This chapter begins with a review of existing research work on transport resilience in general and against climate change in particular. Understanding how transportation systems respond to and recover from the various disruptions, including the climate related ones, is crucial for developing effective strategies to enhance system resilience. This review reveals the various approaches and methodologies that researchers have employed to evaluate transport system vulnerability and adaptive capacity including in the face of climate challenges. Building upon these assessment findings, the adaptation policies that have been proposed or implemented by governments in the three major geopolitical blocks of our time (namely China, the European Union, and the United States under Biden administration) are then examined. Due to the distinctive economic, social, and political contexts of the decision-making structures in each of the corresponding administrations, many of the policies followed for resilience differ from each other. Nevertheless, by analysing these adaptation policies this chapter has identified common themes, reliable practices, and potential areas for improvement in developing resilient and sustainable transport systems globally. In this way it is able to give, in the concise form of a Table, typical policy instruments of each type that have been implemented in all three regions. Monitoring the success of the various adaptation policies is of crucial importance and this, heavily relies on the ability to quantitatively measure and monitor system resilience through well-defined indicators. Following this recognition, the chapter provides a brief overview of the various indicators that have been proposed and adopted to evaluate transportation system resilience, mainly focusing on topology-based, trip-based, and macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)-based indicators. These can reflect the real system resilience from a specific aspect or multiple aspects. At the end, an analysis is given of the applicability of the indicators of resilience in various types of disruptions and their integration with artificial intelligence (AI)-powered approaches. The material in this chapter, offers guidance in selecting appropriate resilience indicators and prioritising development investments, ensuring that resources are allocated effectively to enhance system performance and resilience. Lastly, the various AI applications for transport resilience are considered. The focus is on the current state and future advancements of AI-powered adaptation policies aiming to inspire stakeholders to re-evaluate the practical value and transformative potential of AI technologies in enhancing climate change adaptation strategies and redefining short-term response mechanisms.
