Transport Transitions: Advancing Sustainable and Inclusive Mobility

Table of Contents

1. Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Automated Shuttle Experiments in Helmond

      • Open Access

      Patrick Hofman, Matthieu Graindorge

      Abstract

      The City of Helmond aims to offer new mobility services to users by operating on public roads a fleet of remotely supervised automated public transport vehicles from/ to mobility hubs/stations to Helmond’s neighbourhoods and (economic) hotspots. The first step has been to set up two pilots with automated shuttles in 2021 and 2022 (in FABULOS and LivingLAPT EU projects). These two pilots showed that some improvements of the automated shuttle service are necessary to offer a quality of service (speed, comfort, perception of (social) safety) at least equivalent to the current conventional public transport.

      To go beyond these projects and to achieve Helmond’s ambition, Helmond participates in specific projects (like Move2CCAM – on citizen/organization attitudes and on the impact of CCAM) and adopted a “Roadmap for automated public transport services in Helmond” in 2023. A stepwise approach has been chosen to develop and test automated public transport services in order to be able to implement and upscale them in the city. Starting with automated public transport service operations in an easy environment and then later in more complex environments. In 2024, we will start with the first step; an automated public transport service without the need of a (remote) safety driver in “Bedrijventerrein Zuid Oost Brabant” (BZOB) – an industrial area with an easy Operational Design Domain (ODD).

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   3. Prioritizing Buses in Smart Cities: A Stochastic Optimization Approach

      • Open Access

      Seyed Omid Hasanpour Jesri, Finn Quinlan, Cathal Staunton, Abu Shakil Ahmed, Pezhman Ghadimi, Vincent Hargaden, Heletjé E. van Staden, Di H. Nguyen

      Abstract

      This paper describes the development of an optimization model that considers the travel times of buses and traffic patterns to minimize deviations from planned schedules for routes across a network in a European city. Traffic congestion is a significant challenge which negatively affects the on-time performance and reliability of bus services. To address this issue, smart traffic management systems such as SCATS (Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System) are implemented to enhance traffic flow. While SCATS allows buses to request priority at road junctions controlled by traffic signals, conflicts may arise when different buses have opposing requests. To address this, we use a stochastic optimization approach to determine an optimal time-specific traffic interference solution that network owners can impose, such as signal phasing, to minimize schedule deviations for buses throughout the entire network.

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   4. Technology Development Towards Autonomous, Connected and Safe Mobility of People and Goods in Urban Environments

      • Open Access

      Roberto Blanco, José Luis Rodriguez, Javier Romo, Marta Ingelmo, Jorge Velasco, Adrià Pons, Iván Huerta, Maurizio Rea, Patricia Navarro, Nuria Herranz

      Abstract

      It is an essential requisite in order to achieve safe autonomous driving in urban environments, to address the mobility from a multidisciplinary approach. In this sense, technological development is crucial in both passenger and goods transport. Within Integra project, in which the work described here is framed, autonomous and connected driving is addressed from a dual perspective: urban environments and logistics environments. Thus, its activity is structured around the following lines of action: (1) improvement of perception technologies, (2) optimisation of communication technologies, (3) redesign of occupant damage mitigation technologies and (4) development of new delivery solutions. This paper summarizes the most critical aspects of each of these lines and the considerations to be taken into account to ensure the implementation of autonomous and connected driving in complex environments. In doing so, it takes into account the particular conditions of urban environments and their implication for the deployment of autonomous mobility.

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   5. The Case for Automated Buses: The MultiCAV Project and the Didcot Garden Town Urban Extension

      • Open Access

      Graham Parkhurst, Xabier Gangoiti, Ben Clark, Muhammad Adeel, Jonathan Flower, William Clayton

      Abstract

      Most sustainable urban transport strategies include an expanded role for public transport amongst their measures. New technologies have often been presented as a means of making public transport more attractive when compared to other travel options. Integrating attractive transit with new development is also presented as a technique which can encourage public transport use. The present paper considers these three principles in the context of the MultiCAV project, which tested automated buses (AB) in Didcot (UK), a town scheduled for significant expansion. MultiCAV is one of the few automation projects to test urban buses capable of providing mass transit in a range of urban and peri-urban road environments. Findings are presented from evaluative research including surveys and interviews with potential users, actual users, safety operatives, and the project delivery team. It is found in the case of MultiCAV that automation technology has a high degree of capability, but is not yet sufficiently mature to operate a schedule service in complex road environments shared with general traffic without human assistance for specific tasks. Additionally, a solution for the tasks currently performed by drivers beyond the driving task also needs to be identified. Passenger acceptance of automation was found to be strongly influenced by the condition that an operative is onboard. If early applications of ABs were to be on segregated busways this would reduce or remove some of these barriers. Segregation would also give the services priority, capitalising on the cultural value of high-technology public transport, and increasing appeal relative to the private car. Such an approach would be particularly relevant for new development areas where segregation would be relatively easy to achieve.

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   6. Transition to Remote Train Control: Challenges and Best Practices for Collaboration in the Digital Age

      • Open Access

      Xavier Morin, Nils O. E. Olsson, Albert Lau

      Abstract

      This paper studies the collaborative and managerial aspects of remote control of trains and trams. In the transport industry, increasing societal pressures have pushed organizations to revolutionize their operations by going digital. Indeed, contemporary societies require that transport firms optimize their services in order to meet the growing challenges and needs of the modern world. Our study is based on mapping published experiences and expected consequences of remote train control (RTC). The identified initiatives yielded valuable insights into the potential challenges associated with RTC and we provided best practices to address obstacles and navigate the changes in the work context for various stakeholders. We found that misunderstandings in the driver´s roles can cause quality of services issues during the transition to RTC. The prospect of changing roles for operational staff raises concerns. The achievement RTC will be contingent upon the involvement and collaboration of diverse stakeholders.

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   7. Trustworthy Automated Driving Through Qualitative Scene Understanding and Explanations

      • Open Access

      Nassim Belmecheri, Arnaud Gotlieb, Nadjib Lazaar, Helge Spieker

      Abstract

      We present the Qualitative Explainable Graph (QXG): a unified symbolic and qualitative representation for scene understanding in urban mobility. QXG enables interpreting an automated vehicle’s environment using sensor data and machine learning models. It leverages spatio-temporal graphs and qualitative constraints to extract scene semantics from raw sensor inputs, such as LiDAR and camera data, offering an intelligible scene model. QXG can be incrementally constructed in real-time, making it a versatile tool for in-vehicle explanations and real-time decision-making across various sensor types. Our research showcases the transformative potential of QXG, particularly in the context of automated driving, where it elucidates decision rationales by linking the graph with vehicle actions. These explanations serve diverse purposes, from informing passengers and alerting vulnerable road users (VRUs) to enabling post-analysis of prior behaviours.

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   8. Acceptability of Automated Vehicles in Portugal: Profiling Prospective Users

      • Open Access

      António Lobo, Sérgio Pedro Duarte, Daniela Monteiro, Daniel Silva, Sara Ferreira, Liliana Cunha

      Abstract

      The continuous development of advanced driver assistance systems is paving the way for the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Until then, manual vehicles and partially automated vehicles (AVs) will co-exist. Past experience has shown that the deployment of new technology must consider users’ acceptability and adoption. This is the case of AVs, that must provide safety and comfortable travel experiences. To evaluate acceptability profiles towards AVs, this study analyses the determinant factors of AVs acceptability to identify different Portuguese population clusters. A questionnaire was developed to explore prospective users’ representations regarding benefits and expectations, risks and concerns, previous experience with automated driving technology, and preferred use cases for AVs. A cluster analysis was performed using the k-means algorithm and, after, chi-square tests characterized cluster membership. In the end, acceptability profiles were compared for different use cases using ANOVA post-hoc tests. Three clusters of prospective users were identified: objectors, ambivalents, and enthusiasts. Driving pleasure, safety, reliability of the technology, and data privacy are prevailing negative factors while improved road safety, reduced emissions, and non-driving tasks possibilities favor acceptability. Sociodemographic characteristics, like income, education, place of residence, and self-perception about the adoption of new technologies reflected the main differences between clusters.

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   9. Safety Demonstration Framework of Automated Road Mobility: Methodological and Governance Aspects of the Scenario-Based Approach

      • Open Access

      Elsa Lanaud, Xavier Delache

      Abstract

      Automated road transport mobility will develop only if fundamental conditions are fulfilled: acceptance by users and citizens, economic sustainability, contribution to a more sustainable mobility and last but not least, demonstration of its safety. Fulfillment of these conditions needs to be addressed by policymakers through regulations, standards, guidance, assessments and stakeholders’ involvement. France built its regulatory framework on this balance by assuming safety will be the main factor for other conditions for the development of automated road transport systems to be reached. This paper presents the safety demonstration framework, methods and tools for the development of automated road mobility. The main guiding principle underlying this safety-first based framework lies in the scenario-based approach aiming at the best possible coverage of driving situations that such systems should be required to encounter and address safely. This paper will present two aspects of this approach, articulated with conventional safety demonstration activities: scenario generation approach based on layers and its articulation with ODD description and OED definition.

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   10. CCAM for the Users; Matching the User Needs with Vehicle Capabilities in ULTIMO Project

       • Open Access

       Evangelia Gaitanidou, Quentin Matthewson, Linda Mathe, Povilas Valiauga

       Abstract

       The goal of ULTIMO Horizon Europe project, is to create the very first economically feasible and sustainable integration of AVs for Mobility as a Service (MaaS) public transportation and Logistics as a Service (LaaS) urban goods transportation. To do this, a user centric holistic approach is adopted, to ensure that all elements in a cross-sector business environment are incorporated to deliver large-scale on-demand, well-accepted, shared, seamless-integrated and economically viable Connected and Cooperative Automated Mobility (CCAM) services. In this concept, this paper presents the work performed to bridge the needs of the users with the vehicles’ potential. To do this, extensive research has been performed in identifying the requirements of all involved actors, including existing research findings, conduction of interviews, co-creation workshops and round table discussions, along with market survey for specifying the existing vehicle capabilities and experts’ consultation for matching the requirements with the capabilities. This provides a tool to pilot sites for identifying the requirements their vehicles satisfy or choosing the appropriate vehicles according to the requirements existing (or planned) to be treated at site. Moreover, it could serve vehicle manufacturers for developing further capabilities for their vehicles, as well as planners and PTO’s in developing their strategies.

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   11. Automated Mobility-On-Demand Services in the Less Dense and Rural Area

       • Open Access

       Tatiana Graindorge, Esma Talhi, Rose Campbell, Thomas Raimbault

       Abstract

       The development of Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) represents major challenges for local authorities, particularly in less dense and rural areas where there is a lack of public transportation. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an automated mobility on-demand service, which will be implemented beginning September 2023 in La Rochelle, France. This paper describes the automated mobility on-demand system (bus, infrastructure and supervision centre) and the conditions for its smooth integration with the local existing MaaS (Mobility as a Service) system. This new service aims at providing a small/medium sized city like La Rochelle with an efficient last-mile transport service - to and from existing mobility hubs - complementing the existing public transport.

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   12. Transforming Ridesharing: Harnessing Role Flexibility and HOV Integration for Enhanced Mobility Solutions

       • Open Access

       Fatemeh Amerehi, Patrick Healy

       Abstract

       While dynamic ridesharing has been extensively studied, there remains a significant research gap in exploring role flexibility within the many-to-many ridesharing scheme, where the system allows for several pickups for drivers and multiple transfers for riders. Previous works have predominantly assumed that all participants own a car and have focused on one-to-one arrangements. Additionally, there is a scarcity of research on integrating High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes and mathematical modelling. This study addresses these gaps by presenting a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that allows for role flexibility irrespective of car ownership and considers the implications of HOV lanes. Computational analysis highlights the benefits of incorporating role flexibility and accommodating non-car-owning participants in many-to-many ridesharing systems. Yet, excessive role shifts may create imbalances, impacting service to non-car owners. Further research should explore these correlations.

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   13. FP2 R2DATO: Stepwise Approach for the Autonomous Tram

       • Open Access

       Javier Goikoetxea, Nacho Celaya, Dusan Patrick Klago, Anders Wergeland, Daria Kuzmina

       Abstract

       Throughout the history of transportation, very few inventions have had the same impact as rail transport. One of the oldest and most established means of transportation, railways, still provides efficient transportation of freight and passengers, but they stand to benefit from cutting-edge technology. The Europe’s Rail FP2 R2DATO project (GA 101102001) is developing technologies in several fields of digital automated up to autonomous train operation seeking a new paradigm in how the rail system is operated, increasing safety, flexibility, capacity, performance and reducing energy consumption and costs.

       These technologies can be applied to all rail segments including urban light rail. Future trams will benefit from new functionalities including remote control, ATO or perception systems. After collecting operational use cases and operational rules from key players of the urban operating community in Europe, FP2 R2DATO activities on tramway will focus on the remote control operation first, which will allow an operator to drive the vehicle from the office, avoiding the need of getting physically to the tram. This feature is intended to be used in daily operation in depots to support the train preparation, its retirement from service or for shunting within the depot. A first demonstrator is planned in 2024.

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   14. Future Roundabouts Relying on 5G, Edge Computing and Artificial Intelligence

       • Open Access

       Giorgio Previati, Elena Campi, Lorenzo Uccello, Antonino Albanese, Alessandro Roccasalva, Gabriele Santin, Massimiliano Luca, Bruno Lepri, Laura Ferrarotti, Nicola di Pietro, Marco Ponti, Gianpiero Mastinu

       Abstract

       The paper focuses on the behaviour of cooperative, connected and automated vehicles (CCAVs) with the aim of improving traffic flow and safety and providing adequate comfort to vehicle occupants. The study is part of AI@Edge project, founded by the Horizon Europe framework programme. AI@Edge focuses on leveraging AI and Edge computing to enhance 5G networks. The simulation environment is a single-lane mini-roundabout, calibrated on the basis of experimental measurements to accurately replicate the behaviour of human-driven vehicles. A cooperative Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) policy, exploiting Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), was developed to optimize the behaviour of CCAVs while negotiating the roundabout. To assess the effectiveness of this policy, a dynamic driving simulator coupled with a microscopic traffic simulator and a graphical simulator was employed. This comprehensive approach included both simulated human-driven vehicles (HDs) and CCAVs, alongside a real human driver. Tests indicate that human drivers respond positively to scenarios with a higher percentage of automated vehicles, due to an enhanced sense of safety and comfort. Quantitative analysis of the policy also demonstrates the capability of CCAVs to reduce fuel consumption and optimize traffic flow.

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   15. Field Study of FRMCS Use Cases in the 5GRAIL Project

       • Open Access

       Nazih Salhab, Bernd Holfeld

       Abstract

       Railways currently use the Global System Mobile for Railways (GSM-R) for train operation across the world. The GSM-R is used for voice communication between train driver and control centres, including but not limited to, the Railway Emergency Call (REC) as well as for signalling and control messages of the European Train Control System (ETCS). Based on the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks and in particular, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) releases 17 and 18, the Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) is envisioned to replace GSM-R. This modernization step does not only address administrative constraints, e.g., the upcoming 2G equipment obsolescence, but also provides an opportunity for transforming the current train operation through introduction of digitalization and automation technologies in an aim of increasing capacity and efficiency for a sustainable transport. In this paper, we present some highlights of first FRMCS Fields trials that have been realized within the 5GRAIL project which is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 program. These trials were co-led by DB Netz AG in Germany and SNCF RESEAU in France. The aim was to accomplish functional and performance testing in addition to multi-access and cross-border like scenarios. We discuss some results on the testing of the different applications before concluding with lessons-learned and outcomes.

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   16. FRMCS, also a Rail Digitalization Enabler

       • Open Access

       Dan Mandoc, Vassiliki Nikolopoulou, Michael Kloecker, Sébastien Tardif

       Abstract

       Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) will be the 5G SA MCX standard for railway operational communications, conforming to European regulation. It will also fulfil the needs of rail organisations worldwide. UIC (International Union of Railways) is leading the design, standardisation, and is deeply involved for the introduction plan of this telecommunication system, in close cooperation with railways, authorities and suppliers. FRMCS is the successor of GSM-R which is a component of European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS), representing around ~130,000 km of coverage of tracks in Europe. GSM-R is however announced to become obsolete soon due to its 2G technology. Therefore, FRMCS, being specified and implemented as a standard, combining 5G transport with Mission Critical (MC) service layer features, is considered as a major trigger for the wide-ranging digitalization of the rail sector, satisfying the increasing demand of data while keeping the high quality of service for critical railways applications, in an interoperability context.

       This paper aims to present some insights of the FRMCS introduction plan and provide an overview of the outcomes of 5GRAIL, an EU Horizon 2020 project coordinated by UIC, as part of the FRMCS readiness initiative.

       For more information, visit: https://uic.org/rail-system/telecoms-signalling/article/frmcs, 5GRAIL - 5G for future RAILway mobile communication system.

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   17. 5G Realistic Radio Channel Models for FRMCS Deployment in Railway Environments

       • Open Access

       Marion Berbineau, Ali Sabra, Patrice Pajusco, J. Amghar, Raffaele D’Errico, Jean-Christophe Sibel, Yoann Corre, Stéphane Guillemaut

       Abstract

       The Future Railway Mobile Communication systems (FRMCS) is the new system under development, based on 5G-NR, that will replace the GSM-R standard. Its deployment will require the design of new radio engineering tools, which in particular rely on new 3D radio channel models to validate the performance of proposed networking technologies under high-speed conditions, and to perform future radio-planning tasks. The 5GREMORA project aims at developing new measurement-based 3D radio channel models for railways, and demonstrating how new scheduling algorithms can be assessed with those models. The paper outlines the main ambitions of the project; and presents the preliminary results obtained so far.

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   18. Centimeter-Level GNSS Positioning Using C-ITS for Correction Data Delivery: An Experimental Study

       • Open Access

       Roman Lesjak, José M. Vallet García, Susanne Schweitzer, Karl Diengsleder-Lambauer, Christoph Pilz, Selim Solmaz, Srdan Letina, Gottfried Allmer

       Abstract

       High-accuracy GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning requires the receiver to use correction data. This data is typically delivered via 4G mobile internet. In this paper, we present a novel method to deliver the data via C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems and Service). We compare its performance against using 4G and analyze the impact on the accuracy during data gaps, all using data collected in test drives from a real deployment in a small segment of a motorway. The results show that with C-ITS, a comparable performance can be achieved. The observed 2D position errors in our tests were below 3.1 cm for 95% and below 10 cm for more than 99% of the time.

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   19. Time Matters: Evaluating a Road Operator Event Management System Using Vehicle eCalls

       • Open Access

       Immanuel Froetscher, Philipp Lenz, Gottfried Allmer

       Abstract

       This study investigates the potential integration of eCalls, mandated by the eCall Legislation for vehicles from March 31, 2018, into road operator Incident Management Systems (IMS). We utilize eCall data from the “SRTI Ecosystem” and match it with IMS incidents to verify the eCall data and enhance the IMS with the most accurate available timestamp for accident occurrence. To assess the potential temporal gains of eCall integration, we introduce a metric to quantify the time saved by incorporating eCalls into event management systems. The proposed metric was evaluated over a three-month period in 2023, and the results indicate that integrating eCalls into IMS is a viable step to expedite the incident management process.

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   20. Neuronal Networks to Analyze Accessibility and GPS Data: A Case Study of Santo Domingo

       • Open Access

       Amparo Isabel Álvarez Poyó, Lissy La Paix Puello

       Abstract

       This paper analyzes the impact of Accessibility based on GPS data for both motorized and non-motorized modes on distance traveled by private and public transport users in developing countries. The data was collected from a mobile phone app called Inertia. A neural network model was developed for the dependent variable distance. The independent variables are the Level of Service (time, speed) measured via GPS data, public transport (e.g., distance to the nearest station, number of stops/stations within the catchment area) called PT Availability, and accessibility (off-peak and peak neighborhood and station accessibility). The results show that the type of station and neighborhood peak access promotes better modeling of the distance.

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   21. Autonomous Heavy-Duty Vehicles in Logistics: Market Trends, Opportunities, and Barriers

       • Open Access

       Loha Hashimy, Isabella Castillo, Wolfgang Schildorfer, Matthias Neubauer

       Abstract

       This paper presents a comprehensive market research study focused on identifying opportunities and barriers for the adoption of autonomous heavy-duty vehicles (AHDVs) in the logistics industry. The methodology employs a qualitative approach, utilizing workshops, questionnaires, interviews, and social media polls to collect primary and secondary data. The empirical findings highlight both the current landscape and the future trends in AHDVs, fleet management, and logistics. The study reveals the importance of safety, technological readiness, regulatory challenges, and infrastructure development as key barriers, while also showcasing potential benefits like increased safety, reduced costs, and improved efficiency. Furthermore, a quadrant analysis prioritizes these opportunities and barriers for strategic decision-making. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the findings and the broader context of autonomous vehicles in logistics.

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   22. Fleet and Traffic Management Systems for Conducting Future Cooperative Mobility

       • Open Access

       Gregor Papa, Vida Vukašinović, Raquel Sánchez-Cauce, Oliva G. Cantú Ros, Javier Burrieza-Galán, Athina Tympakianaki, Antonio Pellicer-Pous, Antonio D. Masegosa, Arka Gosh, Leire Serrano

       Abstract

       As urbanization continues to increase worldwide, cities face the challenge of accommodating growing populations while maintaining efficient and sustainable transportation systems. The advent of connected and autonomous vehicles promises transformative changes in urban mobility. This paper addresses developments and innovations aimed at seamlessly integrating CAVs into the complex urban mobility ecosystem. It presents assumptions related to a fleet of fully connected and autonomous vehicles coordinated by traffic management centers and focuses on optimizing route assignments based on various performance metrics, including travel time, energy consumption, congestion, and emissions. We are also exploring the integration of people and goods mobility by leveraging the cost efficiency and versatility of on-demand autonomous services.

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   23. SHINE-Fleet: Spanish Initiative for Sustainable Freight Transport Taking Advantage from Hydrogen and Automated Driving

       • Open Access

       Iker Pacho, Alberto Justo, Jesús Murgoitio, Juan Carlos de Pablo, Angel Martín, Joan Albesa, Ruben Rodríguez

       Abstract

       In recent years, reducing emissions in Freight-Transport has become a top priority in mobility. This paper presents the methodology for the full control loop of a truck’s powertrain, which has been transformed from a polluting GLP powered ICE to a zero-emission Hydrogen-powered electric powertrain within the SHINE-Fleet project. The adaptation has provided the ECU with increased flexibility to control the dynamics, enabling automated-driven missions like docking. The paper covers infrastructure-based localization for the vehicle, path planning to reach the setpoint, and control implementation with a Model Predictive Controller (MPC).

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   24. Enhancing Urban Convoying Safety by Mechanical Connection Among Automated Vehicles: Simulation Study on Controlled Trajectories

       • Open Access

       Michelangelo-Santo Gulino, Lorenzo Berzi, Michael Franci, Luca Pugi, Dario Vangi, Adriano Alessandrini

       Abstract

       In this work, a control architecture is proposed for controlling a convoy of automated vehicles that are mechanically connected to each other. Connection allows them to circulate without specific permissions in any environment, even if a driver is present only in the leading vehicle. The connection in the real case is an elastic and compliant connection, a condition mediating the cases of rigid connection and absence of mechanical connection. To evaluate the capabilities of automation control algorithms in maintaining a prescribed path and estimate the required stiffness of the mechanical connection, simulations have been performed considering a geometric control algorithm (Pure Pursuit controller) for lateral control mixed with a PID controller for longitudinal control. Considering several trajectories of two convoyed vehicles, the control method has been analyzed based on the minimum value of errors (longitudinal and lateral) in vehicle trajectories. The ideal case is considered where all communication and environment scanning systems operate with maximum efficiency. While subsequent steps will be made to further decrease the trajectory error by modifying the vehicle control, the results enable an estimation of the required compliance of the mechanical connection expressed in terms of trajectory error.

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   25. From Concept to Reality: Augmented PDI Solutions Supporting Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility in Madrid

       • Open Access

       Antonio Marqués, Ana Martínez, Sergio Fernández, Lucía Isasi, Mauricio Marcano, Maria Gkemou

       Abstract

       The work described in this paper provides valuable insight into the novel PDI solutions to be developed for CCAM support within the Horizon Europe-funded AUGMENTED CCAM project. To this aim, two different test sites are being prepared in Madrid, Spain, for the implementation and demonstration of four cutting-edge solutions: Equipped Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) protection; Traffic Management Optimization based on Probe Vehicle Data (PVD) from CCAM; Emergency Vehicle approaching; and Ad-hoc on-demand unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based VRU protection for closed environments. This document unveils how the proposed services underline the vast potential of CCAM when synergized with advanced Infrastructure support, which is not only limited to the extension of the Operational Design Domain of Connected and Automated Vehicles. This approach also demonstrates PDI’s capacity to significantly enhance road safety, traffic efficiency and sustainability. Additionally, the importance of the Digital Twin is highlighted as an indispensable element for advanced traffic management and comprehensive infrastructure monitoring.

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   26. Exclusive and Controlled 5G Network for Development of Connected and Automated Vehicle Technologies

       • Open Access

       Paul Salvati, Mauro Carlos Da Silva

       Abstract

       The sensors and cameras in a car are limited to the information that the vehicle receives and processes in its immediate environment and line-of-sight applications. To further extend these data collection capabilities (with the intention of increasing traffic efficiency and safety), Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) technologies are based on the exchange of information between vehicles through wireless communication systems and networks. This paper shows how IDIADA addresses this reality and proposes a pioneering and innovative solution for wireless networks. IDIADA has built a Connected Vehicle Hub, equipped with the latest mobile communication technologies and in compliance with the ETSI ITS G5 standard, to facilitate the construction of increasingly reliable systems, offering its facilities and adapting the platform to the needs of specific test scenarios, in order to repeat tests and evaluations that are difficult or even impossible to perform on the public road due to the constant changes in the road environment and in the networks themselves.

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   27. Results from CEDR-Work Done Around Intelligent Access

       • Open Access

       Thomas Asp, Loes Aarts

       Abstract

       The working group Road Freight Transport in CEDR (Conference of European Directors of Roads) performs different tasks. One is about Intelligent Access, later only referred to as IA. The used definition of IA is to ensure “the right vehicle on the right road at the right time with the right weight”.

       The goal for the work is to collect best practice of IA and recommendations for implementation. IA is a rather new concept in Europe but has been used in Australia for more than 15 years (TCA 2018).

       Conclusions from the work so far are. A survey and in-depth interviews show that National Road Authorities sees the concept of IA as something with many possibilities. Using IA as an enforcement tool is the most obvious interpretation of the concept and when scaling up also other opportunities become visible, such as better coordination of traffic and logistics, better use of infrastructure, control of emission zones, monitoring of abnormal transport and transport of dangerous goods.

       This gives possibilities for almost all stakeholders and therefore also for society. In this way, can also NRAs improve the quality of their services. The example from Italy, there you use IA for abnormal transports, shows a use case that give benefits to all involved and showing benefits and/or incentives for all involved will be important for the implementation of IA.

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   28. Trustworthy AI on the Road

       A Legal Perspective

       • Open Access

       Nynke E. Vellinga

       Abstract

       The proposed AI Act lays down requirements for so-called high-risk AI-systems that need to be met by the high-risk AI-system and its provider. These requirements contain core elements for trustworthy AI such as transparency, technical robustness, and human oversight. Automated vehicles are considered to be high-risk AI-systems, but nevertheless these requirements do not (fully and directly) apply to these vehicles. Automated vehicles are excluded from the scope of the proposed AI Act, as the functioning, safety and security of cars driving on EU public roads are governed by existing acts specifically applicable to vehicles. This causes a gap between the findings of two ethics expert groups (EC High-Level Expert Group on AI and the Horizon 2020 Commission Expert Group to advice on specific ethical issues raised by driverless mobility) and the EU legislation for AI-systems of automated vehicles. This contribution will therefore explore two questions: what current legislation is in place that contributes to achieving the core elements or principles of trustworthy AI in automated vehicles and how can a (future) legislative framework for automated vehicles realize these core elements for trustworthy AI?

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   29. Simulation Platform to Analyse Future Traffic Regulations for Automated Vehicles in a Mixed Traffic Environment

       • Open Access

       Felix Hofinger, Michael Haberl, Paul Rosenkranz, Martin Stubenschrott, Marlies Mischinger, Martin Fellendorf

       Abstract

       The gradual introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) rises a variety of challenges. Besides technical issues, legal aspects need to be considered, as nowadays driving regulations are orientated towards human drivers. Policy makers will have to define a legal framework for AVs, which will also effect an AVs’ driving behaviour and therefore also impacts traffic flow characteristics. To investigate possible legal adjustments for AVs and their consequences, traffic flow simulation (TFS) is an established tool. However, applying TFS requires much simulation and modelling expertise. Hence, we present a newly developed simulation platform, which allows to intuitively define, simulate and analyse a simulation scenario for different generic multi-lane highway segments without extensive TFS expertise. In addition, five exemplary simulation scenarios are investigated, focusing on the effect of temporarily increasing the desired time headway of AVs on the main road in order to assist merging vehicles at the on-ramp. The results showed rather negative effects, as congestion was increased in space and time due to temporarily increasing the time headway of AVs.

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   30. Decision-Making Process for (National) Road Authorities to Invest in Information Support for Automated Driving Systems

       • Open Access

       Jaap Vreeswijk, Siddartha Khastgir, Steven Shladover, Risto Kulmala, Tom Alkim, Sven Maerivoet, Hironao Kawashima

       Abstract

       Current Automated Driving Systems (ADS) immaturity causes a lot of uncertainty for road authorities as they cannot decide with confidence what is the best way to anticipate ADS development and deployment to preserve operational safety and efficiency on their road network. Typically, the actual competencies of ADS in the operating environment are not entirely known and ADS capabilities are regularly overestimated or underestimated based on assumptions that are derived from the scarce information that is publicly available. At the same time, many different situations can occur on open roads and in variable traffic and weather conditions, in particular when these roads are dynamically managed by the road operator (e.g. lane, speed and tunnel management). It is natural that National Road Authorities (NRAs) are concerned about the introduction of ADS that execute the complete dynamic driving task. The most constructive and perhaps only way forward is to create a dialogue between road authorities, automation system developers and regulators. The decision making process presented in this paper aims to support NRAs in this conversation.

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   31. User-Centred Design for CCAM: A Holistic Approach Combining Stakeholders’ and Users’ Needs with Regulatory Requirements

       • Open Access

       Paola Lanzi, Elisa Spiller, François Brambati, Nikolas Giampaolo

       Abstract

       Building on the insights provided by the EU CCAM Partnership SRIA, this paper introduces a new double-funnel methodology for eliciting stakeholders’ and users’ needs and requirements, developed and tested within the CONDUCTOR EU research project (GA 101077049). This methodology aligns with the EU's holistic approach by integrating formal inputs from institutional stakeholders with specific, service-oriented inputs from users and other stakeholders, such as industry and service operators. The approach relies on three components. A top-down analysis maps mobility policy principles and outlines social and regulatory requirements for design, encompassing safety, environmental protection, inclusion, accessibility and social well-being. Complementary, a bottom-up perspective captures user and stakeholder needs related to specific use cases. The integration of these results maps CCAM-specific needs into the broader social and regulatory framework. Applied to three use cases in the CONDUCTOR project, this approach contributes to methodological research by testing an integrated, user-centred framework for designing and evaluating CCAM solutions.

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   32. A New Generation Cable-Driven Dynamic Driving Simulator for the Assessment of CCAM Deployment

       • Open Access

       Federico Cheli, Massimiliano Gobbi, Gianpiero Mastinu, Stefano Melzi, Giorgio Previati, Edoardo Sabbioni, Alessandra Cappiello, Alessandro Luè

       Abstract

       The safe deployment of Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility (CCAM) systems needs to take into account advanced human-machine interaction. In fact, CCAM is going to change both the cooperation between the vehicle and the human driver and the interaction with road users. This paper presents DriSMi, an advanced cable-driven dynamic driving simulator that enables safe, affordable and reliable CCAM testing. DriSMi can be used with the objectives of (1) modelling and testing the technology and (2) characterizing and modelling the driver, in particular analysing and modelling the driver’s behaviour, ergonomics and safety in different infrastructure/weather/traffic scenarios. After describing the features of DriSMi, a CCAM scenario and a procedure for assessing the acceptability of Adaptive Cruise Control are presented.

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   33. Border Crossing Connectivity for CCAM Vehicles: A Field Test at the Norwegian-Swedish Border

       • Open Access

       Ola Martin Lykkja, Petter Arnesen

       Abstract

       For automated logistic transport, cross border issues need to be solved, including technological, organizational, and regulatorily challenges. In this paper we will specifically investigate communication continuity across the border between Sweden and Norway as a use case within the EU financed MODI project, where cross border logistics will be demonstrated driving from Sweden to Norway. The current development within automated vehicles suggests that connectivity will play a crucial role for enabling such solution, including options such as remote surveillance, video stream, downloading map and traffic regulations, retrieving correction data for accurate positioning etc. Driving cross borders poses a challenge in this regard, because roaming to a new mobile network must be performed and typically results in loss of service. In this paper we investigate the expected delays and service behavior when crossing the border and relate the results to the need of the future automated vehicles.

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   34. Definition of the Research Groups and Creation of the Groups of Interest for CCAM User Needs

       • Open Access

       Giulia Renzi, Madlen Ringhand, Juliane Anke, Lazaros Giannakos

       Abstract

       The SINFONICA project aims to develop innovative strategies, methods, and tools to engage CCAM users, providers, and other stakeholders to collect, understand and structure their needs and concerns. This is only possible with the constant involvement of citizens, future users, stakeholders, and service providers linked to CCAM. But how can we be sure that every category is correctly represented? That every voice, every thought, every opinion is expressed and heard? This paper presents a methodology for defining the research groups and so-called groups of interest which is based not just on the analyses of the literature and projects, but also on the involvement of four municipalities across Europe which offer an immersed view within their reality. With numerous geographical, structural, and cultural differences, these municipalities are involved in the co-definition of the research groups and groups of interest so that each group can give voice to all the ones that need to be represented. The results presented in this paper summarize the process of the co-creation of the research groups and groups of interest, their final composition as well as the participatory approaches that will be used with the different categories.

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   35. Connected and Autonomous Vehicles and Road Safety: The Role of Infrastructure

       • Open Access

       Hinko van Geelen, Kris Redant

       Abstract

       This paper summarizes work from a BRRC working group with external experts, which examines the contribution of infrastructure to road traffic safety, regarding connected and autonomous vehicles.

       We gained insight into relevant traffic safety matters linked to the road infrastructure component. The working group addressed questions such as: are advanced vehicles safer than traditional vehicles? How do new risks relate to potential road safety gains? What relevant background information is available? What about the role of road infrastructure, traffic signs and road markings? How important are digital twins?

       Based on literature review and expert discussions, relevant knowledge about road infrastructure issues in relation to the safe authorization of autonomous vehicles was collected and summarized in a BRRC publication for road owners and other partners in the road construction sector. The most important conclusions are presented in this article.

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   36. NAITEC URBAN LAB – The Innovative Intelligent Urban Test Bed

       • Open Access

       Jorge Mota, Laura Merino, José Luis Zabalza, Iñaki Bengoetxea, Andrés Ábrego, Nere Garmendia

       Abstract

       The objective of NAITEC URBAN LAB is the creation of a reference environment that allows the design, testing, and deployment of the different technologies and functionalities associated with the connected, cooperative, and autonomous vehicle (CCAM). The urban test bed is in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain. It is a circuit in the heart of the city, next to a university campus. In addition to being a real environment in the urban area, it presents some very interesting characteristics in terms of mobility scenarios, having a university, a football stadium, and a music hall in its surroundings. The urban test bed has different sensor systems. It has a network of fibre optic sensors; traffic cameras; a LiDAR for the detection of vehicles and pedestrians; and a network of pollution sensors. It also presents a V2X communications equipment, both in infrastructure and in vehicles. The collected traffic data will be used for the creation and validation of traffic models.

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   37. Road Operation Opportunities Due to Distributed ODD Attribute Value Awareness

       • Open Access

       Risto Kulmala, Ilkka Kotilainen, Siddartha Khastgir, Sven Maerivoet, Steven Shladover, Tom Alkim

       Abstract

       The paper presents the concept of Distributed Operational Design Domain (ODD) attribute Value Awareness (DOVA) developed by TM4CAD (Traffic Management for Connected and Automated Driving), a CEDR-funded project involving MAPtm (coordinator), Traficon, Transport & Mobility Leuven, and WMG, University of Warwick, as well as Hironao Kawashima from Japan and Steven Shladover from USA as experts. TM4CAD explored the role of infrastructure systems and connected vehicle data exchange in creating ODD (Operational Design Domain) attribute value awareness for Automated Driving Systems (ADS), so that each ADS can be forewarned before it encounters conditions in which it will not be capable of operating, i.e. ODD departure. TM4CAD proposed various approaches for providing distributed ODD attribute value information and its importance, acquisition principles, and corresponding data quality requirements. It also discussed the basic mechanisms of ODD management via specific use cases, which build on the interaction between traffic management systems and the ADS, and highlighted the need for stronger interactions between national road authorities and ADS developers.

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   38. Estimating the Impact of Vehicle Breakdown on Traffic Performances: A V2V Simulation Study of UK Motorways

       • Open Access

       Paraskevi Koliou, Mohammed Quddus, Paraskevi Michalaki

       Abstract

       Road traffic congestion has adverse effects on commuter safety and transport network efficiency, apart from its environmental consequences. To address this issue, Traffic Incident Detection (TID) models have been developed, leveraging advanced connectivity technologies. However, ensuring the alignment and effective operation of these technologies within existing systems and contexts is critical. This research aims to create an incident detection algorithm supported by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technologies, alerting road users approaching incident zones. The algorithm’s effectiveness was assessed through metrics like vehicle delays, travel time, and macroscopic fundamental diagrams (MFDs). Real-time traffic conditions were simulated using VISSIM, employing data from Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs) and ground truth data from an instrumented vehicle on a UK motorway section. Results reveal varying impacts on delays and overall traffic based on V2V adoption rates. The presence of Connected Vehicles (CVs) ensures efficient traffic flow. These insights benefit network operators, enabling prompt identification and communication of traffic incidents to drivers, roadside infrastructure, and traffic control centers, ultimately aiming to mitigate traffic and safety impacts.

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   39. Cooperative Mobility: Future-Proofing Motorways Through C-ITS Deployment in Cork City, Ireland

       • Open Access

       Munya Mutyora, John McCarthy, David Laoide-Kemp, Alan Fortune

       Abstract

       Motorways in Ireland have experienced growth in demand over the last few decades due to a rise in vehicular traffic, impacting greatly on the operational capacity of the various high mobility conduits during peak hours. This is especially the case in Cork city on the N40, M8, N8 and N25 motorways on their approach to the Jack Lynch Tunnel and Dunkettle Interchange. Whilst this increased activity may be indicative of economic growth, the recurring congestion resulting from this reduces the mobility of road users at peak hours and is likely to impact the environment negatively through increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The increased vehicular activity is also highly likely to have adverse implications on road safety across the highly trafficked sections of motorway in and around Cork city. To manage the demand and remedy the impacts thereof, there is active deployment of various Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), in line with Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII)’s vision “to ensure that Ireland’s national road and light rail infrastructure is safe and resilient, delivering better accessibility and sustainable mobility for people and goods”. This paper seeks to highlight the pragmatic approach selected, including the key considerations and the challenges encountered in the development of the concept and design of the EU-funded MERIDIAN Cork Co-operative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) on behalf of TII.

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   40. Towards Collective Perception Hybrid Testing in a Roundabout Scenario with AVs

       • Open Access

       Markos Antonopoulos, Anastasia Bolovinou, Bill Roungas, Asier Arizala, Angelos Amditis

       Abstract

       Collective Perception (CP) allows connected autonomous vehicles to share and fuse processed sensor data via V2X communication. It can potentially allow for an increased object update rate, extended field-of-view awareness, and redundancy but it first requires a thorough evaluation and validation. Due to the CP’s field testing practical challenges most of the previous work on CP has considered large scale-simulations with a focus on connectivity/network aspects. More recently, large-scale collaborative perception synthetic datasets and open source benchmarks have appeared, allowing the perception engineers to study CP from a perception point of view, which is missing so far. In this paper, the first building blocks (work in progress) towards CP scenario-based testing for a roundabout navigation use case are been set by proposing a Bayesian CP algorithm and its testing plan. The CP algorithm is described and metrics for CP assessment are discussed focusing on the fused information content produced by the algorithm. The next steps towards a hybrid evaluation plan combining real-world agents and simulation are outlined.

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   41. A Fail-Safe Decision Architecture for CCAM Applications

       • Open Access

       Mario Rodríguez-Arozamena, Jose Matute, Joshué Pérez, Burcu Ozbay, Deryanur Tezcan, Enes Begecarslan, Irem Mutlukaya, Kevin Gomez Buquerin, Tina Volkersdorfer, Hans-Joachim Hof

       Abstract

       In the context of Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM), precise ego-vehicle positioning and environmental status assessment are crucial. However, these tasks can be susceptible to sensor failures, misuse, and cyberattacks. Automation disengagements and system redundancy are common strategies to achieve Minimum Risk Conditions when failures occur. This paper presents a Fail-Safe decision architecture formulated within the framework of the SELFY project (https://selfy-project.eu/). The main aim is to reduce inaccuracies in GNSS-derived positioning through the incorporation of sensor fusion, AI-guided situational assessment, trajectory planning, and mode decision components. Additionally, the architecture has been designed to enable real-time updates and communication with external entities, including the Vehicle Security Operations Centre.

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   42. Post-quantum Cryptography for Connected and Cooperative Automated Mobility: A Comprehensive Overview

       • Open Access

       Mohamed Saied Mohamed, Julie Godard, Victor Jimenez, Adrien Jousse, Pau Perea Paños, Miao Zhang

       Abstract

       Connected and Cooperative Automated Mobility (CCAM) applications, instrumental in enhancing vehicle communication with infrastructure and the cloud, face cybersecurity vulnerabilities due to their intricate components requiring multifaceted cryptographic validation. With quantum computing advancements, traditional public key cryptography becomes susceptible, emphasizing the need for quantum-resistant algorithms to assure long-term automotive cybersecurity. Although Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which provides solutions to counter this quantum risk is still under research, several algorithms have emerged and are under standardization. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the status of PQC in automotive applications, including a performance analysis of selected algorithms in this research. Further, it presents some potential use cases of PQC (such as Secure Over-The-Air (SOTA) software update and Vehicle to everything (V2X) communication). By relying on PQC, the automotive industry can stay ahead in securing connected vehicles against emerging quantum computer threats.

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   43. SELFY - Self Assessment, Protection and Healing Tools for a Trustworthy and Resilient CCAM

       • Open Access

       Victor Jimenez, Mario Reyes de Los Mozos, Pau Perea Paños, Paula Cecilia Fritzsche, Kevin Gomez Buquerin, Tina Volkersdorfer, Hans-Joachim Hof, Christophe Couturier, Thierry Ernst, Miao Zhang, Mohamed Saied Mohamed, Mario Rodríguez-Arozamena, Iñigo Aranguren-Mendieta, Joshué Pérez, Adrien Jousse, Carlos Murguia, Nathan van de Wouw, Romain Bellessort, Behzad Salami, Aleksandar Jevtić, Boutheina Bannour, Manel Rodríguez Recasens, Isaac Ropero, Burcu Ozbay, Ali Eren, Mustafa Bektas, Deryanur Tezcan, Christoph Pilz, Sarah Haas, Gernot Lenz

       Abstract

       SELFY envisions an agnostic toolbox for the self-management of security and resilience of the CCAM (Connected, Cooperative and Automated Mobility) ecosystem, which can be easily deployed to extend the current Operational Design Domain (ODD), providing self-awareness, self-resilience and self-healing mechanisms and enhancing trust between stakeholders. SELFY is based on four pillars: Situational awareness, Resilience, Secure Data Sharing and Trust and provides three groups of tools. SACP (Situational Awareness and Collaborative Perception) tools aim at providing all CCAM actors with a comprehensive understanding of their environment, i.e., the perception of objects, such as other traffic participants and stationary objects. CRHS (Cooperative Resilience and Healing System) tools enable self-protection actions whenever a compromising situation is detected in relation to assets, vehicles, operations, or the system itself. TDMS (Trust and Data Management System) tools establish a secure and trusted environment for data in a collaborative and cooperative context, both for infrastructure and assets, as well as for citizen’s data, such as drivers or pedestrians with special attention to privacy considerations. By defining a collaborative environment between the different tools to respond to new threats, risks and attacks SELFY facilitates the comprehension of new challenges in the cybersecurity aspect of CCAMs.

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   44. An Efficient and Secure Blockchain Based Homomorphic Encryption for Intelligent Transport System

       • Open Access

       Nikhil Tanwar, Saurabh Rana

       Abstract

       Growing traffic volumes in cities demand new ways to manage routes. Current Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) face safety and privacy issues, high data costs, and security vulnerabilities. We propose a lightweight system using fog computing and homomorphic encryption. Vehicles anonymously share encrypted travel data with a trusted fog node, allowing the Traffic Control Centre to safely manage congestion without compromising individual privacy. Experimental results show our system outperforms existing approaches, offering a secure and efficient solution for future ITS.

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   45. Impact Assessment of Governance Models on the Integration of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

       • Open Access

       Anastasia Matthaiou, Emmanouil Nisyrios, Matina Lai-Ying Chau, Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis

       Abstract

       The development of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies, has catalyzed the digital transformation of the vehicle and infrastructure automation industry. These advancements aim, among others, to benefit users by reducing traffic congestion and emissions, enhancing safety, providing comfortable travel, and saving fuel costs. Although many studies have investigated the influence of CAVs on traffic congestion, there exists a lack of governance policies and regulations related to the uptake of CCAM. To fill this gap, we review the regulatory frameworks already implemented in Europe and we investigate through a stated preference survey important aspects related to the barriers of using CAVs. Finally, we analyze the results of the surveys resulting in a well-educated selection of targeted actions that can increase the uptake of CAVs throughout Europe.

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   46. How to Deliver a Large Scale National Connected Vehicle Pilot

       • Open Access

       Tom D. Allen, Piraba Navaratnam, David Laoide-Kemp

       Abstract

       Understanding how road operators can harness a paradigm shift in traffic management operations through increased vehicle connectivity, is a key objective of Ireland’s Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) pilot project. Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) and the European Commission are co-funding the C-ITS pilot deployment including integration into their traffic management system. This is one of the first C-Roads participating countries to integrate C-ITS as part of day-to-day traffic operations. This paper discusses the practical challenges and some of the key activities undertaken to implement and evaluate an effective and interoperable large-scale C-ITS pilot.

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   47. Developing EU-CEM: A Common Evaluation Methodology for Evaluating Co-operative, Connected and Automated Mobility

       • Open Access

       Gillian Harrison, Elina Aittoniemi, Yvonne Barnard, Satu Innamaa, Torsten Geissler, S. M. Hassan Mahdavi Moghaddam, Eric Tol, Isabel Wilmink, Floris Hooft

       Abstract

       Co-operative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) is of increasing interest to the transport community across the world, though is still maturing. The Horizon Europe project FAME is developing a European framework for testing CCAM on public roads. As part of this, a common evaluation methodology (EU-CEM) is being developed, which provides guidance on how to set up and carry out an evaluation or assessment of direct and indirect impacts of CCAM solutions on different user groups and wider society. Objectives include ensuring that evaluations can be complementary planned with results that are easy to compare, as well as establishing a common vocabulary to support projects in the CCAM community. This paper sets out how the EU-CEM is being developed and embedded into CCAM research in Europe, with a particular emphasis on how the project has adopted an agile and iterative approach to the CEM development alongside meaningful and sustained engagement with stakeholders.

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   48. 5G-Based Digital Transformation at SNCF Voyageurs Maintenance Centre

       • Open Access

       Cedric Gallais, Christophe Krausch, Gemma Morral, Eddy Bajic, Jochen Seitz

       Abstract

       The development of broadband connectivity is a key issue, both for industrial activities and for the performance of the service provided to customers by SNCF Voyageurs. It is a major issue in terms of economic performance, sovereignty, confidence, and sustainability. The introduction of high-speed connectivity should revolutionize the activities of rolling stock maintenance centres, with the development of supervision of assets and robotization of process and supervision, in conjunction with BIM (Building Information Modelling) and digital twin technologies.

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   49. Integrated Design Flow Methodology for Open-Source Innovations in Smart Transportation: Empowering Accountable AI and Cybersecurity

       • Open Access

       Alper Kanak, Salih Ergün, Ali Serdar Atalay, Ahu Ece Hartavi Karci, Baran Çürüklü

       Abstract

       Spearheading the adoption of trustworthy AI and cyber security across the triad of automotive, transportation, and logistics embark on rigorous evaluations of applications rooted in open hardware/software ecosystems. Open innovations at chip, embedded and/or system level foster research on security-, safety-, privacy-, and accountability-by-design. Cyber-physical system of systems amplifies the fortress of AI-powered solutions and cyber-physical security, with particular emphasis on open-source frameworks. This paper presents an integrated design flow methodology that incorporates chip, embedded and system-level design and development. The proposed methodology is aligned with the recent trends and state-of-the-art dealing with open-source hardware and software development.

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   50. Collective Perception Virtual Safety Validation in Urban Environments: Scenarios, Tools, Metrics

       • Open Access

       Anastasia Bolovinou, Ilias Panagiotopoulos, Athanasios Ballis, Angelos Amditis

       Abstract

       Collective perception (CP) enables connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) to exchange driving environment perception data in order to improve their on-board perception, essentially creating a redundant ‘sensor’ for the CAV and extending its (on-board) Field-of-View (FoV). The use of CP for mixed traffic environments that include CAVs requires a thorough evaluation and validation. Due to the CP large-scale field testing infeasibility and based on the ETSI work, most of the previous work on CP has considered large scale-simulations with a focus on connectivity/network aspects. More recently, large-scale collaborative perception synthetic datasets and open source benchmarks have appeared allowing the perception engineers familiar with CARLA to study CP from a perception point of view missing so far. This work reviews recent achievements in this direction to bridge this gap and motivate future research. As a result of this critical state-of-the-art review, we also produce a set of high-level safety validation requirements for CP testing in simulation, by focusing on urban environments, where non-light-of-sight scenarios hinder the traditional on-board perception task.

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   51. EALU-AER: Enhanced Automation for U-Space/ATM Integration

       • Open Access

       K. Wadhwani, S. Riverso, J. Camacho, D. Mobsby, N. Liberko, X. Esneu, U. Houssou, D. Taurino, A. De Bortoli Vizioli, L. Portoghese, W. Derguech, C. MacCriostail, J. Drysdale, J. Garland, S. Flynn, B. Healy

       Abstract

       EALU-AER is a proposed scalable U-Space ecosystem technology infrastructure integration and demonstration project to establish Ireland’s first Digital Sky Demonstrator (DSD), enabling the smooth transition towards smart cities and is centered at Future Mobility Campus Ireland’s (FMCI) recently established vertiport site, in the vicinity of Shannon Airport, Ireland, therefore inside controlled airspace. The project focusses on deploying a reliable infrastructure, catering U1 and U2 services with higher levels of performance, refinement, and integration to enhanced levels of automated interface with the ATM/ATC, aiming to drive and support U-space regulations and standards development along with global interoperability between Uspace and ATM in a cross-border dimension. This allows for a safe and co-operative integration of zero-emission drones into the airspace that will perform different Urban Air Mobility (UAM) missions. The infrastructure will be facilitated by a mature USpace Services Provider (USSP) platform (WebUAS), a backhaul network for secure data exchange within the ecosystem (ARINC Ground Network (AGN)), Command and Non-payload Communication (CNPC) ground solution (CNPC 5000) and advanced three-dimensional ground surveillance RADAR. The project builds on the reliable integration of these technologies, to provide an autonomous, connected, and collaborative ecosystem ready for U3 and U4 services provision. In this paper, we build the case for the need of such efforts, provide a deep dive into the solution structure the project proposes and describe the operations planned, to validate the system architecture and infrastructure put in place for the same.

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