Environment is the foundation for human survival. Sustainable development is the main direction of social progress and the common choice of human progress. The development of the Winter Olympic Games is closely related to the progress of mankind and society. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games. Based on this, an Internet-based wireless sensor for Winter Olympic environment information acquisition scheme is proposed. The hardware and sensor modules of the wireless sensor are designed, and the adaptive weighting algorithm is used to fuse several wireless sensor nodes. By testing and analyzing the communication ability of a single wireless sensor node and the error rate under different distance, the data is collected for the environment information of a Winter Olympic sports field. The results of the data collection are very close to the actual environmental parameters. It shows that the wireless sensor network system based on the Internet has strong stability and reliability in data collection. It can provide effective data support for the information management research of sustainable development of Winter Olympic Games.
As the environmental problems become more and more serious, after “movement” and “culture,” “environmental protection” has become the third main theme of the Olympic movement. Its importance and concern are increasing [1]. In 2010, the Turin Olympic Games put forward a series of green motions, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing the water consumption to the lowest, and promoting the construction of environment-friendly hotels. It indicates that the Green Olympics will reach a new peak [2]. At the 42nd Congress of the United Nations, the World Commission on environment and development formally proposed the concept of sustainable development: sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of contemporary people and does not constitute a harm to the ability of future generations to meet their needs [3]. In recent 30 years, sustainable development has become the universal values and codes of conduct widely recognized by the international community. The sustainable development of the Olympic movement refers to the active and effective process of the Olympic movement, taking the Olympic Games, the Paralympics, and the Youth Olympic Games as the platform and taking sports, culture, and education as the means to promote the active and effective transformation of the people, the environment, the city, and the society [4, 5]. Sustainable development is the mainstream direction of the society and the common choice of human progress. It is also the best goal of the Olympic Games to make unremitting efforts. The sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games follows this concept [6].
With environmental sustainability becoming a hot topic, environmental monitoring technology has also encountered unprecedented challenges, mainly reflected in the growing demand for dynamic data acquisition, real-time tracking, visual management, and dynamic analysis and forecasting of monitoring data [7]. The technology of remote monitoring of environment is integrated with sensing technology, communication technology, and computer technology. It effectively completes the functions of collection, storage, remote transmission, and real-time processing of various environmental parameters. It has changed the past backward situation only by manpower, improved the work efficiency, and increased the transmission distance. It plays a very important role in disaster prevention and mitigation, environmental condition prediction, disaster prediction, and so on [8, 9]. Remote monitoring of the environment has its specific application background, generally in unpopulated uninhabited areas (deserts, mountains, jungles, high temperatures, high pressure, high altitude, high danger) in a remote and harsh environment. This makes it difficult to complete data transmission by installing cables. In this case, the use of Internet wireless communication is a good choice [10]. In recent years, because of the rapid development of computer technology, network technology, and modern electronic technology, wireless communication technology has been widely used in many fields, such as medical treatment, automation control, and remote monitoring [11‐13]. In addition, the wireless sensor network based on the Internet can monitor, perceive, and collect the information of various environmental information monitoring objects in the distributed area of the network in real time, and process these information to the users who need these information [14].
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2 Design of wireless sensor network monitoring system based on the Internet
2.1 The role of wireless sensor in the sustainable development of Winter Olympic Games
The sustainable development is the inevitable choice of the human society. In the journey towards the modern industrial society, the expansion of the city, the rapid expansion of the population, and the one-sided pursuit of economic indicators have broken the harmony with nature. The difficulties of air pollution, ecological vulnerability, resource exhaustion, and endangered species are difficult to be ignored, and social problems such as the spread of lifestyle diseases and mental subhealth cannot be underestimated [15]. These problems are intertwined, intricate, global spread, and far-reaching influence, and pose a serious threat to the survival of mankind [16]. Therefore, the path of sustainable development is an inevitable choice for human progress and social benign operation. Since the beginning of its founding, the Olympic Movement has been steadfastly committed to “building a peaceful and beautiful world.” Therefore, the issue of sustainable development has naturally attracted the attention and active enthusiasm of the Olympic people headed by the International Olympic Committee [17]. Figure 1 shows the importance of environmental sustainability for the Winter Olympics. Therefore, it is very necessary to use the Internet-based wireless sensor network to monitor the environmental information of the Olympic Winter Games to promote the sustainable development of the environment.
Fig. 1
The importance of environmental sustainability to the Winter Olympics
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Internet-based wireless sensor technology and wireless communication capabilities between nodes provide a broad application prospect for wireless sensor networks. As a ubiquitous sensing technology, wireless sensor networks are widely used in military, industrial control, intelligent buildings, medical care, material tracking, and smart agriculture [18]. In addition, the wireless sensor network also shows great vitality in the field of environmental monitoring and has become more and more important. It will continue to provide a large number of continuous and comprehensive environmental information in the macro and micro fields, and contribute to the sustainable development of the environment [19]. How to use the low-cost information collection equipment to efficiently realize the Winter Olympic environment information collection and obtain the key environmental information and knowledge of the Winter Olympic Games. The environmental information includes air temperature, humidity, solar radiation illumination, and concentration. In the collection process, synchronization and real-time and distribution characteristics should be taken into account, as well as the possible problems of noise and abnormal values. These challenges bring realistic challenges to the realization of environmental sustainable management information [20].
2.2 Hardware design scheme of a wireless sensor node based on the Internet
A typical wireless sensor node is composed of a sensor module, microcontroller module, radio frequency communication module, and power supply module. The sensor module gets the perception and acquisition of the parameters of the target monitoring object in the monitoring area through various sensors and transmissions to the microcontroller module through the corresponding I/O interface. The microcontroller module is the core part of the wireless sensor node, which completes the acquisition and preprocessing of the sensor data, and then encapsulates these data into wireless data packets, and transfers them to the radio frequency communication module. The radio frequency communication module mainly realizes the sending and receiving of wireless data packets. According to the situation, it may also need to forward other wireless packets. The energy supply module provides energy for the various functional units of wireless sensor nodes. In many wireless sensor network applications, it is often battery powered. Therefore, low power design is of great importance for the low power characteristics of wireless sensor nodes and the life cycle of the entire network.
In the process of scheme design, the research, analysis, and comparison of micro controller and wireless transceiver are carried out, and the MSP430F5438 and CC2520 of TI company are used as the micro controller chip and wireless transceiver chip in the wireless sensor nodes of this project. Using the sensor satisfying the performance index, the design block diagram of the whole sensor node is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Structure block diagram of the wireless sensor node
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2.3 Design of sensor module based on the Internet
In order to allow environmental experts to study the relationship between environmental micro molecules and sustainable development in the environment monitoring area of Winter Olympic Games, the main micro-environmental indicators that the nodes need to monitor include environmental temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO2 concentration. For different microenvironment factors, it is necessary to select corresponding sensors for monitoring, considering the factors such as energy consumption, measurement range, accuracy, cost, and volume.
The air temperature and humidity sensor are SHT10P, and the power supply voltage is 2.4–5.5 V. The ambient temperature measurement range is − 40–123.8 °C, accuracy ± 0.5 °C (0 °C). The ambient humidity measurement range is 0–100%, the accuracy is + 3%RH (0 °C), and the output is a I2C interface of the digital communication interface, so there is no need for sensing circuit design.
Light intensity has an important influence on the Winter Olympic Games venue. Therefore, it is necessary to collect this data. In this design, the light intensity sensor uses S1087, the principle of which is a light-sensitive diode. For different light intensity, S1087 passes through the current of different sizes. In the application circuit design, it is directly connected to the A/DC input of the microcontroller and parallel to a 100-k resistor.
Carbon dioxide concentration is also one of the important factors in the Winter Olympic Games. In this design, the carbon dioxide concentration sensor selects COZIR, its power consumption is only 3.5 mW, the peak current is 33 mA, the average current is less than 1.1 mA, and the range of power supply voltage is 3.3–5 V, with outer zone temperature and humidity compensation range 0–2000 ppm.
2.4 Data fusion modeling of wireless sensor TT & C and Internet based on the adaptive weighting algorithm
The Winter Olympic sports field monitoring system based on the Internet wireless sensor network is a network system integrated with monitoring, control, and wireless communication. There are many nodes in the network, and the nodes are densely distributed and have some redundancy. Due to the complex environment and energy limitations of the sports field, nodes are more prone to failure. In addition, there is a monitoring requirement within a single Winter Olympic sports field, which makes it inappropriate to use each sensor node to transmit data to the coordinator of the field wireless sensor network in the process of information collection and transmission in the network.
The main idea of data fusion is to use certain means, methods, and tools to combine data from different nodes to improve the accuracy of data or to reduce the data transmission of network data. Like other applications of the wireless sensor network, data fusion plays an important role in the wireless sensor network of Winter Olympic Games. There are n sensors to measure a measured object, and there are different weighting factors for different sensors. Under the optimal condition of the minimum mean square error, according to the measured values obtained by each sensor, the optimal weighting factor corresponding to each sensor is found in an adaptive way, so that the value of the fusion \( \overset{\wedge }{X} \) is optimal.
The variance of n sensors is \( {\sigma}_1^2,{\sigma}_2^2,\cdots, {\sigma}_n^2 \), respectively. The estimated true value is X, and the measured values of each sensor are X1, X2, ⋯, Xn. They are independent of each other and are unbiased estimates of X. The weighting factors of each sensor are W1, W2, ⋯, Wn, respectively. The \( \overset{\wedge }{X} \) values and weighting factors of the fusion meet the following two formulas.
They are independent of each other and are unbiased estimates, so \( E\left[\left(X-{\overline{X}}_p\right)\left(X-{X}_q\right)\right]=0 \). So σ2 can be written as:
From formula (3), it shows that the total mean square error σ2 is a multivariate two-degree function of each weighting factor, so σ2 must have a minimum value. The minimum value is calculated by weighting factor W1, W2, ⋯, Wn, which satisfies formula (1).
According to the extreme value theory of multivariate function, the weighted factor corresponding to the minimum mean square error can be obtained.
The above is estimated according to the measured values of each sensor at a certain time. When the estimated value X is a constant, it can be estimated according to the mean of the historical data of each sensor. Set:
Obviously, the optimal weighted factor \( {W}_p^{\hbox{'}} \) corresponding to the \( {\overline{\sigma}}^2 \) at the earliest time still satisfies formula (4), and the corresponding minimum mean square error is:
It can be seen from formula (10) that \( {\overline{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{min}}^2 \) O must be less than \( {\sigma}_{\mathrm{min}}^2 \), and \( {\overline{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{min}}^2 \) will decrease with the increase of k.
According to the actual needs of sustainable development, the Winter Olympic venues are refreshed with environmental parameters per minute. At the same time, according to the principle of adaptive weighting algorithm, in order to eliminate the influence of errors and improve the measurement accuracy, the wireless sensor node sampling every 10 s and collecting 6 measured values per minute do arithmetic average, and then calculate the variance and send it to the cluster head, the Winter Olympics motion field controller. The controller sends the data of multiple wireless sensor nodes to the controller and sends it to the coordinator. The application model of adaptive weighted fusion algorithm in sports field wireless sensor network is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
The adaptive weighted data fusion application model
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Among them, \( {\overline{X}}_p(5) \) represents the average value of the p wireless sensor’s sampling time five times per minute, and \( {\sigma}_p^2 \) represents its variance. \( {W}_{np}^{\prime } \) represents the optimal weighting factor of the wireless sensor node p calculated by the controller of the Winter Olympics moving site n in accordance with the three mean and variance provided by all wireless sensor nodes within its internal wireless sensor nodes. \( {\overset{\wedge }{\overline{X}}}_n \) represents the estimated value of n in Winter Olympic Games based on adaptive weighting algorithm. Taking the temperature as an example, the steps of the application of the algorithm are as follows:
(1)
The wireless sensor node p collects temperature data every 10 s and obtains five measurements every 1 min. The average value of \( {\overline{X}}_p(5) \) is calculated by formula (5). Get the variance O, then send these two values to the controller of the Winter Olympic Games venue.
(2)
The Winter Olympics motion field controller receives the mean and variance of all the same type sensor nodes to remove the maximum and minimum values, and calculates the optimal weighting factor \( {W}_{np}^{\hbox{'}} \) of the p temperature sensor of the remaining node according to formula (3). Then, according to formula (6), the fusion estimation value of temperature in Winter Olympic venues, \( {\overset{\wedge }{\overline{X}}}_n \), can be calculated.
(3)
The Winter Olympics sports field controller sends the fusion value to the liquid crystal display for local control and sends it to the coordinator of the Winter Olympics sports field group wireless sensor monitoring network.
The fusion values of humidity and light parameters can also be obtained by the same method. The above application models and implementation steps fully take into account that the wireless sensor nodes have certain computing power, which improves the sampling period and improves the accuracy. After data fusion is processed by the controller, the energy consumption is reduced. At the same time, the whole process is also consistent with the specifications for the design of the venue control system of the Winter Olympic Games.
3 Experimental
3.1 Analysis and test of communication range
In order to evaluate the communication performance of wireless sensor nodes in the Winter Olympics application environment, the communication range of nodes is measured in a Winter Olympic sports field environment, so as to provide the necessary reference information for the deployment of our actual application system. The following test strategies are adopted: using a coordinator and a terminal node to act as a source and a sink for a communication process respectively. A set of data is sent to the coordinator every 5 s from the terminal node. After the coordinator receives the data, it is sent to the PC through the UART communication interface, and then the PC is displayed in the serial debug assistant window to display the received data. During the distance test, the location of the fixed coordinator is unchanged, and then it moves slowly after a certain distance. It is temporarily stable and the observation data is correctly received. If the communication is normal, then the mobile terminal node will be unable to achieve stable communication until the critical boundary of the communication area is determined. Then, the terminal node is placed back, and the distance between the steady and stable communication is found, the distance between the coordinator and the terminal node is measured, and the distance is defined as the communication range. The communication range of wireless sensor nodes is measured in the Winter Olympic venues.
The communication range of wireless sensor nodes is tested at the Winter Olympic venues. The temperature is 6 °C. Wireless sensor nodes are powered by three dry cells. Different transmission power is used to measure the communication range without transmitting power, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
The range of communication under different wireless transmission powers
Testing environment
Transmitted power (dBm)
Communication distance (m)
Temperature 6 °C
− 20
69
The height of wireless sensor node 0.5 m
0
220
10
358
From Table 1, it shows that the communication range of wireless sensor nodes is closely related to the transmitting power: the larger the transmitting power, the larger the communication range will be. But at the same time, the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes will also become large. Therefore, according to the actual application needs, the appropriate radio frequency transmission power must be determined. For example, in this project, the power of the wireless transmitting signal is set to 0 dBm to meet the needs of the application, so the transmission power of the wireless signal is 0 dBm, which can meet the needs of the project.
3.2 Calculation of bit error rate and communication distance
By calculating the bit error rate (PER) at different distances, the effective communication distance of the device can be estimated in the actual environment. The test was carried out in the sports field of the Winter Olympics. The test process is as follows:
Test equipment: Winter Olympic venue controller and wireless sensor node, all use SMA antenna.
Test method: the Winter Games playground controller acts as the main node, and the wireless sensor acts as a slave node and connects to the Winter Olympic sports site network to send a short data frame to the Olympic motion field controller at a rate of 1000 frames/s. The controller of the Winter Olympic venue calculates the number of data frames within 10 s and calculates the BER. When the bit error rate is very small, it shows that the wireless communication is reliable. The closer the bit error rate is to 100%, the worse the signal quality. When the bit error rate is 100%, it is impossible to receive data and communicate effectively.
Test place: a Winter Olympic venue, covering an area of 5000 m2.
Test results: as shown in Fig. 4, when two devices are within 160 m, PER is very small, almost near zero, and can be reliably communicated. When the distance between the equipment is greater than 200 m, the PER begins to rise in a straight line, and after more than 260 m, the PER is 100%. The Winter Olympic sports field controller cannot receive the data of the wireless sensor nodes. It can be seen that when the distance between devices is within 200 m, it can maintain normal communication.
Fig. 4
The FER at different distances
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4 Results and discussion
4.1 Collection and test of environment temperature and humidity in Winter Olympic Games venues
After completing the deployment of the system, the monitoring function of the whole system will be tested and analyzed, mainly including the collection and analysis of various parameters. Three wireless sensor nodes in the system are used to collect the environmental parameters of the Winter Olympic Games in the environment, and transmit the data to the coordinator through the wireless transmission of the wireless sensor network on the ground floor. Then, the coordinator is transmitted to the Internet through GPRS and finally arrives at the data center. The monitoring data can be displayed in the monitoring system of the data center.
The temperature and humidity sensor SHT10P assembled by the wireless sensor nodes in the system is used to collect the temperature and humidity parameters of the environment and is presented through the curves, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively.
Fig. 5
The environmental temperature curve collected by the system
Fig. 6
The environmental humidity curve collected by the system
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In Figs. 5 and 6, different colors represent data curves of different sensor nodes. It can be seen from Figs. 5 and 6 that the data collected by these sensor nodes are basically the same and the trend of change is the same. The data collected by the system are displayed with an intuitive data curve, which is close to the temperature and humidity values measured by the standard instrument and displays the temperature change tendency intuitively. By comparing the temperature and humidity data curves, it shows that the higher the temperature is, the lower the corresponding humidity is. Therefore, the data obtained from the Winter Olympic sports site environment information collection system based on the Internet wireless sensor network can provide an important reference for environmental experts to study the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games.
4.2 Collecting and testing the environmental light intensity of Winter Olympic Games venues
The light intensity sensor S1087, which is assembled by the wireless sensor nodes in the system, is used to collect the light intensity information of the Winter Olympic sports field environment and is shown through the curve, as shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
The data curve of ambient light intensity collected by the system
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As shown in Fig. 7, the curves of different colors in the data graph represent the data curves collected by different wireless sensor nodes. It can be seen from the diagram that the size of their respective data is roughly the same, and the change curves of light intensity are basically the same. It can be used as a reference for the follow-up study of the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games based on the environmental expert knowledge system.
4.3 Collecting and testing carbon dioxide concentration in Winter Olympic Games venues
The carbon dioxide concentration sensor COZIR is used to control the sensor by the WSN node in the system and to collect the carbon dioxide concentration information in the Winter Olympic sports field environment and shows it through the curve, as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8
The data curve of environmental carbon dioxide concentration collected by the system
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In Fig. 8, the curves of different colors in the data graph represent the data curves collected by different wireless sensor nodes. It can be seen from the figure that the data collected by them are approximately of the same size, and the curve of carbon dioxide concentration is basically the same. Compared with the light intensity curve of the crop growth environment, it is found that when the intensity of light intensity is very high, the corresponding carbon dioxide concentration is the lowest, which is also consistent with the laws of the natural environment.
The continuous monitoring system is tested and evaluated for the deployed system, and the system works stably. From the test results, we can see that the designed system meets the requirements of the Winter Olympic Games environmental monitoring system for system functions and corresponding technical indicators. Therefore, the data collected by the WSN-based environment information collection system is consistent with the actual environmental parameters and can be used as an important data reference for the follow-up Winter Olympic environment analysis system. This provides an important reference for the scientific management and behavior decision of the sustainable development of the sports field environment of the Winter Olympic Games, so as to promote the greater significance of the Olympic Games’ sports venues to achieve more uses.
5 Conclusion
The path of sustainable development is an inevitable choice for human progress and social benign operation. Since the beginning of the Olympic movement, the Olympic movement has committed itself to “building a peaceful and beautiful world,” so the issue of sustainable development has naturally aroused the high attention and active pursuit of the International Olympic Committee-headed Olympians. Based on this, a wireless sensor network based on the Internet is proposed to collect the environmental information of the Winter Olympic Games, which provides data support for the environmental experts to study the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games. The hardware and sensor modules of the wireless sensor network based on the Internet are designed, and the adaptive weighting algorithm is used to fuse several wireless sensor nodes. By testing and analyzing the communication ability of a single wireless sensor node and the error rate under different distances, the results show that the designed wireless sensor has the characteristics of long working distance and high stability. Finally, through the field data collection of the sports site environment information of a Winter Olympic Games, the results show that the data collected are in good agreement with the actual environmental parameters. Therefore, it shows that the wireless sensor network system based on the Internet can provide effective data support for the information management research of the sustainable development of the Winter Olympic Games and can provide some reference for the future research of the wireless sensor network system based on the Internet.
Funding
The study was supported by “Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. 6R179628”;The study was supported by “Humanities and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China”(Grant No. 1R179487).
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Authors’ information
Maomao Zhang, Doctor of Education, Associate Professor. Graduated from the Beijing Sport University in 2009.Worked in China university of Mining and Technology.Her research interests include Sport culture and social sport.
Feng Zhai, Master of Education, Professor. Graduated from the Beijing Sport University in 2003.Worked in China university of Mining and Technology. His research interests include Sport Training and social Sport education.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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