Transformation of Transportation
- 2021
- Book
- Editors
- Assist. Prof. Marjana Petrović
- Prof. Luka Novačko
- Book Series
- EcoProduction
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
About this book
This book features original scientific manuscripts submitted for publication at the International Conference – The Science and Development of Transport (ZIRP 2020), organized by University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb, and held in Šibenik, Croatia, from 29th to 30th September 2020. The conference brought together scientists and practitioners to share innovative solutions available to everyone.
Presenting the latest scientific research, case studies and best practices in the fields of transport and logistics, the book covers topics such as sustainable urban mobility and logistics, safety and policy, data science, process automation, and inventory forecasting, improving competitiveness in the transport and logistics services market and increasing customer satisfaction. The book is of interest to experienced researchers and professionals as well as Ph.D. students in the fields of transport and logistics.
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Table of Contents
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Frontmatter
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Effect of Different Stop Sign Configurations on Driving Speed When Approaching a Rural Intersection at Night-Time
Dario Babić, Darko Babić, Mario Fiolić, Marko RužićThe chapter delves into the critical issue of road accidents at rural intersections, particularly at night, where visibility is compromised. It highlights the importance of effective traffic control measures, such as stop signs, in mitigating these risks. The study uses a driving simulator to evaluate the impact of different stop sign configurations on driving speed. The results show that enhanced-visibility stop signs can significantly influence driver behavior, providing valuable insights for road engineers and authorities seeking to improve safety at unsignalized rural intersections.AI Generated
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AbstractAs part of the road network utilized by all road users, intersections are places of high complexity and conflict risks. Statistics show that 40–60% of all road accidents occur at intersections, while around 20% of them result in fatalities. The consequences of collisions at intersections are particularly severe on rural roads during night-time due to higher speeds than in urban areas and poor visibility. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how enhanced-visibility stop signs (fluorescent signs) affect driving speed when approaching a rural intersection at night-time. The study was conducted using a driving simulator comprising a 6.61 km rural road with six intersections. The results show that additional stop signs influence driving behavior and encourage drivers to reduce speed when approaching a rural intersection at night. This particularly relates to signs with enhanced visibility (fluorescent signs). The results of the study could be useful for road engineers and authorities, especially in developing countries, to increase road safety at dangerous unsignalized rural intersections by implementing low-cost traffic control measures. -
Traffic Flow Simulators with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Short Review
Filip Vrbanić, Dino Čakija, Krešimir Kušić, Edouard IvanjkoThe chapter explores the potential of traffic flow simulators in modeling connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs), emphasizing their impact on traffic flow and safety. It delves into the capabilities of commercial simulators like VISSIM and AIMSUN, as well as open-source platforms like SUMO, and discusses the integration of network simulators for vehicle communication. The analysis highlights the need for realistic simulation scenarios to evaluate the performance of AVs and CAVs in mixed traffic flows, paving the way for safer and more efficient transportation systems.AI Generated
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AbstractAutonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are being widely tested and rapidly developed over the past few years. With the development and increasing number of AVs and CAVs in mixed traffic flow, it is necessary to analyze their impact on traffic safety, flow, speed, fuel consumption, and emissions. Also, appropriate traffic control algorithms need to be developed before they can be fully implemented and integrated into the traffic environment. To do so, such mixed traffic flows must be simulated in various traffic scenarios. Traffic flow simulators paired with communication network simulators are commonly used to perform multiple simulations of such traffic flows. In this paper, three often used traffic simulators VISSIM, AIMSUN, and SUMO paired with network simulators NS-3 and OMNET++ with their features to model AVs and CAVs in a simulation environment are analyzed. According to currently available and tested simulators in the research community, the most used ones were compared. Results of the synthesized technical aspects of each suggest that AIMSUN Next is more suitable for a less complex traffic model. At the same time, VISSIM is more suitable for a more complex traffic model. -
Application of Dimensionless Method to Estimate Traffic Delays at Stop-Controlled T-Intersections
Mohammad Ali Sahraei, Emre Kuşkapan, Muhammed Yasin ÇodurThis chapter delves into the application of a dimensionless method to estimate traffic delays at stop-controlled T-intersections. It begins by providing an overview of traffic delay assessment techniques and the limitations of existing methods such as those proposed by the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The study focuses on Two-Way Stop-Controlled (TWSC) and All Ways Stop-Controlled (AWSC) intersections, highlighting the inefficiencies caused by low priority actions on minor streets. The core of the chapter involves the development of empirical models using dimensionless analysis, which simplifies complex physical issues and reduces them to their most basic form. The methodology includes case studies of two intersections in Johor, Malaysia, where data was collected using video cameras. The chapter then presents the results and discussion, including the validation of the developed models against observed data. The findings show that the dimensionless-based models provide a more accurate estimation of traffic delays compared to traditional methods like HCM2010. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to understand the impact of independent variables on traffic delays. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the applicability of the dimensionless method for analyzing traffic delays at stop-controlled intersections and suggests future research directions.AI Generated
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AbstractTraffic delay is one of the essential aspects taken into consideration in the evaluation of operational performance of intersections. Delays at stop-controlled intersections are estimated using mathematical models that estimate the delays experienced by the minor road vehicles. However, the applicability of the existing mathematical models is subjected to the traffic local conditions. This paper discusses a current research carried out to develop a new model for the estimation of traffic delays experienced by the minor approach vehicles at stop-controlled T-intersections. Data pertaining to the analysis of traffic delays was collected at two stop-controlled intersections using a video camera recording technique. A dimensionless method was applied in the analysis of the data and two mathematical models for the estimation of delay to the right- and also left-turning manoeuvre on the minor approach were proposed. In this case, the comparisons between actual delays and the values predicted using the dimensionless method showed that there was no significant difference between the values. As such, it was suggested that the mathematical dimensionless-based models developed in this study are directly applicable, with a reasonable accuracy, for the analysis of traffic delays at stop-controlled T–intersection. -
In-Depth Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Based Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Using TSCLAB
Daniel Pavleski, Mladen Miletić, Daniela Koltovska Nečoska, Edouard IvanjkoThe chapter explores the application of reinforcement learning (RL) in adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC), focusing on the use of the TSCLAB framework for evaluation. It discusses the advantages of RL-based ATSC over traditional fixed time signal programs, highlighting the ability to adapt to real-time traffic demands. The evaluation framework, TSCLAB, is introduced as a tool for simulating and analyzing the performance of ATSC systems, offering a comprehensive approach to assessing various measures of effectiveness. The chapter also presents a case study using a self-organizing map (SOM) and Q-learning-based ATSC system, comparing it with traditional fixed time signal control. The results showcase the superiority of the RL-based approach in reducing control delays and improving traffic flow, making it a valuable resource for professionals seeking to implement advanced traffic management solutions.AI Generated
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AbstractAdaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) is today widely applied for managing traffic on signalized intersections due to its capability to reduce congestion. ATSC changes the signal programs in real-time according to the measured current incoming traffic flows when ATSC is applied. This results in an improvement in the throughput of urban networks. However, prior to the implementation of such systems they be evaluated. Evaluation of the effectiveness of complex ATSC is still a challenge and presents an open problem. For the evaluation, different measures of effectiveness to gather in-depth insight into the traffic situations of the controlled signalized intersection are needed. In this paper, an augmented version of the previously developed MATLAB based tool TSCLab (Traffic Signal Control Laboratory) is applied to evaluate a newly proposed ATSC based on self-organizing maps and reinforcement learning. The performance of the mentioned ATSC is evaluated using appropriately chosen measures of effectiveness obtained in real-time using a microscopic simulation environment based on VISSIM and a realistic traffic scenario. Obtained simulation results reveal that ATSC uses shorter phase and cycle duration, achieving a lower green time utilization but also shorter queue lengths, thus improving the throughput of the analyzed intersection compared to the existing fixed-time signal control. -
Discrete Simulation Model for Urban Passenger Terminals
Aura Rusca, Eugen Rosca, Florin Rusca, Mihaela Popa, Cristina Oprea, Oana DinuThe chapter discusses the importance of correctly dimensioning access ways in urban passenger terminals to prevent overcrowding and ensure safety, particularly in response to recent events such as fires and terrorist attacks. It reviews existing literature on passenger terminal capacity assessment, safety, and flow estimation, highlighting the use of simulation models for accurate planning. The discrete simulation model developed in the chapter allows for the evaluation of critical areas, identification of vulnerabilities, and optimal dimensioning of facilities. The case study of a fictitious terminal, modeled using Rockwell Arena Simulation, demonstrates the model's effectiveness in identifying key issues such as staircase transit capacity. The results obtained from various scenarios emphasize the importance of careful planning and monitoring of critical areas to maintain passenger safety and comfort.AI Generated
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AbstractThe recent emergence of bad events (fires, terrorist attacks, etc.) resulted in a large number of deceased and injured people, brought to the attention of specialist’s problems and caused by the lack of adequate dimensioning of access and transit path. In the case of urban transport terminals linking rail lines, metro lines, and surface public transport lines there are a number of specific aspects such as the transport means arrival after a fixed schedule, group acces within the terminal, long waiting time in the terminal etc. In this case the use of a discrete simulation model allows the evaluation of the use of access gates, transit times, etc. In this paper, a simulation model is developed for a hypotetical passenger terminal using the topology of the main Romanian train station. The obtained data can be used for the optimal dimensioning of the number of access gates, of the stairs, of the waiting area etc. -
Characteristics of Departing Passenger Reports to the Passport Control Queuing System
Mateusz Zając, Maria PawlakThe chapter delves into the characteristics of passenger reporting to the passport control system at Wrocław Airport, focusing on real data collected during peak travel seasons. It analyzes how passenger behavior varies based on destination, offering insights into the dynamics of passenger flow. The study identifies distinct patterns for different types of flights, such as economic migration and leisure travel, and highlights the importance of these variations for developing accurate simulation models. The findings are particularly useful for stakeholders seeking to optimize passenger service systems, as they provide a detailed understanding of passenger reporting behavior that can be applied to improve efficiency and reduce delays in air travel operations.AI Generated
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AbstractThe aim of the article was to present the results of the research, which concerned the analysis of the stream of passenger reports to the queuing system of passport control in the departure hall. These studies are very useful and may be used in the future by those stakeholders who want to develop a simulation model for such a system. This work fills a gap in the scientific literature. There are many different works that are related to security control or check-in. Passport control has so far been neglected. Particular interest should be shown by those who manage a system where passport control is directly in front of the departure gates. This structure of the system may then be a bottleneck in the process of departing passengers handling. This article provides details of the various air operations within many destinations. -
Situation in Railway Sidings Operation in Slovakia Based on the Selected Criteria
Lenka Černá, Vladislav Zitrický, Jozef GašparíkThe chapter delves into the significance of railway sidings in Slovakia's railway transport system, which accounts for about 70% of the total rail transport volume. It explores the impact of globalization on the transport market and the declining trend in railway transport, despite regulatory measures. The analysis focuses on the Košice region, revealing a decrease in active railway sidings and the most transported commodities. The study also proposes measures to increase the efficiency of railway sidings operations, including state support and the design of an information system for better management.AI Generated
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AbstractThe railway transport sector in Slovakia has recorded significant changes in recent decades, which were related to the change in the orientation of the national economy as well as the creation of a single European railway market. The transformation of the national economy and the railway market has also had an impact on the operation of railway sidings. The number of active railway sidings gradually decreased and basically copied the development trends in the area of the share of railway transport in the transport market. However, the position of railway sidings in the railway transport system still has a significant share today and it is therefore necessary to know the effects of various factors in railway transport on their operation. Many railway sidings have a valid operating licence however, their transport performance is very poor or none. On the other side there are railway sidings with expired operating licence which abolition is protracted, financially and legally demanding. Nevertheless, the railway siding is very important part of rail freight transport operation. The paper focuses on the examining of the railway siding performance share in overall rail transport performance and it contains dependence analysis of railway siding performance to selected criteria: total transport volume in international transport, transport price and number of railway siding service. Partial goal of paper is the analysis of active and no-active railway sidings. -
Applying Multi Criteria Analysis in Evaluation of Distribution Channels
Karla Brezović, Ratko Stanković, Mario Šafran, Goran KolarićThe chapter focuses on the critical role of distribution channels in making products accessible to consumers, highlighting their impact on various marketing and economic decisions. It evaluates existing distribution channels for a confectionery manufacturer in Croatia and suggests an additional e-commerce channel. The AHP method is applied to rank these channels based on criteria such as consumer characteristics, product features, intermediary characteristics, competition characteristics, and managerial and financial perspectives. The chapter also discusses the specific features of confectionery products distribution, emphasizing the importance of temperature and hygiene regimes. The evaluation is performed using the Expert Choice software, and the results are presented through detailed rankings and graphs. The chapter concludes with a final ranking of all distribution channels, including the proposed e-commerce channel, highlighting its potential benefits and risks.AI Generated
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AbstractOptimal allocation of available distribution channels has major importance in distributing products to the market. Allocation is made against the relevant set of criteria that have different importance and according to the requirements of the products. For these reasons, a proper evaluation of the available distribution channels is crucial for effectiveness and efficiency of distribution of products. This paper outlines the possibilities of applying AHP Method of multi criteria analysis in evaluation of optional distribution channels, in distribution of confectionery products. -
Development Barriers of Eurasian Container Transportation
Natalia Lakhmetkina, Alexander Oleinikov, Alexey Pilipchak, Elizaveta DmitrievaThe chapter examines the main barriers to the development of Eurasian container transportation, emphasizing the role of the EAEU in integrating economic policies and facilitating the free flow of goods. It highlights the challenges faced by rail and sea transport, including infrastructure limitations, border crossings, and technological constraints. The text also discusses the impact of subsidies on rail transportation and the need for standardization and unification of information technologies to overcome these barriers. The analysis underscores the importance of addressing these issues to ensure the competitive development of Eurasian container transportation and enhance trade between China, the EAEU, and the EU.AI Generated
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AbstractThe process of widespread globalization brings international relations to a fundamentally new stage of development. The most significant is transportation in the Eurasian space, where China occupies one of the leading positions in the import and export of products of various nomenclatures. Container transport is particularly important. The object of this study is container transportation of goods through the countries of the Eurasian economic Union (EAEU), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the European Union (EU). The relevance of this topic is due to the existence of certain barriers and the need to overcome them for the development of cargo turnover in this direction. The theoretical significance of the work consists in a comprehensive study of Euro-Asian cargo routes, identifying the vulnerabilities of existing transport services, and identifying technological and organizational barriers to the development of container transport. -
Airline Fleet Rotables Staggered Replacement Scheduling Using Dynamic Approach
Miroslav Šegvić, Anita Domitrović, Ernest Bazijanac, Edouard IvanjkoThe chapter explores the critical role of airline fleet rotable component maintenance in reducing operational costs, with a focus on staggered replacement scheduling. It delves into the challenges of managing high-value components and the need for optimal scheduling to minimize maintenance costs and maximize aircraft availability. The text introduces a dynamic approach using the backward allocation algorithm, demonstrated through a case study of a regional airline's propeller blade and hub replacement schedule. This approach aims to balance the trade-offs between early replacements and the costs of unscheduled maintenance, providing a practical solution for fleet managers and maintenance engineers.AI Generated
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to describe the application of a dynamic approach for scheduling of airline rotable components preventive maintenance in order to minimize earliness costs and maximize on wing time of the components. First, analysis of required service level is performed to determine minimum stock quantity for unscheduled replacements, or removals for repair. Then, a schedule for staggered replacement of propeller blades and hubs for overhaul on a regional turbo-prop aircraft fleet is given, with limited availability of spare blades and other constraints. Results show that a minimal cost solution without part shortages can be obtained. -
Monitoring Traffic Air Pollution Using Unmanned Aerial Systems
Marin Mustapić, Anita Domitrović, Tomislav RadišićThis chapter delves into the critical issue of air pollution, particularly in urban areas, and the detrimental effects it has on human health. It discusses the composition of atmospheric pollution and the primary sources, with a focus on the significant role of road traffic. The chapter then introduces Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) as a innovative solution for monitoring air quality, offering higher spatial resolution and greater operational flexibility compared to conventional ground stations. The advantages and disadvantages of different types of UAS, such as fixed-wing aircraft and rotocopters, are examined. Additionally, the regulatory requirements for flying UAVs in urban areas are addressed, including the use of advanced tools like the AMC Portal for real-time airspace management. The chapter also highlights significant research that demonstrates the effectiveness of UAS in generating vertical profiles of the atmosphere and measuring the distribution of pollutants. Overall, this chapter provides a thorough analysis of the potential of UAS in enhancing air pollution monitoring and management strategies.AI Generated
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AbstractAir Quality monitoring is traditionally performed by ground stations, and more recently by satellites. However, rapid, comprehensive data collection near pollution sources is not always feasible due to site complexity, relocation of pollution sources, or physical barriers. For these reasons unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with various air quality sensors are being introduced, offering new approaches and capabilities for monitoring air pollution, as well as studying atmospheric trends, such as climate change, while ensuring safety in urban and industrial areas. Due to small amount of data in the available literature, it is assumed that the research area is still at an early stage of development. Future research should include increase in flight endurance, payload, accuracy and sensitivity of sensors, and above all sensor calibration and flight planning in order to obtain the highest quality data. -
Instruments for Career Development in the Air Transport Industry
Sorin Eugen Zaharia, Adina Petruta Pavel, Casandra Venera Pietreanu, Steliana TomaThe chapter begins by outlining the significant economic and social contributions of the air transport industry, supporting millions of jobs globally. It then delves into the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the industry, with dramatic reductions in passenger traffic and severe job losses. The text discusses the urgent need for new qualifications and career development strategies to adapt to the rapidly changing job market, driven by digital transformation and technological advancements. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary skills and the development of new occupations such as software and AI engineers, security and cybersecurity experts, and environmental specialists. The chapter also presents instruments for regulation, guidance, and career development in air transport, including a sectoral qualifications framework and recognition of prior learning. Additionally, it explores the role of online platforms in providing information, guidance, and job offers in the aviation sector. The text concludes by emphasizing the need for higher education institutions and training providers to adapt their curricula to meet the demands of the new aviation labour market.AI Generated
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AbstractThe complex and continuously increasing air transport sector is very dynamic, being directly influenced by societal changes such as demographic aspects, globalization, urbanisation, digitalisation, climate change and even the current Covid-19 global crisis. Moreover, the new digital technologies applied in aviation require the evolution of current jobs competences and consequently the skills of graduates in order to practice the new occupations. Some transversal skills and soft skills allowing to evolve in this new digital world become crucial. After studying ICAO and EC documents on qualifications and focus groups with stakeholders, the first conclusion is that we are confronted with a strong growth in recruitment needs, in many cases for new occupations and a lack of competent profiles, especially for interdisciplinary ones. For supporting the employment in air transport, the carrier development and professional orientation, we propose some instruments: 2 methodologies development within a European project and on-line platforms offering information on jobs and qualifications in aviation. We will highlight the role of the developed methodologies, that of regulation, to generate minimum criteria, standards and recognition procedures and, thus, to be used as support by all stakeholders. For people to know what skills will be necessary for future occupations, they need to know where to get it from and how to use it. Here comes the communication as a key element; one of the solutions to find the jobs best suited to professional expectations and at the same time to reduce the gap between employers’ expectations regarding the skills and knowledge or skills of graduates is to use professional orientation platforms as faithful to the professional challenges of twenty-first century. Long-term communication, guidance and connection between education, training providers and employers will be sustained through a European network for aviation education and training (ENATE). -
Drivers of Change for Smart Occupations and Qualifications in Aviation
Sorin Eugen Zaharia, Casandra Venera Pietreanu, Adina Petruta PavelThis chapter delves into the transformative forces shaping the aviation industry, particularly the emergence of 'smart' occupations driven by technological advancements, socio-economic factors, and environmental concerns. It examines the evolving qualifications required for these new roles, emphasizing the need for highly skilled employees. The research highlights the role of digitalization in creating new job categories and the importance of interdisciplinary skills. Additionally, it underscores the significance of societal responsibility and sustainability in aviation, outlining the challenges and opportunities in this dynamic field. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the labour market, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and offers insights into the future of aviation jobs and the educational strategies needed to prepare the workforce.AI Generated
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AbstractIn the context of aviation education management, the necessary conditions for developing emerging jobs and improving training must take into consideration drivers of change that will transform the air transport system and require the development of new skills and knowledge. The paper focuses on the challenges and changes in future occupations and identifies new qualifications needed to meet the trends in air transport. The changing nature of work in following years considers both the occupations that are going to disappear and those that will be created. These will imply important modifications in labour market, education and training. After analyzing the perspective of the labour market requirements and the aspects that have the potential to transform businesses or even destabilize the industry, future occupations are reviewed in terms of economic benefit, new modes of consumption and influences on the market. Since the opinions of specialists regarding the forecasts for the opportunities and threats in aviation vary, the authors suggest a shift to a knowledge-based economy supporting the changing nature of work in the need for high qualified employees. Thus, the goal to provide the labour market with competent workforce through cooperation between governments, education institutions, industry employers and regulators is supported. -
A Framework to Understand Current and Future Competences and Occupations in the Aviation Sector
Alessia Golfetti, Linda Napoletano, Katarzyna CichomskaThe chapter discusses the significant societal and technological shifts expected to transform the aviation sector over the next decade. It introduces a framework to understand the competences and occupations required in the aviation industry, focusing on the impacts of urbanization, ageing populations, climate change, and globalization. The study, conducted within the EU-funded KAAT project, presents a sectorial breakdown of occupations and a competency framework, identifying key skills and knowledge areas for current and emerging roles. The chapter also addresses the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation workforce and emphasizes the need for resilience and adaptability in the face of rapid changes.AI Generated
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AbstractMany of the major societal changes currently affecting the transportation system are expected to have a significant impact on jobs. Innovation and new technologies are redefining the human–machine partnership transforming the working environment. These macro changes are going to require new sets of skills, knowledge, and competences. Over the next years, it will be important to understand how these new technologies, innovations and procedures will change the job requirements. This article presents an analysis of occupations and competences required for current and emerging roles in the aviation sector. A mixed method approach was employed, which combined desk studies and the involvement of external aviation stakeholders.
- Title
- Transformation of Transportation
- Editors
-
Assist. Prof. Marjana Petrović
Prof. Luka Novačko
- Copyright Year
- 2021
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Electronic ISBN
- 978-3-030-66464-0
- Print ISBN
- 978-3-030-66463-3
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66464-0
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