activated at the state and local level. “For us the topic of sustainability became interesting in research, because it was activated by the state politics” (interview partner). An interview partner pointed out that these initial holistic attitude towards sustainability was replaced by a thematically focused one:
“While a holistic understanding of sustainability was on the agenda in the early 1990s, the political and also scientific discourse specialized into different spheres such as energy, climate, demography etc.” (interview partner).
The Government of Upper Austria influenced the research agenda, e. g. through the regional Energy concept “Energy 21” and the elaboration of “Environmental Programme 2030”, as well as associated funding schemes and research contracts. “With regards research projects and funding for research projects, we are highly dependent on the demand raised by local and state politics. Most of the time we are contacted personally and asked to conduct research on a special issue. This demand also influences our research agenda” (interview partner) Furthermore the Government of Upper Austria influences forms of collaboration in an innovative way: for the two mentioned programmes, inter- and transdisciplinary working groups have been set up to jointly elaborate on measures and targets in defined areas (e. g. electricity, health, mobility). The process for the elaboration of the “Environmental Programme 2030” even entailed a broad participatory process with citizens and youth councils in addition to experts from the public, private and scientific sectors. Apart from legitimizing and awareness rising, these approaches shape regional network structures and influence future interaction and cooperation between different stakeholders. While the state government implemented incentives for HEIs to join local and regional initiatives, the city administration steered sustainability related initiatives quite autonomously.
Apart from these changes in the institutional environment, certain activities leading to organisational change within the HEIs deserve mention. That are the already mentioned foundations of the Institute of Environmental Law as well as the Institute of Environmental Management in Companies and Regions which institutionalize and legitimate of the sustainability focus at the HEIs. Again in 2001, the City of Linz and the Government of Upper Austria jointly founded the Energy Institute, an independent association that is located at the campus of the JKU. This interdisciplinary research institute focusing on economic, legal and technical aspects of energy related issues is intended to support local and regional industry with cutting-edge applied research and thereby support the state-wide energy transition.
The “Upper Austrian Award for Environment and Nature” which was renamed into “Upper Austrian Award for Environment and Sustainability” in 2012 is intended to function as a indirect driver for HEI’s activity in RTPS. Appreciation is also expressed face to face or through financial support of certain activities (e. g. the City of Linz financially supports the journal “Environment and Law” from the Institute of Environmental Law and certain events).