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Legal Challenges for Nuclear Security and Deterrence Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. The Unclassical Match Between Brazil and Argentina: Past and Present of the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Latin America and the Caribbean

Author : Mariana Monteiro de Matos

Published in: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V

Publisher: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

This chapter analyses the role of Brazil and Argentina in the development of nuclear technology and the nuclear-weapon-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically, the chapter evaluates the two countries’ interests in their binational nuclear cooperation, including through the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials. It assesses the development of this cooperation from 1950 to 2018. Within this time period, Brazil and Argentina have signed more than ten nuclear cooperation agreements, which this study organizes into three different stages regarding nuclear cooperation. These stages correspond to specific periods of time, which demonstrate the progressive internationalization of the Brazilian-Argentine nuclear affairs. The reasons behind it concern the very notion of sovereignty and the inalienable right of all countries to the peaceful use and development of nuclear technology.

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previous chapter Sanctions in Nuclear Non-Proliferation Law
next chapter Lessons from South Africa’s Voluntary Denuclearisation Process and the African Continent’s Position on Nuclear Weapons
Footnotes
1
Adopted on 14 February 1967. According to García Robles, the denomination ‘Treaty of Tlatelolco’ referred to the Aztec name for a district of the Mexican capital where the treaty was opened for signature at the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
 
2
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (2017) Declaration of the Member States of OPANAL on the 50th Anniversary of the conclusion of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco). http://​www.​opanal.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2017/​05/​CG-03-2017-Declaration_​50thAnniversary.​pdf.
 
3
Among others, see Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012; Carasales 1999; Dawood and Herz 2013; Queiroz Duarte 2017.
 
4
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (2019). See similarly Queiroz Duarte 2017.
 
5
Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012; Dawood and Herz 2013; Queiroz Duarte 2017; Redick 1995b; Weis 2001. Brazil’s initiative in the Treaty of Tlatelolco is controversial in the literature. For an opposing view see, among others, Epstein 2001; García Robles 1982.
 
6
Reunion Preliminar de la Denuclearization de la America Latina, Declaracion sobre Desnuclearization de la America Latina (REUPRAL/S/2).
 
7
García Robles 1987.
 
8
UNGA, RES (1963) 1911 (XVIII)—Denuclearization of Latin America.
 
9
Reunion Preliminar de la Denuclearization de la America Latina, Agenda (REUPRAL/1).
 
10
Reunion Preliminar de la Denuclearization de la America Latina, Acta Final de la Reunión Preliminar sobre la Denuclearización de la América Latina celebrada en México, D.F., del 23 al 27 de noviembre de 1964 (REUPRAL/6).
 
11
Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012; Dawood and Herz 2013.
 
12
Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012. For an insider’s view on the Argentine position, see Carasales 1999.
 
13
Redick 1995b.
 
14
García Robles 1987.
 
15
Redick 1995b.
 
16
Kutchesfahani 2010.
 
17
Kutchesfahani 2010; Redick 1995b.
 
18
Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012; Queiroz Duarte 2017.
 
19
Redick 1995b.
 
21
Comisión Preparatoria para la Denuclearización de la América Latina (1966).
 
22
Redick 1995b.
 
23
Entered into force in 1970.
 
24
Dawood and Herz 2013; Kutchesfahani 2010.
 
25
Flemes 2006; Teixeira Marinho 2017.
 
26
Cervo and Bueno 2011; Teixeira Marinho 2017.
 
27
Goldemberg et al. 2018; Kutchesfahani 2010; Perosa 2014; Redick 1995b.
 
28
Goldemberg et al. 2018.
 
29
Goldemberg et al. 2018; Kutchesfahani 2010; Teixeira Marinho 2017; Vargas 2013.
 
30
Teixeira Marinho 2017.
 
31
Goldemberg et al. 2018; Kutchesfahani 2010.
 
32
Kutchesfahani 2010; Spektor 2015.
 
33
Kutchesfahani 2010; Quihillalt and Alegria 1967; Spektor 2015.
 
34
ITAIPU BINACIONAL.
 
35
Gardini 2006.
 
36
Sotomayor 2012.
 
37
Brasil, Decreto 88.946, de 7 de Novembro de 1983—Promulga o Acordo de Cooperacao para o Desenvolvimento e a Aplicacao dos Usos Pacificos da Energia Nuclear entre os Governos da República Federativa do Brasil e o Governo da República Argentina.
 
38
Spektor 2015.
 
39
Gardini 2006.
 
40
Kutchesfahani 2010.
 
41
Rossi 1983.
 
42
Argentina, Declaracion de Iguazu de 30 de Noviembre de 1985.
 
43
Argentina, Declaracion de Iguazu de 30 de Noviembre de 1985, para 11. Free translation by the author.
 
44
Argentina, Declaracion Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 30 de Noviembre de 1985; Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 20 de Dezembro de 1986.
 
45
Argentina, Declaracion Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 30 de Noviembre de 1985, para 4.
 
46
Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 20 de Dezembro de 1986, para 7.
 
47
Argentina, Protocolo Nro. 17: Cooperacion Nuclear de 12 de Deciembre de 1986.
 
48
Argentina, Declaracion Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 17 de Julio 1987; Argentina, Declaracion de Ipero—Declaracion Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear de 8 de Abril de 1988.
 
49
Redick 1995b.
 
50
Brasil, Constituicao da Republica Federativa do Brasil de 5 de Outubro de 1988.
 
51
Among others, see Perosa 2014; Redick 1995a.
 
52
Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear—Declaracao de Ezeiza de 29 de Novembro de 1988.
 
53
Brasil, Decreto No. 98. 177 de 22 de Setembro de 1989.
 
54
Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta sobre Politica Nuclear—Declaracao de Ezeiza de 29 de Novembro de 1988.
 
55
Argentina, Declaracion sobre Politica Nuclear Comun Argentino-Brasilena de 28 de Noviembre de 1990.
 
56
For a comprehensive overview, see Dawood and Herz 2013; Spektor 2015.
 
57
Sotomayor 2012; Teixeira Marinho 2017.
 
58
The most prominent view in this regard is adopted by Carasales 1999.
 
59
Goldemberg et al. 2018; Dawood and Herz 2013.
 
60
Goldemberg et al. 2018.
 
61
For an analysis of the controversy surrounding the ongoing project on the Brazilian Navy’s nuclear-powered submarine, see: Pinheiro da Silva, Othon Luiz and Ferreira Marques 2006. This case reinforces the idea that the development of nuclear technology was not associated with the development of nuclear weapons.
 
62
Argentina, Acuerdo entre la República Argentina y la República Federativa del Brasil para el Uso Exclusivamente Pacifico de la Energia Nuclear de 18 de Julio de 1991.
 
63
Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica (1991), INFCIRC/435, Abril de 1994, Acuerdo de 13 de Deciembre de 1991 Concertado entre la República Argentina, la República Federativa del Brasil, la Agencia Brasileno-Argentina de Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares y el Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica para la Aplicacion de Salvaguardas.
 
64
Ipsis litteris (emphasis added): ‘In the implementation of the Agreement, the Agency shall accord to the States Parties and to ABACC treatment not less favourable than the treatment it accords to States and regional systems of verification with a level of functional independence and technical effectiveness comparable to that of ABACC.’
 
65
Redick 1995a.
 
66
OPANAL—Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean Status of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. https://​www.​opanal.​org/​en/​status-of-the-treaty-of-tlatelolco/​.
 
67
Redick 1995b.
 
68
Beaumont and Rubinsky 2012.
 
69
International Atomic Energy Agency (1997), Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) Between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards.
 
70
Perosa 2014; Redick 1995a; Sotomayor 2012.
 
72
Brasil, Decreto No. 2.864 de 7 de Dezembro de 1998.
 
73
Redick 1995a.
 
74
Redick 1995a.
 
75
ABACC (1993), Acuerdo de Cooperacion entre la Agencia Brasileno-Argentina de Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares y el Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en la América Latina y el Caribe; ABACC (1994), Protocolo de Colaboracion entre la Agencia Brasileno Argentina de Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares y la Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; ABACC (1994), Agreement between the United States Department of Energy and the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials; ABACC (1996), Protocolo de Colaboracion entre la Agencia Brasileno-Argentina de Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares y el Ente Nacional Regulador Nuclear; ABACC (1998), Acuerdo de Cooperacion entre el Organismo Internacional de Energia Atomica y la Agencia Brasileno-Argentina de Contabilidad y Control de Materiales Nucleares; ABACC (1999), Cooperation Agreement No. 14445-1998-11 S0PC ISP BR Between the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) and the European Atomic Energy Community.
 
76
Brasil, Joint Declaration on Nuclear Policy (2005); Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta entre o Brasil e a Argentina de 22 de Fevereiro de 2008; Brasil, Declaracao de Montevideu sobre Cooperacao Nuclear Empresarial Brasil-Argentina de 17 de Dezembro de 2018.
 
77
Brasil, Declaracao Conjunta entre o Brasil e Argentina de 22 de Fevereiro de 2008.
 
78
Brasil, Acordo de Cooperacao entre CNEN e CNEA sobre o Projeto de Novo Reator de Pesquisa Multipropósito de 31 de janeiro de 2011.
 
79
La Vega 2018.
 
80
Similarly see Kutchesfahani 2010.
 
81
2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (2010), Working Paper Submitted by Egypt on Behalf of Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden as Members of the New Agenda Coalition; Sotomayor 2012. The 2010 Argentine-Brazilian opposition even opposed the recommendation of the United Nations Security Council. See, in this regard, SC Res 1887 (2009).
 
82
Queiroz Duarte 2017; Redick 1995a.
 
Literature
Beaumont P, Rubinsky T (2012) Latin America & Nuclear Weapons: An Introduction to the Issue of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
Carasales JC (1999) The so-called Proliferator that Wasn’t: The Story of Argentina’s Nuclear Policy. The Nonproliferation Review 6:51–64CrossRef
Cervo AL, Bueno C (2011) Historia da política exterior do Brasil, 4th edn. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia
Comisión Preparatoria para la Denuclearización de la América Latina (1966) Nota dirigida al Secretario General de la Comisión por el Exmo., Sr. Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile transmitiendo observaciones de su Gobierno en relación con la Resolución 14 (III)(COPEDRAL/OAT/3)
Epstein W (2001) The Making of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Journal of the History of International Law 3:153–179
Flemes D (2006) Brazil’s Nuclear Policy: From technological dependence to civil nuclear power. GIGA Working Papers 23:1–36
Perosa EJ (2014) O Brasil, a AIEA e o Regime de Nao Proliferacao Nuclear (1957-2014): Entre a cooperacao e a desconfianca. Revista Espaco Academico 162:84–93
Pinheiro da Silva, Othon Luiz, Ferreira Marques AL (2006) Enriquecimento de Urânio no Brasil: Desenvolvimento da tecnologia por ultracentrifugacao. Economia e Energia 54
Queiroz Duarte SD (2017) The Role of Brazil in Multilateral Disarmament Efforts. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 60:1–22
Redick JR (1995a) Argentina-Brazil Nuclear Non-Proliferation Initiatives. In: Simpson J, Howlett D (eds) The Future of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. St. Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 181–194CrossRef
Redick JR (1995b) Nuclear Illusions: Argentina and Brazil. Occasional Paper 25
Sotomayor A (2012) U.S.-Latin American Nuclear Relations: From Commitment to Defiance. PASCC Report 013
Spektor M (2015) The Origins of Nuclear Cooperation between Brazil and Argentina. LSE Global South Unit Working Paper Series 4:1–20
Teixeira Marinho J (2017) Da Corrida Atomica à Cooperacao: A Questao Nuclear nas Relacoes Brasil-Argentina. Revista Conjuntura Austral - Journal of the Global South 8:39–57CrossRef
Vargas JI (2013) Desenvolvimento da Energia Nuclear: Minas e o Brasil. Economia e Energia 90:6–84
Weis WM (2001) The Twilight of Pan-Americanism: The Alliance for Progress, Neo-Colonialism, and Non-Alignment in Brazil, 1961-1964. The International History Review 23:322–344CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Unclassical Match Between Brazil and Argentina: Past and Present of the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Latin America and the Caribbean
Author
Mariana Monteiro de Matos
Copyright Year
2020
Publisher
T.M.C. Asser Press
Book
Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V

Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-346-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-347-4

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-347-4_8