Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility

Table of Contents

1. Resilient Infrastructure

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Merimbula Airport: Case Study on Sustainable and Resilient Airport Pavement Rehabilitation and Expansion

      • Open Access

      Greg White

      Abstract

      The airport pavements at Merimbula airport (Australia) required strengthening to support larger aircraft. Four structurally equivalent pavement designs were developed, using standard pavement materials, except for an option to use of foamed bitumen to stabilise the existing granular pavement material, prior to surfacing with an asphalt wearing course. The sustainability and resiliency of the four pavement designs were considered and scores assigned. The sustainability score was based on the embodied carbon in the rehabilitated pavements, while the resiliency score was subjectively assigned based on the resistance of the pavement to moisture ingress. It was found that the new rigid pavement and the foamed bitumen stabilised flexible pavement were the most resilient, reflecting the bound nature of these materials. Furthermore, the foamed bitumen stabilised pavement and the structural asphalt overlay of the existing pavement were preferred in terms of sustainability. Because of its high scores in both sustainability and resiliency, the foamed bitumen stabilised pavement was preferred. It is recommended that other airports consider the potential for stabilisation of existing pavements, for sustainable and resilient pavement rehabilitation, whenever the existing pavement materials are suitable.

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   3. Objective Comparison of the Economic and Environmental Costs of Different Rehabilitation Designs for Flexible Local Road Pavements

      • Open Access

      Greg White, Scott Young

      Abstract

      Low traffic local roads are often comprised of a marginal gravel base course with a thin bituminous surfacing. These pavements commonly require rehabilitation at the end of their life. The economic (financial) and environmental (embodied carbon) cost of three typical pavement rehabilitation designs were estimated and objectively compared. The rehabilitation treatments included full depth granular reconstruction with new material, an insitu cementitious stabilisation of the existing pavement to form a lightly bound gravel base, and an insitu foamed bitumen stabilised existing gravel base, each with a sprayed seal surface. The full depth reconstruction with new granular materials had the highest economic and environmental costs, by a significant margin. It is recommended that stabilisation be the preferred rehabilitation option for local roads, and that pavement reconstruction using new materials only be considered when stabilisation of the existing pavement is determined to be unviable.

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   4. Novel Concept for the Security Architecture of Airports Involving Holistic Interpretation via Artificial Intelligence

      • Open Access

      Olaf Milbredt, Andrei Popa, Friederike-Chantal Doenitz

      Abstract

      The Airport security touches a core value of society: Moving freely without fear, since at any time an airport can be the target of an attack. A constant evolution of airport security lies at the heart of defending such a core value. The attackers’ approaches and technological devices changed, as did those of aviation security, in response to each attack. Digitalization and automatization offer the possibility to counter the attackers’ approaches. An enhancement based on the combination of digitalization and automatization comprise Artificial Intelligence which is nowadays broadly used in airport security. An analysis of the existing areas of application of AI at the airport security revealed a lack in information exchange leading to the necessity of collecting and construing of security-related data to derive an overview of the overall security situation at the airport. In this paper, we describe a concept that centrally interprets and adequately acts on security-relevant information with the help of AI. Since an overall interpreting security system based on AI needs to be adapted to on airports security infrastructure, we present a way to perform this adaption.

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   5. Analysis and Evaluation of Passenger Flow at the Next Generation Station Using Microscopic Simulations

      • Open Access

      Andrei Popa, Olaf Milbredt, Mathias Böhm, Florian Glaser

      Abstract

      The impact of mankind’s change of climate system and ecosystem is evident. Nonetheless the society’s need for mobility is still growing. Having these points in mind a transformation of mobility from fossil fuel based to renewable energy based is required. The German government is giving great hope on railways as a mode of transport implementing one aspect of this transformation. A growing number of passengers poses a tremendous challenge of the railway infrastructure, since nowadays train stations already reach their capacity limit at peak times. A train concept developed by the German Aerospace Center called Next Generation Train is one answer to this challenge. In this paper, we evaluate the performance regarding passenger flow of the corresponding station called Next Generation Station. To this end, we implemented a microscopic simulation of the Next Generation Station with input parameters such as expected number of passengers, walking speed distribution and dimension of passengers. The transfer time of passengers serves as key performance indicator during the simulation. We compare this transfer time with the reference value for train stations adopted by the German Rail. The methodology developed in this paper can be transferred to existing train stations.

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   6. Improving the Planning of Future Track Interventions Using Digital Tools

      • Open Access

      Hamed Mehranfar, Saviz Moghtadernejad, Bryan T. Adey, Claudia Fecarotti

      Abstract

      This paper proposes a methodology to capitalise on the recent advances in technology to efficiently estimate the required condition-related track interventions, possession times and their expected costs for a railway network early in the intervention planning process. Having such estimates not only helps track managers effectively plan and allocate resources, but it also enhances the communication between different stakeholders within the intervention planning process, e.g., asset managers, line planners, capacity managers, and network developers. The methodology uses data of different levels of detail, probabilistic discrete state modelling of the condition of components, and component-level intervention strategies. It also uses fault trees to connect potential losses in service with the likelihood of corrective interventions that may occur due to sudden events as a function of the condition of the components.

      The methodology is used to estimate the required condition-related interventions, possession times and expected costs for a 25 km railway network in Switzerland. The results indicate that the methodology has the potential to help track managers early in the intervention planning process. Once implemented in a digital environment, the methodology will lead to improvements in the efficiency of the planning process, improvement in the timing of preventive interventions and the reduction in corrective intervention costs.

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   7. Automatic Detection of Asphalt Road Distress via Semantic Segmentation

      • Open Access

      Tomislav Dolic, Roland Spielhofer, Andreas Hula, Matthias Hahn

      Abstract

      We address the problem of automating the previously manual inspection of asphalt distress and damage, which is time-consuming and subjective. With the help of a semantic segmentation neural network, we automate this process and make a pixel perfect detection. Our method is based on a previously published approach, validated for detecting distress symptoms in asphalt surfaces, for highway road data. The main challenge with the previous approach was, that the original training material did not yet contain significant samples of classes like foliage, drainage and additional types of road surface damage relevant to smaller secondary roads. Upon trying to retrain the underlying neural network it was discovered that methodological improvements were necessary to accurately detect these new classes. For now, we tried a new combination of a momentum-based Adam-Optimizer and a Cosine based learning Rate scheduler with restarting epoch also called Cosine Annealing. In theory, this should evade local minima of the error function, compared to the previously used polynomial decay without restarting epoch. The combination of both should yield a better minimum of the error function and higher accuracy rate.

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   8. Bridge-Wind Analysis: Assessing Wind Effects on Long Span Bridges Using Computational Modelling

      • Open Access

      Jennifer Keenahan

      Abstract

      Bridges are a critical element of any transportation network, and their safe and reliable operation is paramount. Bridge closures have major economic impact; Therefore, it is important that decisions that affect the operation of bridges are based on reliable data. The forces that bridges and the vehicles on them experience in high wind are poorly quantified. The accepted state of the art for designers and operators is that decisions about the bridge design are largely based on wind tunnel testing, with bridge operation plans arrived at separately based on experience and ad-hoc assumptions. This paper attempts to reframe the design process by considering computational modelling of wind-bridge interaction. Two case studies are considered: The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge in Ireland and the Queensferry Crossing in Scotland. Results of computational models are presented, which have been validated using field data generously provided by Transport Infrastructure Ireland and Transport Scotland. This builds confidence in the use of such methods in the design and prediction of wind effects on long-span bridges.

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   9. Bayesian Modelling for Probabilistic Prediction of International Roughness Index of Flexible Pavements

      • Open Access

      Yiming Zhang, Alix Marie d’Avigneau, Georgios Hadjidemetriou, Mark Girolami, Lavindra De Silva

      Abstract

      Performance prediction is a crucial step in the predictive maintenance of pavements, which could affect working plans and budget allocation of transport authorities. The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a widely adopted performance index that reflects the pavement condition at some level and the ride quality. Machine learning algorithms, which have the capacity to handle nonlinear problems, have been extensively used to predict pavement performance. However, such methods usually suffer from the issues of hyperparameter optimisation and the lack of interpretation ability. Pavement deterioration involves inherent uncertainty in material properties, measurement accuracy, and environmental and operational conditions. It is thus critical to characterise the predictive uncertainty so that rational maintenance decisions will be made. Nevertheless, most existing approaches focus on single-value prediction of pavement performance and fail to consider this inherent uncertainty. In this study, a reduced-order Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) is proposed for the probabilistic prediction of the IRI of flexible pavements. The Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) dataset is used to illustrate its feasibility. These datasets are collected from the LTPP Specific Pavement Studies located in different climatic zones in the US. The proposed method is then compared with the traditional GPR. The comparison results indicate that the reduced-order GPR model exhibits higher predictive performance and better uncertainty quantification ability than the traditional one.

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   10. Development of European Standards for Surface Characteristics of Bicycle Lanes

       • Open Access

       Anneleen Bergiers, Luc Goubert, Carl Van Geem

       Abstract

       In the frame of the pre-normative research project “SuChar-BiLan”, partially financed by the Belgian national standards body (NBN) and the Belgian Federal Public Service (FPS) for Economy, the Belgian Road Research Centre (BRRC) investigates various parameters that are important for safety, comfort and energy consumption of users of bicycle lanes: longitudinal and transverse evenness, macro- and mega-texture, skid resistance and rolling resistance. The results of the project will be transmitted to working group CEN/TC227/WG5 of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) that has been developing and reviewing the standards for surface characteristics for roads and that soon will cover bicycle lanes as well. After a literature study on existing technologies that have potential for measuring surface characteristics of bicycle lanes, three surveys were designed and respectively addressed to technology providers, bicycle lane owners and managers, and bicycle lane users. This contribution reports the analysed results of the surveys. Then a measurement and appraisal campaign was set up. The assessments by the users and the measurement data were compared to determine which surface characteristics influence users’ perceptions. This contribution also reports on the first results of the campaign.

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   11. Innovative Condition Monitoring of the Extended Track by Means of LiDAR-Scanner

       • Open Access

       J. Schatzl

       Abstract

       Track condition monitoring and component assessment is of high importance for the railway system. It forms the basis for maintenance planning and thus enables for guaranteeing a high track quality. A wide variety of technologies are used to describe track condition being continuously improved. The LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) technology is not yet a key part of the applied measurement methods but provides great potential. This paper analyses the boundary conditions and system properties of the LiDAR technology. Based on the findings, a potential analysis of the LiDAR technology for evaluating the condition of the extended track and in particular of ditches is carried out. For this purpose, a methodology is developed describing different factors of the extended track. It is further verified with GPR (ground-penetrating radar) data and in-situ observations. The correlation analysis between the GPR data and the LiDAR assessments shows slight correlations only. The observation of condition development over time for specific track sections shows that the LiDAR assessment method provides reliable and plausible results.

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   12. Developing a Risk Assessment Methodology for Analyzing the Resilience of Railway Assets to Climate Change

       • Open Access

       Anas Dabaj, Claire Jaffrezic, Anne Petit, Joséphine Boisson Gaboriau, Loïc Saulnier, Fatoumata Bah, Cyril Cappi

       Abstract

       In this article, we develop a risk assessment methodology for analyzing the resilience of railway assets to climate change. The methodology relies on climate projections, asset data, and hazard modelling to identify areas of highest risk and vulnerability. The latest climate projections in France are used to identify potential changes in extreme weather events for different time horizons and different climate change scenarios. The results of this approach enable to make informed decisions about the most effective ways to reduce the potential impacts of climate change on railway assets.

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   13. A Geographic Information System (GIS) for Resilience Assessment of Transport Infrastructure

       • Open Access

       Kalliopi Anastassiadou, Stefan Staub

       Abstract

       The paper presents a concept for the integration of resilience assessment aspects into a life cycle management for transport infrastructure. A subsequent assessment of the resilience of the road infrastructure allows appropriate measures to be applied at the critical locations, thereby ensuring the availability and safety of the transport infrastructure. To promote the practical application of the assessment procedures, the development of a web based geographic information system (GIS) tool is proposed to enable the linking of all relevant data at network and object level. In this way, available information on potential hazards (e.g. through flood hazard maps) in combination with a criticality assessment of the road network and the associated function of the bridge and engineering structure can support the prioritization of resilience measures. For owners and operators of road infrastructures, such a GIS tool would offer the possibility to combine all relevant information for the assessment of the considered road infrastructure - on object and network level. Starting on network level with a criticality analysis in order to identify the critical infrastructure objects which can be better protected according to the result of a resilience assessment on object level. As a result, appropriate measures are proposed in order to increase the resilience of the road infrastructure. All the available data can be quickly analysed and visualized as well as redundant data storage can be avoided or at least reduced.

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   14. Determining Transverse Properties in Pavement, Using a Traffic Speed Deflectometer with Two Measuring Beams

       • Open Access

       Helene Pehrsson, Marshall Arokia

       Abstract

       The condition of road is currently assumed to be homogeneous across the width of a lane, when measuring using both Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD). It is however a well-known fact that the condition of a road can vary drastically even over short distances, in the longitudinal direction. Based on this fact, the assumption that the conditions do not vary in transverse direction seams a little crude. The goal of this paper is to show that there in fact is significant variations in the transverse direction of pavements. Using a TSD with measuring beams in both wheel paths, has helped to form a better understanding of what happens in the transverse direction of the road, as well as providing a more accurate picture of where weaknesses occur. This article will focus on the significance of measuring with two beams at once and how this can help provide a clearer picture of what happens in the transverse direction of the pavement.

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   15. Detection of Rail Surface Defects Based on Axle Box Acceleration Measurements: A Measurement Campaign in Sweden

       • Open Access

       Wassamon Phusakulkajorn, Jurjen Hendriks, Jan Moraal, Chen Shen, Yuanchen Zeng, Siwarak Unsiwilai, Bojan Bogojevic, Matthias Asplund, Arjen Zoeteman, Alfredo Núñez, Rolf Dollevoet, Zili Li

       Abstract

       This work presents the results of a measurement campaign to demonstrate the effectiveness of the axle box acceleration (ABA) technology for detecting rail defects. The measurements were conducted along the Iron Ore line between Sweden and Norway for the IN2TRACK3 project. This line is mostly single-track with passenger-freight mixed traffic and heavy axle load. Historical data and track information data were not considered in this study. By analyzing data acquired from the accelerometers in vertical and longitudinal directions, rail defects were detected in near real-time using big-data analytics. For our validated sections, 100% of rail defects (including squats) were detected using time-frequency analysis and an outlier detection approach. The methodology also allows for identifying priority locations, e.g., defective welds, joints, transition zones, etc., and its use for prescriptive maintenance recommendations is being explored in the framework of the IAM4RAIL project.

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   16. Distributed Sensing System Based on FOS Technology for Road Infrastructure Management and Maintenance

       • Open Access

       D. Luceri, I. Ingrosso, A. Largo, C. Solari, C. Fuggini

       Abstract

       In the context of European road transport, where safety is paramount, this paper presents an innovative approach to road infrastructure management and maintenance, exploiting Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS) technology for asphalt-paved roads. The work integrates autonomous robotized solutions and modularization techniques, developing a real-time monitoring system using FOS embedded in the road wear layer. Extensive laboratory tests verified FOS parameters and performance, reporting a 100% success rate in surviving to asphalt realization process; functionality tests showcased real-time monitoring capabilities, detecting residual stress during the pavement realization. The already available results indicate the technology’s potential to revolutionize road maintenance, enhancing safety and minimizing maintenance costs, representing a significant stride toward proactive and efficient road infrastructure management.

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   17. SCITSD: A New Structural Curvature Index for Strain Analysis of Large Road Networks

       • Open Access

       Helene Pehrsson, David Malmgren-Hansen, Marshall Arokia, Leif Grønskov

       Abstract

       Efficient maintenance of road networks requires data surface, subsurface and structural conditions. One device for providing structural data on network level is the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD). The TSD measures pavement response at traffic speed, using Doppler lasers installed in a semi-trailer. While providing the user with a large amount of information, indices to evaluate the roads in a simpler manner are needed in practice, e.g., for selecting the worst conditioned roads in a network. In this article, a new index named the \(SCI_{TSD}\) is formally derived from plate bending theory which is proportional to strain in the bottom of the top layer. As opposed to indices such as \(SCI_{300}\) which is developed for stationary instruments, like the Falling Weight Deflectometer, \(SCI_{TSD}\) also works on asymmetric deflection bowls, which are common due to visco-elastic properties of asphalt. Results from comparisons of back-calculated top layer strain on real-life data with \(SCI_{TSD}\) are shown to have high agreement. \(SCI_{TSD}\) is calculated directly on TSD measurements and can therefore be calculated fast. It is therefore highly suitable for helping road authorities select sections of interest and can thereby increase the efficiency of road maintenance.

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   18. Development of a Bio-Based Emulsion for Road Pavement Construction and Maintenance

       • Open Access

       José Neves, Carlos Alpiarça, Margarida Sá da Costa, Ana Cristina Freire, Luís de Picado Santos, Simona Fontul, João Bordado, Rui Galhano, José Freitas

       Abstract

       The paper presents the development of two bio-based emulsions composed of bitumen and a heavy fraction of bio-oil from the thermochemical liquefaction – bio emulsion – and destinated for road pavement construction and maintenance. The bio-oil was extracted from wood residues (biomass) through an innovative liquefaction process. The process involves depolymerizing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, transforming wood residues into an oligomeric mixture. The liquefaction is an alternative to the pyrolysis process, demonstrating greater efficiency and product stability. The bio emulsions were formulated in the laboratory and applied on two full-scale pilot to validate the production technology at the pre-industrial level. The paper presents the experimental work carried out in the laboratory to develop the bio emulsions, based on rheological and mechanical tests. The paper describes the full-scale road section construction and monitoring through structural tests to validate the performance of the bio emulsion application in the case of track coat to promote adherence between bituminous layers. The experimental results confirmed the adequation of the heavy bio-oil from the liquefaction process for further developments on sustainable road pavement bio-based products. The conclusions highlight the viscoelastic behavior of this type of bio emulsions. The paper presents part of the main outputs of the research project BioRoadPAV®.

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   19. Serious Game Design for Resilience Enhancement of Transportation Infrastructure to Cyber Threats and/or Flood Hazards

       • Open Access

       Meisam Gordan, Ili Ko, Mona Soroudi, Daniel McCrum, Sandra König, Stefan Schauer, Lorcan Connolly, Páraic Carroll

       Abstract

       It is challenging to predict the precise location and severity of flood events, which can cause major disturbance to different public services, such as disruption to and the closure of critical transportation infrastructure. Therefore, approaches to enhance the resilience of these infrastructures are required. Serious games are new computing tools that have been applied in various fields with a combination of gameplay, learning and training. However, the application of serious games in intelligent transportation systems remains underutilized. As a result, the concept of a serious game is developed in this study to significantly improve transportation infrastructure resilience in an example of a flooding event. The serious game concept presented in this paper is being developed as part of the H2020-funded PRECINCT project (www.precinct.info).

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   20. Reduction of the Curing Time and Self-healing of Cold Asphalt Mixtures by Means Magnetic Induction

       • Open Access

       Christopher Delafuente-Navarro, Pedro Lastra-González, Irune Indacoechea-Vega, Daniel Castro-Fresno

       Abstract

       This research evaluates the feasibility of using magnetic induction to reduce the curing time and for the self-healing of cold asphalt mixtures. For this purpose, the traditional oven curing method was compared with two novel magnetic induction protocols for fast curing in terms of water evaporated, time and energy used; the resulting mixtures were evaluated mechanically. Then, by means of a rupture-healing-rupture test, the feasibility of healing the cold asphalt mixtures by magnetic induction was determined. In addition, the impact of healing by magnetic induction on the service life of the mixtures in the face of particle loss was evaluated. With the developments of this research, it is possible to conclude that fast curing by magnetic induction is a feasible option, which improves the resistance to particle loss but decreases its stiffness and indirect tensile strength of the samples. In addition, it is possible to heal the mixtures by magnetic induction, having an optimum healing temperature, which allows the increase of durability against particle loss.

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   21. Highly Recycled Asphalt Pavement: Recommendations for Producers and Road Owners

       • Open Access

       Martins Zaumanisa, Lily Poulikakos, Lukas Boesiger, Bernhard Kunz, Henry Mazzoni, Peter Bruhin, Dominique Lötscher, Urs Schellenberg, Gion Dosch, Gabriel-Martin Elekes

       Abstract

       While recycling of asphalt is increasing, there is still lack of practical solutions for processing and homogenizing reclaimed asphalt, and designing mixtures for maximum Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) use. This paper briefly summarizes the HighRAP research project conducted in Switzerland. The findings and the developed recommendations can be used by asphalt producers and road owners to increase the RAP use in the production of new asphalt mixtures. The recommendations include a method for quantitative evaluation of RAP processing, rejuvenator selection methodology, criteria for balanced mix design, suggestions for performance-based test methods, and the maximum content of RAP for various mixtures, including polymer-modified and wearing courses.

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   22. Cost of Meteorological Hazards on the French National Railway Network

       • Open Access

       Thaynara Silva, Julien Brunel, Marc Georges Develter

       Abstract

       The increasing average annual temperature and the intensification of extreme weather events are placing significant strain on national infrastructures, particularly railway networks. This paper examines the vulnerability of the French national railway network to meteorological hazards, focusing on weather-related train operations incidents and associated costs from 2001 to 2019. The study aims to provide insights for optimizing crisis management strategies and enhancing resilience to future climate conditions.

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   23. Exploring the Insights from Transportation Networks: A Multilayer Network Approach to Distribution Systems Onboard Ships

       • Open Access

       Evelien Scheffers, Peter de Vos

       Abstract

       Creating resilient and multi-layered transportation networks is of paramount importance for modern society, particularly considering the need to respond to a diverse array of risks. These resilient multilayer transport networks appear to share comparable properties with vital multilayer distribution systems found onboard large and complex ships. However, little is currently known regarding the similarities and differences in the design of multilayer networks found in various contexts, such as transportation infrastructure and shipboard distribution systems. This study introduces several multi-modal networks and elucidates their similarities and differences and their design processes. A case study details a typical topology of integrated onboard distribution systems, represented abstractly as a multilayer network to showcase said similarities and differences. The study concludes with the lessons learned from comparing transportation networks with vital onboard distribution systems and provides an outlook for future research into resilient shipboard systems.

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   24. Asphalt Pavement Performance Prediction Using Ensemble Learning Methods

       • Open Access

       Tiago Tamagusko, Adelino Ferreira

       Abstract

       Ensuring road quality is crucial for the safety and comfort of all road users. The International Roughness Index (IRI) is a fundamental index for assessing the performance of flexible pavements. However, many conventional methods to gauge this index often fall short in accuracy and reliability. To address this, the present research harnessed ensemble machine learning methods, incorporating data from 55 asphalt pavement sections from the Long-Term Pavement Performance InfoPave database. The models were trained using pavement structure, age, traffic, and climatic factors to predict IRI values. Results indicate that ensemble learning methods effectively predict pavement performance, recording R² values ranging from 0.82 to 0.87. Notably, the initial IRI emerged as the most significant predictor. Moreover, models showed heightened precision for pavements displaying IRI values under 2.0 m/km, indicating their aptness for early-stage flexible road pavements. These findings underscore the potential to refine these models further and the necessity for more diversified datasets.

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   25. Comparative Study of Effects of Dolomite and Granite on the Marshall Properties of Asphaltic Concrete

       • Open Access

       Olumide Moses Ogundipe, Ofem Ofem Ubi, James Olugbenga Aribisala, Oluwasegun Oluyemi Aluko, Daniel Oluwafemi Oguntayo

       Abstract

       Aggregates are an important component of asphalt concrete and their properties control its performance to a large extent. It is important to consider the parent rocks from which the aggregates are produced. This study examines the properties of granite and dolomite aggregates and the Marshall properties of asphalt concrete produced from the aggregates. The tests conducted on the mineral aggregates include aggregate abrasion value (AAV); aggregate impact value (AIV); aggregate crushing value (ACV) and water absorption. Marshall test was carried out on the asphalt concrete produced using the two aggregates. The results showed that the AAV for granite and dolomite were 26.0% and 65%, respectively. The AIV values were 6.72% and 31.1% and the ACV values were 7.5% and 22.3%, respectively for the aggregates from granite and dolomite. The AAV, AIV, and ACV results indicate that the dolomite aggregates are weaker than the granite. The Marshall stability values for granite and dolomite are 13.39 kN and 13.24 kN and flow values at the maximum stability are of 2.64 and 2.14 mm, respectively. This indicates that they are suitable for use as aggregates for asphalt concrete.

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   26. Evaluation of Marshall Properties of Asphalt Concrete and Stone Mastic Asphalt for Nigerian Roads

       • Open Access

       Olumide Moses Ogundipe, James Olugbenga Aribisala, Daniel Oluwafemi Oguntayo

       Abstract

       Asphalt concrete is mainly used for the surfacing layer of road pavements in Nigeria. It has been reported to fail prematurely, and the early failure has been attributed to the fact that the road is the main transportation mode in Nigeria, thus exerting pressure on the transportation facilities. It is important to evaluate the properties of stone mastic asphalt as an alternative pavement surfacing material for flexible pavement in Nigeria to address the problem. Therefore, this study involves a comparative analysis of the conventional asphalt concrete and stone mastic asphalt using the Marshall mix design, the main method used to design bituminous mixtures in Nigeria. The asphalt concrete was prepared following the specifications in the General Specifications, Road and Bridges prepared by the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, Nigeria, while the stone mastic asphalt was prepared following the British standard. The aggregates used were examined, and the aggregate abrasion value (AAV), aggregate impact value (AIV) and aggregate crushing value (ACV) were found to be within the values specified. The 60/70 penetration grade bitumen commonly used in Nigeria was used for both mixtures. Marshall test was carried out on the asphalt concrete and stone mastic asphalt, and the stability, flow, density, air voids, voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with bitumen were determined. The results indicated that the values obtained were within the acceptable limits in the specifications. Also, it was found that the stone mastic asphalt has slightly higher stability, indicating its better fatigue resistance compared to conventional asphalt concrete. Again, the stone mastic asphalt has a lower flow value, implying it possesses better resistance to permanent deformation than asphalt concrete. However, further investigation, such as the skid resistance test, indirect tensile fatigue test (ITFT), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM), and repeated load axial test (RLAT) will be carried out to establish the performance of the stone mastic asphalt.

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   27. A New Hybrid Approach for Identifying Obsolescence Features: Applied to Railway Signaling Infrastructure

       • Open Access

       Elie Saad, Mariem Besbes, Vincent Bourgeois, Victor Czmil, Marc Zolghadri

       Abstract

       Electrical component obsolescence poses a major issue especially within systems with large life cycles. Thus, finding the optimal management solution for each obsolescence case is as crucial as knowing what to consider when faced with an obsolescence case. In this paper, a novel hybrid approach for identifying features affecting electrical component obsolescence management is introduced, which combines features engineering techniques and expert knowledge. The method then uses machine learning to predict obsolescence resolution techniques in order to find the optimal resolution. The motivation behind this research is driven by the imperative need for SNCF RESEAU to optimally address and mitigate the challenges posed by electrical component obsolescence in railway infrastructure.

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   28. Further Development and Implementation of a Mechanistic-Empirical Design and Analysis System for Pavement Structures in Norway

       • Open Access

       Brynhild Snilsberg, Rabbira Garba Saba, Leif J. Bakloekk

       Abstract

       Design of pavement structures has a great impact on life cycle cost (LCC) and environmental effect of pavements. At present pavement structures in Norway are designed with use of empirical based tables and requirements described in the Norwegian design guideline for pavement structures. The current design procedure does not allow prediction of performance and evaluation of the effect of changes in material, climate, and traffic, which makes it difficult to accurately calculate the LCC and environmental impact. Mechanistic-empirical (ME) systems can overcome these shortcomings since they allow prediction of performance based on realistic material, climate, and traffic data. Therefore, a research and development program was initiated by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) to further develop and implement a ME design and analysis system for Norwegian conditions.

       The work involved evaluation of existing ME systems around the world to find a system that can be adapted to Norwegian conditions. Based on this evaluation a system called ERAPave PP (Elastic Response Analysis of Pavements –Performance Predictions) which was under development by The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) in collaboration with the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) was selected. NPRA and STA established a cooperation program to further develop and implement the ERAPave PP in Norway and Sweden. The objectives of the project were to further develop ERAPave PP by adding models for climate and frost heave, as well as to establish databases for implementation of the system in each country.

       This paper describes the process with selection, further development, calibration, and implementation of ERAPave PP for Norwegian conditions.

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   29. Climate Impact Analysis on Gravitational Mass Movements Along the German Railway and Road Network

       • Open Access

       Sonja Szymczak, Fabia Backendorf, Frederick Bott, Lennart Meine, Miriam Krebs, Marvin Stell

       Abstract

       Climate change is visible in the measurement series of various climate parameters, and its consequences are already clearly noticeable today. Since parts of the permanent consequences can no longer be averted, adaptation to changing climate conditions and extreme weather events is mandatory. This is especially crucial for land-based transport infrastructure (railways and roads), as transport structures usually have long life cycles up to several decades. The integrated climate impact analysis, a tool developed by the BMDV Network of Experts from the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (BMDV), serves to assess the current and future climatic influences and the resulting climate impacts on the transport sector based on a three-step procedure (exposure, sensitivity and criticality analysis). In this contribution, we present the exemplary application of the climate impact analysis in a case study for the risk of gravitational mass movements along the federal railway and trunk road network based on a rockfall event near Kestert in the Upper Middle Rhine Valley. The case study shows that the same process can have different impacts depending on the mode of transport.

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   30. ML-Based Model for the Estimation of the Pavement Elastic Modulus via Deflection Velocity Measurements

       • Open Access

       A. Abdelmuhsen, J.-M. Simonin, F. Schmidt, A. Ihamouten

       Abstract

       Nowadays, the urgency to appraise the structural deteriorating condition of road pavements and ascertain their remaining operational lifespan is more paramount than ever. The limitations of conventional computational methods and measurement techniques such as the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) have paved the way for the emergence of the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD), enabling continuous bearing capacity evaluation without traffic disruption. Given the large amount of data generated by TSD, this paper introduces an innovative Machine Learning (ML) based model for the estimation of the pavement elastic modulus (\(E_1\)) using vertical deflection velocity (\(D_v\)) measurement. The research formulates a robust estimation model by employing Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques, that subsequently validated through rigorous performance metrics. This research significantly advances pavement assessment by offering promising data-driven approaches and ML prospects for monitoring road durability and safety.

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   31. Decision Support for Predictive Maintenance Planning on the Freight Corridor From Rotterdam to Genoa

       • Open Access

       Ute Gläser, Denise Holfeld, Burchard Ripke

       Abstract

       The central task of any rail infrastructure manager is to maintain the track properly and make it available for operation. To achieve this, maintenance management must meet both safety and economic challenges. The assessment criteria to be applied for network maintenance are defined in regulations and standards. In detail, the considered limit values for the superstructure are defined by the standard EN13848 [1] at European level and by DB Group Guideline (KoRil) 821.2001 [2] at the national level. On this basis, the condition assessment of the superstructure is determined by the measured values obtained during prescribed regular inspections (e.g., of the track geometry).

       Due to the nature of the underlying optimization problem, which is characterized by a high complexity due to the individual development of the condition of each 25 m segment, the diversity of the machine types, the variation on the effect of maintenance and the large range of possible train free time windows an exact solution of the resulting linear mixed-integer program would require a high numerical effort and thus an infeasible computation time. Therefore, we present a heuristic solution approach to solve the described optimization problem with sufficient accuracy in a significantly lower runtime. The solution approach is based on a branch and bound algorithm, where the local optimization is limited by the respective machine characteristic.

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   32. Managing European Railway Traffic Management System Project: Challenges and Lessons Learnt from Denmark

       • Open Access

       Kornpong Mahitthiburin

       Abstract

       The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) represents a critical infrastructure project dedicated to the digitalisation of railway transportation services within the European Union. Nevertheless, the ERTMS deployment has experienced a gradual pace, falling behind the EU ERTMS implementation schedule. Under this premise, this study investigates the schedule performance of ERTMS projects across the EU region, and the prevailing project management practices employed in managing the ERTMS project through a qualitative case study of the Danish ERTMS deployment. The findings reveal that ERTMS projects are inherently more susceptible to risks than their initial estimates, with the actual schedule exceeding initial estimation by 1.75. The qualitative analysis has identified fourteen prominent causes contributing to project delays and eleven distinct solutions to mitigate these underlying challenges. The study reveals that addressing specific challenges requires a combination of solutions across three levels of project management: technical, strategic, and institutional.

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   33. Recycled Fibers in Asphalt Mixtures as Method to Improve the Mechanical Behavior: ASFIVAL Project

       • Open Access

       Helena Miera-Dominguez, Irune Indacoechea-Vega, Pedro Lastra-González, Christopher DeLaFuente-Navarro, Daniel Castro-Fresno

       Abstract

       Extending the life cycle of roads involves improving their environmental and economic impact. Various types of fibers have been presented as an innovative solution to improve the mechanical performance of hot asphalt mixtures and increase its durability. However, their use has not been widespread, mainly because of their high cost compared to other materials commonly used in road construction. Reinforcing asphalt mixtures with recycled fibers could be a viable alternative to overcome the cost disadvantage and ameliorate the environmental impact of both the asphalt mixture and the industry from which the fibers originate. This paper presents the mechanical performance of different recycled fibers added to an asphalt concrete (AC) mixture and a porous asphalt (PA) mixture as part of the ASFIVAL project. The results were compared with a reference mixture made with conventional bitumen and a control mixture made with polymer modified bitumen (PMB) in order to evaluate their mechanical performance and to see if the improvement was as effective as the use of PMB. The three fibers showed good mechanical performance compared to the reference and even matched the control values in some properties.

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   34. Resilience of Transport and Associated Infrastructure to Climate, Cyber and Physical Threats

       • Open Access

       Lorcan Connolly, Caitriona de Paor, Alexandra Micu, Alan O’Connor

       Abstract

       The effects of climate change regularly impact the performance of transport networks. In the case of road transport, climate change has various impact drivers such as heat, cold, wind, snow, ice etc. which hamper safe and reliable operation. Due to the interdependent nature of critical infrastructures (CI), resilience assessment requires a whole stakeholder approach which engages not only transport operators, but also the various other infrastructures within a geographical area. This paper initially outlines the ICARUS project which aims to deliver a common approach for National Road Authorities (NRAs) in addressing the resilience of road infrastructure to Climate Change. Results of the PRECINCT project are presented subsequently, where the influence of other infrastructure systems on transport was investigated. There is a clear link between how resilience is currently addressed within one transport sector and across various interconnected CIs. The results of the paper show the importance of effective stakeholder engagement across the value chain of Critical Infrastructure.

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   35. Probability Based Pavement Asset Management on the Irish National Road Network

       • Open Access

       Ray McGowan, Alan O’Connor, Kieran Feighan

       Abstract

       The paper provides a research investigation focused on applying Markov Processes to ascertain the most effective approach for managing the lifecycle of a pavement network. It provides an extensive examination of condition data collected from the Irish national road network, overseen by Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII). The study develops Transition Probability Matrices (TPMs) for various condition indicators, taking into account factors like Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT). Additionally, it discusses the merits of using homogeneous versus non-homogeneous chains. In conclusion, the paper underscores the pivotal role of probabilistic techniques in the realm of pavement asset management.

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   36. Risk Based Management of Bridges in Ireland

       • Open Access

       Ray McGowan, Liam Duffy, Alan O’Connor, Kieran Feighan

       Abstract

       The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the state of the art in terms of Bridge Management Systems (BMS’s) and the application of risk-based approaches to the management of bridges. In this regard a review of international best practice in the development of BMS’s is presented along with the types of functionality which they can offer and the direction they are taking in state-of-the-art asset management. Significantly, the enhanced functionality of BMS’s is demonstrated to build upon existing/traditional information and data set structures to facilitate decision making around intervention strategies and budgeting. It is demonstrated that at their core, BMS’s make use of processes such as Markovian Processes (which can be homogenous or non-homogeneous) to predict condition as a function of time horizon. This has been the case for the past couple of decades with many international examples of successful implementation documented. Indeed, one such example is presented in an Irish context where the Markovian formulation is developed using available datasets. As such it is demonstrated that there are no operational barriers to implementing these processes formally to enhance BMS functionality and facilitate decision making around optimal intervention strategies and budgeting. Best practice internationally is demonstrated to be moving to asset lifecycle management which has risk evaluation at its core. Current examples are presented from international organisations to highlight this move. Risk based decision frameworks offer the possibility to work with the enhanced functionality of a BMS to provide for consideration of inspection frequencies for bridges/structures in different risk groups, and moreover for budget allocation decisions to be made based on risk from safety, economic, sustainability and resilience perspectives.

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   37. Cooperation Between a Human Traffic Manager and an AI Assistant for an Improved Railway Infrastructure Resilience

       • Open Access

       Tom Rousseau, Kahina Amokrane-Ferka, Maroua Meddeb, Nicolas Renoir, Mathis Brunat, Mathias Fort, Lucas Schott, Sébastien Mahler, Hervé Berthou

       Abstract

       This article deals with railway traffic management, which includes tasks such as traffic planning, resource allocation, service adaptation and passenger information. Operators monitor the real-time movement of trains, passengers and resources, mitigate unexpected events and ensure safety. Human operators currently perform these complex tasks using their expertise. However, technical aspects of railways and concurrent disturbances increase cognitive load and biases, affecting traffic management and passenger satisfaction. To address these challenges, we propose an AI-based railway traffic manager assistant that combines Machine Learning (ML) and Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) to support operators in their daily tasks and assists them to make decisions when facing critical situations. This article outlines the design approach and introduces the initial assistant version. User-centred evaluation yields preliminary results from limited-scale experiments.

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   38. Improving the Uptake of Climate Change Adaptation in the Decision-Making Processes of Road Authorities; Output of the ICARUS Project

       • Open Access

       Thomas Bles, David Garcia-Sanchez, Alvaro Fonseca, Martin Lamb, Alan O’Connor, Caitriona de Paor, Margreet van Marle, Stine Dybkjaer, Anoek de Jonge, Ida Bülow Gregersen

       Abstract

       The integration of climate change and resilience considerations into the decision-making processes of National Road Administrations (NRAs) represents a delicate balancing act between ambition and pragmatism. A critical question is how to establish and execute a decision case for resilience through adaptation, finding equilibrium between service level requirements for the road network and the costs and benefits associated with enhancing resilience.

       The ICARUS project, funded by the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR) emphasizes the importance of striking the right balance between service levels and costs, analogous to the mythologic figure Icarus flying neither too high nor too low.

       While European NRAs acknowledge the impact of climate change on their assets and operations, the full integration of adaptation strategies remains a formidable challenge. The ICARUS project aims to bridge this gap by advancing the state of the art in climate change resilience assessments, impact evaluation, cost-benefit assessments, and the implementation of nature-based solutions, while providing practical guidance on how to use these methods for building the decision case and use in the daily processes of road authorities.

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   39. Geohazard Susceptibility Mapping Using Publicly Available Datasets for the Irish Road Network

       • Open Access

       Cathal Mac an tSearraigh, John O’Connor, Miles Friedman

       Abstract

       To optimise the resilience and future sustainability of a road network, effective asset management is necessary to facilitate the safe working condition of a road network and its users. While asset condition and deterioration are key contributors for informing effective asset management, other external factors, such as natural adverse geological processes (i.e. geohazards), can also influence the approach to proactive management. However, significant financial investment and time is required to acquire accurate datasets to inform on natural factors which influence the susceptibility of a geohazard across a study area. Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) commissioned research to proactively use publicly available datasets to create generalised susceptibility maps across the Irish Road Network, and aid in the identification of critical areas which may require further investigation. This paper outlines the process developed for the creation of generalised susceptibility maps for three geohazards relevant for the Irish Road Network, namely compressible soil, karst landforms and slope instability. The process, applied to three counties (Cork, Dublin and Galway), included the selection of natural factors which could be informed through publicly available datasets and the application of multi-criteria analysis to develop susceptibility maps.

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   40. Vision-Based Multi-perspective Road Pre-damage Detection

       • Open Access

       Christos Vlachakis, Alix Marie d’Avigneau, Damian Palin, Georgios M. Hadjidemetriou, Hussameldin M. Taha, Sripriya Rengaraju, Nzebo Richard Anvo, Mark Girolami, Abir Al-Tabbaa

       Abstract

       Road condition evaluation is essential for selecting maintenance strategies to prevent road failures. However, current road evaluation methods are subjective, manually performed and time-consuming, while road maintenance is mostly reactive with associated risks, such as possible network disruptions. Presented herein is a vision-based methodology for road inspection and evaluation. For this purpose, we couple digital image correlation (DIC) with perspective warping to measure material displacement or strain that can be an early warning of pavement failure. Our results show that perspective warped images were able to be successfully used in DIC analysis and obtain strain values within 19% of the images taken at a direct angle to the sample. Perspective warping enables us to bypass the limitation of fixed DIC applications and allows for the collection of images from mobile cameras such as everyday cars in motion. This provides new opportunities for the effective prediction of road damage formation and consequently predictive maintenance.

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   41. Advanced Levelling in Road Construction - Development and Site Testing

       • Open Access

       Torsten Schönbach, Alfons Horn, Leandro Harries, Michael Nosal

       Abstract

       In asphalt road construction, pavement thickness is crucial for both structural integrity and cost-efficiency. Insufficient thickness compromises load-bearing capacity, leading to premature failure, while excessive thickness incurs unnecessary expenses. Uniformity across the pavement layer is equally essential. The existing levelling method, although reliable, has room for enhancement, relying heavily on constant monitoring by paving crews. This study introduces an Advanced Levelling System functioning as a high-level height control system. It incorporates an additional control loop to monitor the rear edge of the screed’s height. To support this expansion, improvements were made to grade and slope sensors, along with the development of new sensors like Super Ski, Line Reader, rear-edge screed height sensor, optimized slope sensor, and layer thickness sensor. Extensive testing was conducted at MOBA Automation AG and TPA GmbH test sites, as well as real construction projects in Bielefeld and Hamburg, Germany. Emphasis was placed on joint paving, precise layer thickness control, superimposed grade control, and scanning the rear edge of the screed from the curb. The system’s ability to respond to rapid changes in paving conditions was assessed using planned disturbance variables. The Advanced Levelling System’s effectiveness was successfully validated. Optimizations in grade and slope control, along with sensor enhancements, ensured precise layer thickness during paving. This system seamlessly transferred many grade and slope control tasks from the paver operator, streamlining the process.

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   42. Energy Efficient Operations of Railway Switch Heaters and Feasibility of Using Ground Heat

       • Open Access

       Sidharth Kapoor, Siddharth Suresh Sumathi, William Zhendong Liu, Kristina Canow

       Abstract

       A railway switch is a vital component for its safe, reliable, and time-bound operations. Faults in switches are common in locations experiencing winters due to snow or ice buildup, despite using heating systems. The majority of switches are electrically heated, and guidelines for their efficient operations have been studied in this work. A computational model has been created to understand the temperature distributions in switch heating systems, and it has been verified from the annual heating data of an operational switch in Sweden. The results from a parametric study by varying ambient temperature, wind load, and heating element power can be used to implement heating control strategies in existing heaters, which will support their sustainable operations. In addition, the feasibility of using ground-source borehole renewable energy is also investigated for different bedrocks. The results of the temperature drop in the borehole for a constant winter heating load over 15 years give insights on the potential usage of ground heat in switch heating.

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   43. Video-Based Object Recognition for Identifying Vehicle Distances Needed in Bridge Load Evaluations

       • Open Access

       Marian Ralbovsky, Michael Aleksa, Andreas Hula

       Abstract

       To evaluate the reliability of a bridge, the maximum traffic load that is expected to occur during bridge operation needs to be known. The distribution of vehicle distances in congestion is an important parameter that co-determines the expected maximum traffic load effect. However, up to now only very few data exist that address this issue.

       In the presented study, measurement of vehicle distances was performed using an innovative camera solution called “Mobility Observation Box” (MOB). Video data acquired at two highway sites was processed to detect vehicle trajectories and evaluate vehicle distances. This data served to determine probabilistic distributions of vehicle distances. To separate behavior in congestion from the flowing traffic, the evaluation was executed in several velocity ranges. A bimodal distribution was fitted to describe the vehicle distances in particular velocity ranges.

       The presented paper describes methodology of acquiring more accurate data on distances of vehicles in congestion and shows first results of an application. The applied methodology seems useful – after performing more measurements at different sites – to provide vehicle distance distributions for the assessment of traffic loads on bridges.

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   44. Assessing Road Repair Materials via Digital Image Correlation

       • Open Access

       Damian Palin, Hussameldin M. Taha, Christos Vlachakis, Sripriya Rengaraju, Georgios M. Hadjidemetrious, Alix Marie d’Avigneau, Nzebo Richard Anvo, Mark Girolami, Abir Al-Tabbaa

       Abstract

       This study investigates the performance of road repair materials using digital image correlation (DIC). Cementitious mortar prisms were produced for slant shear testing and repaired using a commercial belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BSCA) mortar or polyurethane-based repair material. The repaired prisms were subjected to a slant shear test under repeated loading and unloading, and DIC was utilised to measure and compare the strain developed across the repaired prisms. The DIC-generated strain maps show clear differences in the strain between the two repair materials: the prisms repaired with the BCSA mortar showed less pronounced strain under loading across the prisms until the final loading, whereas the prisms repaired with the polyurethane-based materials exhibited a pronounced but consistent positive and negative strain. These differences in the strain across the samples are attributed to the difference in the elastic modulus of the two repair materials. This work highlights the potential of using DIC to assess the performance of road repair materials for their development in the laboratory and contributes to the longer-term objective of digitising road networks towards safer and longer-lasting roads.

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   45. Some Impacts of Traffic Management Decisions on the Residual Life of a Long-Span Bridge

       • Open Access

       Franziska Schmidt, Nisrine Makhoul

       Abstract

       Bridges are important links in our road infrastructure network, making it possible to carry all types of goods and creating economic growth. This is particularly the case for (some) long-span bridges that cross main rivers, and for which there exist no alternative. These long-span bridges are often composed of high concrete piers, and steel orthotropic decks, which permit big crossings. These types of bridges are sensible to specific parameters of the traffic, possibly reducing their residual lifetime when introducing new traffic management procedures. This is the case for platooning, where vehicles are closer to each other than regular traffic and whose lateral positions are aligned in the lane. After presenting the context, this paper will show the assumptions and boundary conditions for our work. Without big emphasis on the calculations themselves, we will give some results in terms of modification of the residual lifetime of these bridges.

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   46. An Image-Based System to Improve Freight Capillaries Circulations

       • Open Access

       Claire Nicodeme, Matthieu Leveque

       Abstract

       To date, many freight capillaries are limited or degraded. They are called “Voie Unique à Trafic Restreint » (VUTR). There is no security engagement there, which restrict traffic to one train on the track. To increase circulation, the freight line is separated into sections. For a train in section S, sections S-1 and S+1 must remain empty. To confirm the wholeness of the convoy in S, drivers must confirm the presence of rear red lights by checking visually. The procedure is time-consuming and does not bring as many improvements as expected. This paper presents a system to improve divided VUTR. On each side of the subsections, visual sensors are installed. They bring remote surveillance, easily understandable by a human agent. The video stream starts recording when the train arrives and stops when it leaves. The system also has an option to plan data acquisition on specific times, for example theoretical timetables. Data are sent on a central server, accessible to control centers, drivers, and station’s agents. This first use of this application is a human monitoring. In case of system failure, the drivers would go back to their original missions. The second use is an algorithmic processing of the data. Image processing and machine learning are considered. In both cases, the detection of red lights in section S allows to say “section S-1 is free and safe”.

       Note: no SIL is attributed to this system.

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   47. Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation of Basecourse on Brand Highway, Western Australia

       • Open Access

       Anna-Carin Brink, Riaan van Wyk

       Abstract

       Brand Highway (H004) forms part of a major road network linking Perth with the regional centre of Geraldton and the North-West of Western Australia. The Highway is a strategic restricted access vehicle (RAV), Category 7 freight route, as well as a local access between town sites and rural access areas. Brand Highway has been constructed in various stages from 1962 using a variety of locally-sourced materials such as crushed limestone, laterite and crushed granite in the subbase and basecourse layers. The section that was investigated as part of the initial project is situated between SLK 4 and SLK 50, directly north of the Muchea Road Train Assembly Area. The posted speed of this section of road is 110 km/h and it consisted of a two-lane, two-direction bituminous sealed surface with 3.5 m lane widths. Sealed shoulder widths varied from 0.5 m to 1.5 m. Apart from the geometric improvements required to widen the surface width to include a 1.0 m wide median strip for riding quality and safety reasons, one of the project objectives was to increase pavement life expectancy with a cost-effective rehabilitation design. In situ recycling of 250 mm of the existing basecourse and subbase layers together with 50 mm imported crushed rock to facilitate shape correction and improve drainage, using foamed bitumen and lime proved to be the optimum solution. This paper will give an overview of the pavement rehabilitation design conducted, describe the construction methodology followed and quality control testing conducted on site.

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   48. Experimental Evaluation of the Ageing Effects on Skid Resistance of Bituminous Mixture Pavements

       • Open Access

       Vítor Antunes, José Neves, Ana Cristina Freire

       Abstract

       The objective of the paper is to present the results of an extensive experimental work carried out in field weather conditions to study the ageing effects on skid resistance of a bituminous mixture for road pavement wearing course. A set of prismatic roller compacted specimens were aged using two laboratory ageing methodologies: 1) short- and long-term oven ageing (LTOA); 2) TEcnico accelerated AGEing methodology (TEAGE); 3) and an experimental section was exposed to real climatic conditions (Field), as reference. A bituminous mixture for wearing courses with a maximum aggregate size of 14 mm and a neat bitumen 35/50 was evaluated. To assess the evolution of surface characteristics with the environmental effects, both micro- and macrotexture properties were evaluated in laboratory and in the field over the time using the Pendulum test value (PTV) and mean texture depth. Measurements were performed before the ageing starts and after six months until the specimens reach the pretended age. In terms of micro-texture was possible to verify that no significant impact was observed for LTOA ageing method. However, the evaluation performed on the samples aged under real conditions and using the TEAGE method showed considerable increases in PTV in first 12 months. After this period, the results presented a tendency to a constant P TV. After 18 months, the samples under real environmental conditions showed a slightly decrease of PTV. This decrease can be associated with the removal of the aged film of bitumen that covers the aggregates by the action of the rainfall.

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   49. Improving Real Time Rail Monitoring with EMAT Sensors and Superlets Analysis

       • Open Access

       Quentin Mayolle, Philippe Vanheeghe, Denovan Lampin, Valentin Vlieghe

       Abstract

       The development of online and in filed ultrasonic testing tools for rail defects detection requires advanced signal processing analysis methodologies. The objective is to properly identify the Time of Flight (ToF) of the wave in high noise measurements. We propose an estimator of this physical parameter with the use of a novel time-frequency analysis technique, adapted from the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), called the Superlet Transform (SLT). It provides higher accuracy even at low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). We apply this estimator on a simulated example to quantify the reached performances, in terms of errors and variances.

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   50. Rail Milling: Evolving from A Linear to Circular Infrastructure Asset Management Approach

       • Open Access

       Mick Coen, David Dunne, Cian O’Cinneide, John McEvoy, Tom Ruane, Cathal Mangan, Éamonn Ballance, David Aschauer, R. Hardwell

       Abstract

       The Iarnród Éireann/Irish Rail (IÉ) network currently extends to ap-proximately 2400 km of operational track. This includes main line, Dublin sub-urban and commuter passenger routes, together with freight-only routes. A cross-border connection, located between Dundalk and Newry, connects to the railway system in Northern Ireland.

       This paper describes a circular asset management approach to the management of our track asset. An overview of the IÉ rail milling process is discussed and how at its inception, it was devised to address defects observed during our in-house, bi-annual non-destructive rail testing programmes. Rail milling is a low heat generating process which removes a thin layer of metal from the head of the rail, restoring the rail head profile. Through our innovative rail milling pro-gramme, which is underpinned by our bi-annual ultrasonics and eddy current rail testing campaigns. We will demonstrate how we are balancing costs, opportunities and risk against desired performance. Consequently, as a result of optimising the life cycle of our rail assets, we will show how we are reducing whole-life costs, along with both the economic and environmental impact associated with maintaining these strategic railway assets of national importance.

       Lastly, we will demonstrate how since the introduction of the programme, we have observed a decrease in rail defect across the Irish Rail network. We will outline how this is giving rise to a new focus, one which is not centred on milling for defect removal but towards a predominantly preventative maintenance rail milling regime.

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   51. Transport Infrastructure Ireland’s Approach to Climate Adaptation

       • Open Access

       Oliver Pritchard, Hanna Jordan, Joanne Treacy, Emma Lancaster, Billy O’Keeffe

       Abstract

       Ireland’s changing climate is causing extreme weather events to become more intense and frequent, resulting in adverse impacts to national transport infrastructure. It is necessary for transport asset owners, managers and developers to appropriately consider these evolving risks, both when designing new infrastructure and managing existing networks. This paper outlines Transport Infrastructure Ireland’s (TII) approach, and progress to date, to better understand and address its climate change risks, through the development of an overarching strategy, technical standards and guidance, and climate change risk assessments. The paper focuses on TII’s two-stage approach to climate risk assessment covering both TII’s physical assets (national roads, light rail, land and some greenways and cycleways), along with their staff and buildings. The first stage of the assessment has provided a high-level screening of all climate hazards and assets, to identify priorities for the more detailed climate risk assessments. The paper concludes by setting out TII’s next steps and priorities in relation to climate adaptation.

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   52. Designing Pavements with Waste and Recycled Materials

       • Open Access

       Shafiqur Rahman, Fredrik Hellman, Björn Schouenborg, Erik Simonsen, Sigurdur Erlingsson

       Abstract

       Recycled and waste materials from four different sources were investigated as alternatives for crushed rock aggregates in pavement constructions. Two of the materials were coarse fractions of the bottom ash from two incineration plants. The other two materials were crushed concrete from demolished constructions and reclaimed asphalt from road scalpings. Full-scale accelerated tests were conducted on test road-sections constructed with these materials, employing a heavy vehicle simulator (HVS). The materials were also tested in the laboratory e.g., by means of repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. In both cases, results indicated that the crushed concrete performed the best, followed by the two bottom ash materials and then the reclaimed asphalt. The results from the RLT tests were used to evaluate the model parameters required for simulating the performances of the test-road sections in HVS tests, adopting a mechanistic-empirical pavement analysis tool ERAPave. With this method, good agreements between the measurements and simulations were obtained. Hence, this approach forms the basis for designing pavement sections using these alternative materials for different traffic loading and climatic conditions. With further testing and modelling, it will be possible to create guidelines and design tables for pavement constructions with alternative materials.

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   53. Utilizing GPR and FWD for Pavement Structural Assessment and Moisture Detection

       • Open Access

       Abubeker Ahmed, Magnus Larsson, Safwat Said

       Abstract

       Asphalt pavement performance is profoundly impacted by the presence of water and moisture in the road, resulting in substantial costs to society. Research showed that significant portion of the road sections need early maintenance measures regardless of traffic volume due to moisture-related damages. Monitoring moisture conditions, preferably using a non-destructive continuous method, is thus vital to the decision-making and selecting appropriate maintenance intervention. Furthermore, understanding moisture conditions is critical for accurately interpreting automatic road condition measurements, especially during the spring (thawing) when the roads exhibit the lowest load bearing capacity due to increased levels of moisture.

       This study employed a multi-receiver Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements to assess moisture levels and structural condition of an indoor full-scale test road. The groundwater level of the test road was varied by introducing water to the system.

       The results revealed a good correlation between the FWD and the average GPR velocity measurements. The GPR measurements provided a relative water content of the test roads. Further exploration of other GPR parameters, such as frequency, magnitude, and amplitude of the GPR signal is recommended, as these may offer an even better correlation to moisture content.

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   54. Investigation on Ageing Behaviour of Bio-Extended Bituminous Binders and Asphalt Mixtures for Sustainable Road Infrastructure

       • Open Access

       Jiqing Zhu, Abubeker Ahmed, Yared Dinegdae, Andreas Waldemarson

       Abstract

       This paper investigates the use of a plant-based bio-oil in bituminous binders as a partial replacement of petroleum-based bitumen for asphalt mixtures. Its effects on the ageing behaviour of bituminous binders and asphalt mixtures are studied. A total of six bituminous binders and their asphalt mixtures were prepared and analysed in laboratory, including three different binder formulations with varying percentages of bio-oil and their respective reference binders. Both the bituminous binders and asphalt mixtures were subjected to ageing protocols in laboratory. Softening point test, rheological and dynamic mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the changes in properties of the materials before and after ageing. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of aged binders and mixtures show very similar relationships as between the fresh materials, but the relationships after ageing are at changed levels due to the laboratory conditioning. This supports further studies to verify their functional performance in asphalt pavements.

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   55. Calibrating ERAPave PP with Field Performance Data

       • Open Access

       Yared Dinegdae, Abubeker Ahmed, Sigurdur Erlingsson

       Abstract

       The conventional pavement design approach considers various parameters for the optimization of pavements for the prevailing traffic and environmental conditions. Demands related to technological developments, climate adaptation and infrastructure resilience are expected to influence the way pavements are designed and constructed. For this, better and improved flexible pavement design tools are required. ERAPave performance prediction (PP) which is a mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design tool is currently under development with the goal of addressing the several challenges facing the pavement industry. This paper calibrates the permanent deformation prediction approach in ERAPave PP using pavement performance data from actual field pavements. As traffic volume is observed to have a significant influence on predicted results, separate calibration was performed for medium-to-high-volume and low-volume traffic categories. A global calibration factor is used for this purpose, significantly improving the accuracy of the prediction for both categories. Prediction accuracy can be improved further through the consideration of observed rut depth variability.

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   56. Resilience Assessment and Adaptation for Critical Infrastructure – Modelling Resilient Infrastructure Systems

       • Open Access

       Margreet van Marle, Frederique de Groen, Kees van Ginkel, Thomas Bles, Carles Soriano Perez, Mike Woning

       Abstract

       Creating resilient infrastructure is of crucial importance to society, particularly in the face of escalating climate risks. As such, investments to increase resilience should be spent wisely to yield maximum benefits to transport users and society. However, decision-making regarding infrastructure dependencies is often based solely on qualitative information, which is inadequate for understanding the effectiveness of adaptation measures and the interconnectedness of infrastructure systems. This paper describes the Resilience Assessment and Adaptation for Critical infrastructurE (RA2CE) modeling framework. RA2CE aids infrastructure stakeholders in performing resilience assessments and to identify suitable adaptation options by generating comprehensive resilience maps for climate-induced events and ultimately pinpointing viable adaptation options. The need for systems-scale modeling, including interdependency analysis, demands fast, versatile, and generic models. We illustrate RA2CE’s ability to quantify damages, indirect losses, and cascading impacts, supporting long-term adaptation planning on regional and national scales. This approach ensures that investments in resilient transport planning are allocated wisely, maximizing benefits for transport users and society.

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   57. Indirect Monitoring of Frequencies of a Multiple Span Bridge Using Acceleration Responses Collected From a Passenger Train

       • Open Access

       Abdollah Malekjafarian, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Ramin Ghiasi, Eugene J. OBrien, E. Alexandra Micu, Cathal Bowe

       Abstract

       In this paper, a field study is carried out to monitor the natural frequencies of Malahide viaduct bridge which is located in the north of Dublin. An indirect bridge monitoring approach is employed is this paper, in which the acceleration responses from an instrumented train are used to estimate the natural frequencies of each span of the viaduct. An Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)-based Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) technique is employed to identify the natural frequency of each span from the signals indirectly measured on the train. This is carried out by calculating the average of the Instantaneous Frequencies (IFs) using 41 runs of the instrumented train. To assess the feasibility of the indirect approach, direct monitoring approaches were also implemented using accelerometers attached to the spans of the viaduct. The measurements were carried out in twelve stages. In each stage, a different span was instrumented and monitored using five accelerometers placed on that span. The free and forced vibrations from each span are used to estimate the first natural frequencies. The frequencies obtained from drive-by measurements are compared to those from direct measurements which confirms the effectiveness of indirect approaches and shows the locations of the two replaced spans with higher stiffness that have higher natural frequencies compared to other spans. This full-scale approach expands the potential for applications of bridge–vehicle dynamic interaction responses, along with their ability to be demonstrators of successful implementations of decisions on public infrastructure.

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   58. A Vehicle-Based Sensing Approach for Network-Level Bridge Condition Monitoring

       • Open Access

       Robert Corbally, Abdollah Malekjafarian

       Abstract

       Transport networks rely on well-maintained physical infrastructure to allow them to operate efficiently. Bridges are particularly important, and the failure of a bridge can cause major disruption to the network. Current practices for inspection and monitoring of bridges are slow and expensive, meaning that it is not feasible to constantly monitor the vast quantities of bridges on a transport network. This paper proposes an approach which leverages data measured from in-vehicle sensors to monitor the condition of bridges, without requiring any sensors to be installed on the bridges. The proposed approach uses a machine learning algorithm to account for the influence of varying vehicle speed, and experimental tests show that changes in the structural behavior of a bridge can be detected from measurements taken on the passing vehicle. This approach represents a scalable solution for network-level bridge condition monitoring, which could be extended to account for the effects of various environmental or operational factors which may influence the measured vibrations in a full-scale scenario.

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   59. Biobased Pavement: Lab Assessment of a Recycling Technique Without Petroleum Bitumen Addition in Irish Context

       • Open Access

       Emmanuel Chailleux, Stéphane Lavaud, Flavien Geisler, Simon Pouget, Amir Tabakovic, Dave Vanvliet, Alan Lynch, E. Winterlich, Declan O’Pray

       Abstract

       In the present paper, a lab technical study is proposed aiming at defining the recycling potential of Irish pavement materials using only a bio-material as added binder. The bio-binder used here is mainly made of a kraft paper industry residue, tall oil pitch by-products. It has been designed to replace totally conventional petroleum bitumen. In order to assess the applicability of this alternative solution, objectives are to understand: i) the rejuvenating effect of the bio-binder on the old bitumen, ii) the ageing behaviour of this particular blend, iii) the mechanical behavior of mixes made of reclaim asphalt and the bio-binder. This study shows, at lab scale, a very good ageing resistance of the bio-binder blended with old bitumen and good performances of the corresponding mixes. Hence, it is possible to recycle pavement materials without adding petroleum bitumen. The bio-binder used here could be used in the context of Irish pavement construction expecting a materials durability at least as good as conventional materials and a reduced carbon footprint.

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   60. Irish Rail Coastal Resilience and Their Response to a Changing Climate and Increased Coastal Erosion

       • Open Access

       Ronan Hallisey, Paul Fish, Damien Keneghan, Jon Denner, Cian Lynch, Michael Danaher

       Abstract

       The impacts of coastal erosion from Dublin to Wicklow are increasingly evident with beaches and cliffs being lost on an annual basis, threatening parts of the east coast railway line. This rate of coastal loss is projected to increase in line with sea level rise with the railway becoming more vulnerable to coastal hazards.

       In 2017, Iarnród Éireann began to assess the locations along this railway line that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and the anticipated increase in maintenance required. The outputs framed the current East Coast Railway Infrastructure Protection Projects (ECRIPP), which was established to deliver enhanced coastal protection to the existing railway infrastructure.

       Iarnród Éireann and their multi-disciplinary consultant Jacobs, were tasked with creating resilience for these critical sections of rail line. A series of engineering measures to provide climate change resilience were identified. These measures were then reviewed by away of a bespoke multi-criteria analysis to identify those that were most effective to achieve resilience to the railway up to 2100. This paper outlines the process being led by Iarnród Éireann to protect this key sustainable public transport corridor from the effects of climate change in order to support future Greenhouse Gas Emissions reduction.

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   61. Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of European Research and Innovation Initiatives in Transport Resilience

       • Open Access

       Chiara Lodi, Ilias Cheimariotis, Marcin Stępniak, Konstantinos Gkoumas, Fabio Marques dos Santos, Monica Grosso, Alessandro Marotta

       Abstract

       Transport resilience is fundamental for the functioning of society, as all human activities, such as commuting, recreation, and supply chains, depend on efficient transport systems. The COVID crisis has further emphasised the essential role of transport during global emergencies for the provision of necessary goods and emergency services. The European Union has recognised the importance of transport resilience and has outlined its significance in the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (European Commission, 2021). This strategy acknowledges the potential disruptions caused by climate change and extreme weather events and highlights the need for cybersecurity in the face of increasing automation and connectivity. Policy measures proposed in the strategy include the upgrading of physical and digital transport infrastructure to ensure continuity, multimodality, and interoperability between different modes. These measures aim to achieve the completion of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) and the establishment of a Single European Transport Area. In order to achieve these objectives, research and innovation play a crucial role .

       The aim of this study is to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of relevant EU research and innovation initiatives, identifying key trends, challenges, and achievements. The study utilises data from the publicly available Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System (TRIMIS) database (https://trimis.ec.europa.eu), which contains information on over 8500 research projects, including approximately 2700 projects funded within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme. A total of 50 EU-funded projects, including 37 funded within Horizon 2020, were selected for analysis. These projects offer a representative snapshot of recent and ongoing research in the field of transport resilience.

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   62. A Programmatic Approach for the Delivery of Public Transport Policy in Ireland

       • Open Access

       Juan Martinez-Covarrubias, Yeonjung Song, Mark Connolly, Catherine Murray

       Abstract

       Moving from plan to action seems a trivial affair. However, when vast resources are mobilised to deliver the transformation to sustainable mobility this is not so trivial. The Government of the Republic of Ireland is currently investing around €165 billion for infrastructure development over the next 10 years, with more than 20 percent allocated to the transport sector. Key policies provide the ambition and direction for such mobilisation: the National Sustainable Mobility policy (NSMP) and the National Investment Framework for Transport in Ireland (NIFTI). In addition the Infrastructure Guidelines (IG) provides the rules of approvals in the public sector to ensure value for money. From all this, a number of programmes and projects to deliver such policies emerged, such as BusConnects, Metrolink, DART+, and Active Travel programme to name a few. This paper delves into the literature of project management and institutional economics, and presents the case study of the National Transport Authority in Ireland to assess determinants affecting the degree of effectiveness in its delivery. Using an adapted PESTEL analysis, we conducted interviews to selected experts to determine the likelihood of such determinants. Lessons learned offer insights to policy makers and managers of public transport programmes elsewhere.

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   63. How do Geopolitical Risks Affect Ship Investment Decisions?

       • Open Access

       Dimitris Georgoulas, Vangelis Tsioumas, Peter J. Stavroulakis, Stratos Papadimirtiou

       Abstract

       Keeping in mind the severe effect of the recent Russo-Ukrainian war on the global economy, our study aims to address the following research questions: What is the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on new ship investments in bulk markets? Are ship-owners more anxious about threats or acts related to geopolitical risk? Does the impact of GPR on newbuilding orders depend on the state of the freight market? For this purpose, we use a GPR index and apply quantitative analysis. We divide our examined time series into distinctive periods based on the behavior of the Baltic Dry Index (BDI), with the breaking point being the financial crisis. We then examine the nature of causality between new orders of bulkers and the GPR index.

       Our findings are valuable for the scientific community and practitioners, as they highlight the importance of GPR for the maritime industry and contribute to more holistic and informed decision-making. Overall, our findings can contribute to more resilient strategies in the maritime sector.

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   64. Stakeholders’ Insights for Development of a Decision Support System (DSS) to Foster Resiliency of Greek Ports Against Climate Change

       • Open Access

       A. Polydoropoulou, G. Papaioannou, E. Bouhouras, I. Karakikes, G. Vaggelas

       Abstract

       Maritime ports are critical infrastructure that play a vital role in global trade and commerce. However, they are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise and increased extreme weather events intensity and frequency. Ensuring the resilience of maritime ports is essential to maintaining their ability to operate in the face of these challenges. ResPorts is an innovative research project studying the Greek maritime ports’ weaknesses and vulnerabilities vis-à-vis climate change aiming at developing the necessary tools such as a Decision Support System (DSS) to ensure their resilience.

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   65. Sustainable Approaches to Enhancing Performance and Resilience of Historic Railway Bridges

       • Open Access

       Michal Majka, Cathal Bowe

       Abstract

       This paper discusses the ways and means by which Irish Rail has been dealing over the years with aging bridge structures, aiming to improve their performance and resilience in a sustainable manner. The paper outlines the methods for refining the assessments of the structural capacity of historic bridges by the application of site-specific loading and modern computational dynamic analysis to evaluate the performance existing railway bridges. The important phenomena, such us dynamic amplification, serviceability-critical bridge and train accelerations, as well as bridge-train interaction and resonance are outlined. Irish Rail’s methods of improving the performance of these bridges are discussed, with the particular focus on the sustainable methods of strengthening and improving the resilience of historic railway bridges.

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   66. Railway Train Main Power Converter: Model Predictive Current Control of a Modular Multilevel Converter

       • Open Access

       Vitor Monteiro, Jose Cunha, Joao L. Afonso

       Abstract

       In electric railway trains two main power systems can be distinguished: The system of the power propulsion and the system of the auxiliary power services. Consequently, since the train is supplied from the catenary in AC, the use of an AC to DC power converter is indispensable. This paper proposes the application of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) as main power converter (i.e., interfacing the AC catenary and the DC link inside the train). The operation of the MMC is ensured by a model predictive current controller, which controls its input AC current according to specific power requirements. The MMC and the model predictive current control are validated recurring to computer simulations. Based on the developed simulation models, the presented results permit to verify the advantages associated with the modularity of the converter and with the performance of the model predictive current control.

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   67. MetProgRé: a Decision Support System to assess Weather Risk for Planning of Railway Renewal Works

       • Open Access

       Camille Morvant, Emmanuel Cieren, Sirine Kahil, Sami El Idrissi Raghni, Rawya Zreik, Maxime Gueguin

       Abstract

       As the French railway infrastructure manager, SNCF Réseau is in charge of the maintenance and periodic renewal of the national rail network. To achieve the latter goal with due regard to economic and technical performance as well as the security of daily freight and passenger trains, industrial methods can be used that consist of high-output track and catenary renewal trains (factory trains, known as “suites rapides" in French). To be efficiently used, these expensive machines require planning that takes local weather conditions into account. To this end, a Decision Support Tool called MetProgRé (Météo Programmation Régénération) has been developed in order to assess and minimize disruption due to extreme weather conditions affecting track, catenary or working conditions for the operatives involved. This paper presents MetProgRé giving details regarding the statistical data used and the model implementation. It also provides some insight into use cases and lessons learned during works between 2021 and 2023 when compared to previsions from the model.

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   68. Assessment of Cascading Impacts Across Europe: An Innovative Approach for a Resilient Infrastructure and Society

       • Open Access

       Florencia Victoria De Maio, Saimir Osmani, Paolo Basso, Fabio Bolletta, Rita De Stefano, Marcello Cademartori, Clemente Fuggini

       Abstract

       Despite recent advances in understanding, modelling and forecasting natural hazards and their impact on communities, infrastructure and livelihoods, such events may still cause high economic, environmental and human losses. In recent years, there have been many natural disasters in the world that have caused damage to society and infrastructure. In addition, climate change is expected to lead to more extreme weather phenomena, such as longer and more intense heat waves, more torrential rains, and stronger winds triggering several fires and probably causing many deaths in excess due to extreme temperatures. In this light, the aim of this work is to assess cascading impact by considering the multiple natural hazards involved through a resilient, service-oriented and people-centred approach. This includes identifying possible interdependencies on sectoral goods and infrastructure in particular transport, energy and water as well as on supply chains and networks. Innovative methodology will be developed within a comprehensive European project named “Multi-risk and risk-informed system for better local and regional disaster risk management (MEDiate)” which aims to develop a decision support system (DSS) for disaster risk management. Thanks to its scalability and replicability it will be applied in different contexts taking into account different hazard for different asset.

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   69. Health Condition Monitoring Techniques for Traction Transformers Immersed in Oil- A Comprehensive Study

       • Open Access

       Seyed-Saeid Moosavi-Anchehpoli, Smail Ziani, Christophe Parny, Romain Lanselle, Lionel Taunay, Nada Zouzou, Lokmane Haouchine

       Abstract

       The transformer is an indispensable asset in railway network infrastructure. Condition monitoring and asset management is therefore a key concern in all electrical railway utility providers especially for railway infrastructure manager. This paper is a result of an industrial project in collaboration with SNCF Réseau dedicated to the determination of traction transformer faults based on the dielectric fluid analysis, and analysis of the active parts. These methods are the most prevalent techniques for detecting progressing faults in transformers immersed in oil.

       Different methods have been employed for analysis of dissolved gas in oil. With these methods, typical faults that manifest in in-service transformers have been identified. Furthermore, in this paper, a statistical study has been done to find the methods between the group which have the same fault code. This study has been applied for different categories of transformers for fixed railway traction electrical substations of SNCF Réseau. The results show the ability oof Duval triangle and CIGRE SC-15 methods to generate more fault code compared to other methods. Also, a validation on several case studies shows the robustness of the method of Duval triangle.

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   70. Evaluating the Pollutant Removal Efficiency of a New Retrofittable Sustainable Drainage Material

       • Open Access

       Puneeta Sreenivas, Sarah Cotterill

       Abstract

       Urban transport runoff is a significant contributor to water pollution. It contains a mixture of pollutants which originate from sources including fuel combustion, fuel losses and oil leakages from hydraulic systems. This research sought to evaluate a new sustainable drainage material, known as BlueLay, for its pollutant removal efficiency. Initially, the hydraulic performance of the BlueLay was tested in terms of infiltration volume, absorption capacity and runoff compared with asphalt slabs of the same area. Building on these findings, a laboratory-scale pollutant test rig was constructed to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiency of BlueLay. The material was subjected to typical concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (i.e., 75–774 mg/L) and a subset of heavy metals – Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) found in road runoff under scenarios that replicated first flush and saturated overland flow events. The findings revealed that the range of TSS removal by BlueLay was >94% for all scenarios, and > 97% removal was achieved for saturated BlueLay. BlueLay in its dry state treated Pb (<145 μg/L), Cu (<110 μg/L), Zn (<315 μg/L) and Cd (<5 μg/L) to values well within the legislative (S.I. 272/2009) limits. For the highest applied concentrations of Cu (170 μg/L), Zn (600 μg/L) and Cd (10 μg/L), dry BlueLay exceeded the legislative limits by 1.4 μg/L, 9.2 μg/L and 0.4 μg/L respectively. In comparision, the exceedance from asphalt for the same metal concentrations, was approximately 100x, 50x and 20x larger. Future work includes testing pollutant removal efficiencies for a subset of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

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   71. Additive Manufacturing for SNCF Réseau: An Opportunity for Generative Design and Laser Powder Bed Fusion

       • Open Access

       Pascal De Guio, Romain Floquet, Vincent Mahmut, Marie Fischer, Paul Didier

       Abstract

       SNCF Reseau investigates metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the ambition to leverage its potential in the rail network sector to benefit from a supply chain perspective as well as from an asset manager point of view. Laser powder bed fusion (LBPF) opportunities are quite uncommon in the rail network industry, particularly due to its current high cost. The design freedom of LBPF can nevertheless be very effective for specific consolidation or performance needs. This potential opportunity was identified during the development of a new product designed for the motorization of signal levers. Work has therefore been done with the startup Pint Innovative on the redesign of the part to maximize its performance and minimize its manufacturing cost. The generative design method was used for this purpose. We provide in this article an overview of this project focused on the design work.

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   72. Additive Manufacturing for SNCF Réseau: Investigation on Material and Process Opportunities for Industrial Purpose

       • Open Access

       Pascal de Guio, Philippe Kuchly, Philippe Pouligny, Julien Tremblay

       Abstract

       SNCF Reseau investigates Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the ambition to leverage its potential in the rail network sector to benefit from a supply chain perspective as well as from an asset manager point of view. A wide range of AM materials and processes are available, but we limited our work initially to Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) for polymers and to Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and 3D Sand Printing (3DSP) for metals. We provide in this article an overview of our current work, illustrated with some of our latest achievements.

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   73. Ballasted Track Renewal for High-Speed Mobility

       How Recent Technical Innovations Will Allow SNCF to Build a New Model of Track Renewal for Tomorrow

       • Open Access

       Bertrand Avril, Alain Thiébaut

       Abstract

       The roadmap for the renewal of French high-speed lines charts the first massive track and ballast renewal operations on the Paris-Lyon High-Speed Line by 2028–2034. SNCF Réseau is initiating a strategic reflection to tackle the major challenges posed by the highest-usage axis in Europe. Framed by the aging laws, the studies in progress will determine the operational maintenance of the main components (rail, ballast, and concrete sleepers), in order to plan -in space and time- the regeneration of nearly 540 km of high-speed lines.

       After several years of trying, feedback obtained during the deployment of innovative materials confirms SNCF’s choice of designing a “new model of ballast track” with better sustainability and better compatibility with environmental issues. As our recent studies and trackworks have shown, Under Sleeper Pad, ballast gluing, new sleepers and other parts of our Concept Track model reduce maintenance efforts and extend ballast life.

       As a matter of fact, innovations in the renewal process provide a global industrial and environmental solution through the reduction of capacity impact (ballast and sleepers renewal at 120 km/h then 160 km/h) to lower impact on commercial traffic and limit resource usage. New methodologies for recycling used ballast allow to greatly cut down on the use of new ballast, thus reducing the environmental footprint and associated costs.

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   74. Mitigation of Large Overloads on Road Bridges

       • Open Access

       Bernard Jacob, Roland Abou, Raphaël Bartolt

       Abstract

       Road remains the main mode for freight transport with increasing commercial vehicle loads along the time. Ageing bridges are used beyond the initially designed lifetime. Therefore, highly overloaded trucks may cause severe damages and bridge collapses. Bridges on secondary roads are the most exposed because of less maintenance.

       A bridge collapse rarely occurs under the first high overload. Truck drivers use bridges above their load limit, either by ignorance, or to shorten their route. While nothing wrong happens, they cross them again and again with higher loads, despite of the displayed signs on posted bridges.

       The strategy proposed to mitigate large overloading consists installing weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems to detect potential offenders and to deliver admonition by the relevant authority. Such preventive measures, where criminal offenses may be invoked, could be easily implemented and quite effective. A relevant publicity, may dissuade the truck operators and save several bridges and lives.

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