1 Introduction
2 Method
2.1 Estimating the Water Footprint of Paper
2.1.1 Step 1: Estimating Evapotranspiration (ET a ) by Forest Type and by Country
-
The World’s Forests 2000 (FAO 2001): this dataset is based on 1992–93 and 1995–96 AVHRR data and gives global distribution of forest biomes at a resolution of 1 km. Five different forest types are distinguished: boreal (typical trees include pine, fir, and spruce), tropical (typical trees include eucalyptus), sub-tropical, temperate (typical trees include oak, beech and maple) and polar forest. Different forest types can be present in one country. For its low relevance, polar forests have been ignored.
-
Annual actual evapotranspiration (FAO 2009b): this dataset contains annual average values for the period 1961–1990 at a resolution of 5 arc minutes.
Pulp producing country | Contribution to global pulp productiona
| Share of chemical pulpa
| Average actual annual evapotranspiration by forest type (mm/year)b
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boreal | Temperate | Subtropical | Tropical | |||
USA | 29.5% | 85% | 278 | 516 | 635 | 1730 |
Canada | 13.5% | 52% | 358 | 360 | – | – |
China | 9.2% | 11% | 370 | 416 | 608 | 547 |
Finland | 6.5% | 60% | 355 | 293 | – | – |
Sweden | 6.3% | 69% | 345 | 318 | – | – |
Japan | 5.9% | 87% | – | 637 | 725 | – |
Brazil | 4.8% | 93% | – | – | 965 | 1048 |
Russia | 3.3% | 74% | 310 | 362 | – | – |
Indonesia | 2.4% | 93% | – | – | – | 1071 |
India | 1.7% | 37% | – | – | 455 | 551 |
Chile | 1.6% | 86% | – | 567 | 578 | – |
France | 1.3% | 67% | – | 401 | 386 | – |
Germany | 1.3% | 44% | – | 363 | – | – |
Norway | 1.2% | 26% | 328 | 303 | – | – |
Portugal | 1.0% | 100% | – | 512 | 502 | – |
Spain | 1.0% | 93% | – | 547 | 527 | – |
South Africa | 1.0% | 72% | – | – | 819 | 762 |
Austria | 0.9% | 76% | – | 344 | – | – |
New Zealand | 0.8% | 45% | – | 491 | 630 | – |
Australia | 0.6% | 50% | – | 768 | 775 | 818 |
Poland | 0.6% | 76% | – | 377 | – | – |
Thailand | 0.5% | 86% | – | – | – | 636 |
Total | 94.8% |
2.1.2 Step 2: Estimating Wood Yield (Y wood )
Pulp producing country | Wood yield estimates (m3/ha/year)a
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Broadleaves | Eucalyptus | Pine | |
USA | 7c
| 16c
| 6 |
Canada | 7c
| 6b
| |
China | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Finland | 7 | 6 | |
Sweden | 7b
| 8b
| |
Japan | 11 | 14 | 7b
|
Brazil | 20 | 45 | |
Russia | 7c
| 8c
| |
Indonesia | 19 | ||
India | 10 | ||
Chile | 22 | 26 | 19 |
France | 7b
| 16b
| 9 |
Germany | 7b
| 8b
| |
Norway | 7b
| 8b
| |
Portugal | 7b
| 16b
| 8b
|
Spain | 7b
| 16b
| 8b
|
South Africa | 11 | 23 | |
Austria | 7b
| 8b
| |
New Zealand | 14 | 19b
| 15 |
Australia | 14b
| 19 | 12 |
Poland | 8 | 7 | |
Thailand | 14b
|
-
Boreal forests yield pine
-
Temperate forests yield broadleaves and pine
-
Subtropical and tropical forests yield eucalyptus
2.1.3 Step 3: Fraction of Water in Harvested Wood (f water )
2.1.4 Step 4: Wood-to-Paper Conversion Factors (f paper )
Product | FAO product code (FAO 2009a) | ITC product group codes used (ITC 2006) | Conversion factors based on UNECE/FAO (2010) (m3/t) |
---|---|---|---|
Mechanical Wood Pulp | 1654 | 2512 | 2.50 |
Semi-Chemical Wood Pulp | 1655 | 25191 | 2.67 |
Chemical Wood Pulp | 1656 | 2514, 2515, 2516 | 4.49 |
Dissolving Wood Pulp | 1667 | 2513 | 5.65 |
Recovered Paper | 1669 | 2511 | |
Newsprint | 1671 | 6411 | 2.87 |
Printing & Writing Paper | 1674 | 6412, 6413 | 3.51 |
Other Paper & Paperboard | 1675 | 6414, 6415, 6416, 6417, 6419, 642 | 3.29 |
2.1.5 Step 5: Estimating the Fraction of Total Value of the Forest Associated with Paper Production (f value )
2.1.6 Step 6: Estimating the Fraction of Pulp Derived From Recovered Paper (f recycling )
Country | Recovered paper utilization ratea
| Fraction of pulp derived from recycled paper (f
recycling
)b
|
---|---|---|
USA | 0.37 | 0.31 |
Canada | 0.24 | 0.20 |
China | 0.42a
| 0.36 |
Finland | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Sweden | 0.17 | 0.14 |
Japan | 0.61 | 0.52 |
Brazil | 0.40 | 0.34 |
Russia | 0.42c
| 0.36 |
Indonesia | 0.42c
| 0.36 |
India | 0.42c
| 0.36 |
Chile | 0.42 | 0.36 |
France | 0.60 | 0.51 |
Germany | 0.67 | 0.57 |
Norway | 0.22 | 0.19 |
Portugal | 0.21 | 0.18 |
Spain | 0.85 | 0.72 |
South Africa | 0.42c
| 0.36 |
Austria | 0.46 | 0.39 |
New Zealand | 0.25 | 0.21 |
Australia | 0.64 | 0.54 |
Poland | 0.36 | 0.31 |
Thailand | 0.59 | 0.50 |
Average of main pulp producing countries | 0.42 | 0.36 |
Netherlands | 0.70 | 0.60 |
2.1.7 Step 7: Estimating the Water Footprint of Paper in the Forestry Stage
2.1.8 Step 8: Estimating the Water Footprint of Paper in the Industrial Stage
2.2 Estimating the Water Footprint of Paper Consumption in a Country
Product | Pulp | Newsprint | Printing & writing paper | Other paper & paperboard |
---|---|---|---|---|
FAO code | 1654–56, 1667 | 1671 | 1674 | 1675 |
Production (ton/year)a
| 125350 | 387700 | 895400 | 1987200 |
Import quantity (ton/year)a
| 1132860 | 476540 | 1267890 | 1498200 |
Export quantity (ton/year)a
| 322340 | 259480 | 1143450 | 1417900 |
Consumed (ton/year) | 935870 | 604760 | 1019840 | 2067500 |
3 Results
3.1 The Water Footprint of Paper
Pulp producing country | Water footprint for different trees and places of origin (m3/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pines from Boreal biome | Pines from Temperate biome | Broadleaves from Temperate biome | Eucalyptus from Subtropical biome | Eucalyptus from Tropical biome | |
USA | 463 | 860 | 752 | 397 | 1081 |
Canada | 597 | 600 | 525 | ||
China | 891 | 1001 | 693 | 1105 | 995 |
Finland | 592 | 488 | 451 | ||
Sweden | 413 | 381 | 463 | ||
Japan | 859 | 571 | 527 | ||
Brazil | 214 | 233 | |||
Russia | 371 | 434 | 528 | ||
Indonesia | 564 | ||||
India | 455 | 551 | |||
Chile | 298 | 262 | 222 | ||
France | 446 | 584 | 241 | ||
Germany | 435 | 529 | |||
Norway | 393 | 363 | 442 | ||
Portugal | 613 | 746 | 314 | ||
Spain | 655 | 797 | 329 | ||
South Africa | 356 | 331 | |||
Austria | 412 | 501 | |||
New Zealand | 335 | 351 | 338 | ||
Australia | 662 | 549 | 415 | 438 | |
Poland | 539 | 459 | |||
Thailand | 463 |
Country | Pine from boreal biome | Pine from temperate biome | Broadleaf from temperate biome | Eucalyptus from subtropical biome | Eucalyptus from tropical biome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 912 | 1692 | 1479 | 781 | 2127 |
Canada | 1363 | 1371 | 1199 | ||
China | 1648 | 1852 | 1282 | 2045 | 1840 |
Finland | 1626 | 1342 | 1239 | ||
Sweden | 1015 | 935 | 1138 | ||
Japan | 1187 | 789 | 729 | ||
Brazil | 406 | 441 | |||
Russia | 687 | 802 | 976 | ||
Indonesia | 1043 | ||||
India | 842 | 1019 | |||
Chile | 551 | 483 | 410 | ||
France | 627 | 822 | 339 | ||
Germany | 537 | 654 | |||
Norway | 917 | 847 | 1030 | ||
Portugal | 1446 | 1759 | 740 | ||
Spain | 522 | 635 | 262 | ||
South Africa | 659 | 613 | |||
Austria | 720 | 876 | |||
New Zealand | 757 | 793 | 763 | ||
Australia | 866 | 718 | 543 | 573 | |
Poland | 1073 | 914 | |||
Thailand | 662 |
Country | Pine from boreal biome | Pine from temperate biome | Broadleaf from temperate biome | Eucalyptus from subtropical biome | Eucalyptus from tropical biome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 1115 | 2069 | 1809 | 955 | 2602 |
Canada | 1667 | 1676 | 1466 | ||
China | 2015 | 2266 | 1568 | 2501 | 2250 |
Finland | 1988 | 1641 | 1515 | ||
Sweden | 1241 | 1144 | 1392 | ||
Japan | 1452 | 965 | 891 | ||
Brazil | 497 | 540 | |||
Russia | 840 | 981 | 1193 | ||
Indonesia | 1275 | ||||
India | 1029 | 1246 | |||
Chile | 674 | 591 | 502 | ||
France | 766 | 1005 | 415 | ||
Germany | 657 | 799 | |||
Norway | 1121 | 1036 | 1260 | ||
Portugal | 1769 | 2151 | 905 | ||
Spain | 638 | 776 | 321 | ||
South Africa | 806 | 749 | |||
Austria | 881 | 1072 | |||
New Zealand | 925 | 969 | 933 | ||
Australia | 1060 | 878 | 665 | 701 | |
Poland | 1312 | 1118 | |||
Thailand | 809 |
Country | Pine from boreal biome | Pine from temperate biome | Broadleaf from temperate biome | Eucalyptus from subtropical biome | Eucalyptus from tropical biome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | 1045 | 1940 | 1696 | 895 | 2439 |
Canada | 1563 | 1571 | 1374 | ||
China | 1889 | 2124 | 1470 | 2344 | 2109 |
Finland | 1864 | 1538 | 1420 | ||
Sweden | 1163 | 1072 | 1304 | ||
Japan | 1361 | 904 | 835 | ||
Brazil | 466 | 506 | |||
Russia | 787 | 920 | 1119 | ||
Indonesia | 1195 | ||||
India | 965 | 1168 | |||
Chile | 631 | 554 | 470 | ||
France | 718 | 942 | 389 | ||
Germany | 616 | 749 | |||
Norway | 1051 | 971 | 1181 | ||
Portugal | 1658 | 2017 | 848 | ||
Spain | 598 | 728 | 301 | ||
South Africa | 755 | 702 | |||
Austria | 826 | 1004 | |||
New Zealand | 867 | 909 | 874 | ||
Australia | 993 | 823 | 623 | 657 | |
Poland | 1230 | 1048 | |||
Thailand | 759 |
3.1.1 Water Footprint of Paper in Industrial Stage—Example USA
3.2 The Water Footprint of Paper Consumption in the Netherlands
Origin | Water footprint (m3/t) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lower estimate | Higher estimate | ||
Paper produced from trees grown in the Netherlands | Newsprint | 369 | 410 |
Printing & writing paper | 451 | 501 | |
Other paper & paper board | 423 | 470 | |
Imported paper to the Netherlands or paper produced from imported pulp | Newsprint | 829 | 1144 |
Printing & writing paper | 994 | 1402 | |
Other paper & paper board | 848 | 1267 | |
Average paper as on the Dutch marketa
| Newsprint | 802 | 1101 |
Printing & writing paper | 962 | 1349 | |
Other paper & paper board | 823 | 1221 |