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2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

10. The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Green Planning of Cities and Communities

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Abstract

Recent estimates suggest that cities account for about 70% of the global energy demand and thereby can be identified as key players to decarbonise the energy generation sector. Among the possibilities to face this challenge, the integration of renewable energy sources into the energy supply mix has a prominent role. Currently, many cities have drastically reduced their energy demand in all final uses and are even boosting a process of 100% energy transition to renewable energy sources. This goal is clearly ambitious not only from an economic point of view, but also even from the technical standpoint, meaning that this integration of renewables is not straightforward. Hence, an effort from academic researchers in order to develop proper methods and tools to support energy planning at urban scale as well as efforts from public services administrations to acquire a proactive role is desired. In this chapter, in order to provide insights into heterogeneous expertise involved in the sector, a framework on the renewables integration at city scale is outlined, highlighting the current main issues and challenges that are encountered, describing some selected experiences and investigating the possible technological solutions.

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Footnotes
1
One approach used to understand and transform urban areas into more efficient systems is the metabolic one, which started with the metaphor of a city as a living organism. The first concept of a city’s metabolic requirements as “all the materials and commodities needed to sustain the city’s inhabitants at home, at work and at play” (Wolman 1965).
 
2
i.e. the ratio (final energies satisfied by RES)/(total final energies).
 
3
Gross final consumption of energy means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity, heat and transport fuel production, and losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission (EU 2018a).
 
5
In Figs. 10.2 and 10.3, fossil fuels consumption and RES share on the total final consumptions in 2020 have been estimated proportionally to the previous years.
 
7
HP requires electricity, that can be also produced by RES, for its operation and permits the exploitation of renewable heat such as geothermal, groundwater, air or solar.
 
8
Here neglected because their application is controversial in urban areas due to air pollution issues.
 
15
 
17
The amount includes cities with a population over 500 thousand inhabitants (UN 2018).
 
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Metadata
Title
The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Green Planning of Cities and Communities
Author
Paola Caputo
Copyright Year
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41072-8_10