Toward Sustainable Urban Transportation: Comparative Analysis and Optimization Models for Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric Buses, Hydrogenated Buses, and Trolley Bus Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of three electric transport technologies: Battery Electric Buses (BEBs), Hydrogenated Buses, and Trolley Bus systems. BEBs are renowned for their zero-tailpipe emissions and growing market share, while hydrogenated buses, powered by hydrogen cells, are known for their low-polluting and energy-efficient capabilities. Trolley bus frames, also known as Electric Wired Buses, provide constant operation through overhead wires. The study aims to provide insights for decision-makers in estimating future electric vehicle frameworks. The methodology considers specific mixed integer non-linear optimization models for each type of electric transportation, considering factors like fleet size, energy consumption, charging infrastructure, and battery life expectancy. The study emphasizes the importance of maximizing the life cycles of these buses to ensure sustainability, minimize costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The study provides a numerical case study to compare alternatives in terms of total life cycle. The comprehensive comparison of costs for the three types of electric buses results in similar and equal bus conditions, considering electricity sources and sensitivity analysis. This holistic perspective is crucial for developing successful techniques that balance natural sustainability with financial feasibility for a greener and more profitable future for public transportation.