Transportation Systems Technology and Integrated Management

Transportation is considered a key element in the development of a city. Urbanisation will not be possible without proper mobility and well-integrated transportation. Effective and dependable mass transportation networks are critical for the world to maintain its rapid economic development. Services and industrial sectors, in particular, are concentrated around large metropolitan centres, necessitating robust and dependable urban transportation networks to transfer jobs and link from the manufacturing plants to the supply chain. The importance of urban and rural transportation stems from its role in poverty reduction by enhancing access to labour markets and raising wages in disadvantaged communities. Availability and urbanisation sustainability are essential for fostering the long-term economic development of a city's growth in the world. Therefore, they are inextricably linked in spatial distribution, urban stock, flow growth, and built structure unification. However, due to car-centric strategies implemented by subsequent city plans and initiatives, urban mobility has not led to optimal outcomes. In terms of policy and organisational consequences, urban migration is multifaceted. As a result, coherence in policy initiatives and linkages between systems is critical. Improved connectivity is not accomplished by constructing additional bridges, rail lines, or cars, nor by implementing impromptu spatial measures such as traffic control strategies to achieve delocalisation and decongestion in isolation. Countries like India and cities with dense populations and inadequate infrastructure have always struggled to provide congestion-free urban transportation. Part of the reason for this is the weak public transportation systems of such cities. Such inefficient public transportation systems have reduced people's trust in these services. These problems should be tackled by providing a sustainable transport system. This book aims to deliver an effective way of providing a sustainable transport system by reducing all the inefficiencies pertaining to the different modes of transport and by giving better policymaking strategies.

During the last decades, the number of flooding events has increased significantly, due to the global trend of urbanization and climate change, becoming a recurring biophysical impact, resulting in major physical disruption to water and wastewater systems, life and economic losses, and damage to the critical infrastructure. For the road transportation sector, this reality is indisputable, as severe flooding events tend to severely damage the transportation infrastructure and reduce the network connectivity, increasing repair, maintenance, and construction costs. Thus, through a systematic literature review, with direct database searches and application of inclusion and qualification (quality and applicability) filters, a repository of 213 publications on adaptation strategies applied to reduce the impacts of flooding on road infrastructure is developed. Most of these studies have been published since 2014, due to the publication of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It should also be noted that, of the overall total, only 47% of studies deal specifically with the road transportation sector (the remaining 53% cite the sector only as an example), thus demonstrating the urgency of further studies on the topic. It should also be noted that the climate risk assessment, involving the creation of current and future flood risk maps, is essential for determining the best climate change adaptation strategies for road transportation infrastructure. As flood damages and costs are largely and strictly site-specific, analyses are critical for guiding land use decisions and evaluating adaptation strategies that can be divided into hard adaptation (optimization or redesign of hydraulic components, installation of protective structures and optimization of environmental conditions) and soft adaptation (creation of transportation-focused master plans and development of quantitative models and systems).

The work aims to study the priority level of certain dimensions of railway services and the quality of services (expected in Private Trains) from the perspective of the passengers and their impact on the passenger's choice of Private Trains as their preferred mode of travel for mid-length (>400 km) journeys. Only policy research has been done on the privatization of Indian Railways and its consequences; this work can be seen as a continuation of those studies as it will uncover the perceived and desired priority level of important railway service dimensions expected on Private Trains. Although this is the main deliverable of this research, special attention is also given to tapping the passenger's current satisfaction level of services in Indian Railways. Additionally, the passenger response to Railways’ privatization worldwide has been studied. Within India itself, case studies of asset monetization of Indian Railways and public–private partnership (PPP) projects of governments and their outcomes have been discussed. An online survey was conducted to assess respondent’s current satisfaction levels with Indian railway services on a scale of 1 to 5. Respondents were asked to rate the perceived importance of several mentioned dimensions to be included in Private Trains in a separate section dedicated to them. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of this study were consistent with the observed trend in other privatized sectors. People are dissatisfied with the current technological facilities, complaint handling, enquiry systems, etc. While the high-income group prefers to shift to low-cost carriers with increased train ticket prices, the middle- and lower-income groups can be retained if the price increase is supported with value addition in customer service and service efficiency. Safety and security remain the most prioritized dimensions, followed by on-board technological facilities. Liberalized government monopoly markets have seen customers associating increased importance on customer services/hospitality/customer relations.

Vehicle automation is regarded as one of the most promising technologies in transportation networks to alleviate congestion, improve safety and energy efficiency. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems, which serve as the first step of automation, are already standard equipment in many commercially available vehicles. Therefore, the observation-based assessment of such systems individually and in platoon formations is very appealing. The thematic focus of this study is laid on investigations into the impact of ACC systems on energy and fuel consumption inside the platoon. High-resolution data from two experimental car-following campaigns consisted of platoons with ACC-equipped vehicles are collected. Two driving modes are considered, human- and ACC-driven vehicles. Results are presented with four independent energy consumption models. The findings reveal that an upstream energy propagation was observed inside the platoon by the ACC participants, indicating that ACC systems are less efficient than human drivers. On the positive side, ACC systems do not generally fail inside a platoon, keeping steady time-gaps. They seem to operate based on a constant headway policy, and their performance is conditioned to the environment. ACC drivers in protected environments and campaigns might perform better but should be (ideally) tested in adverse environments.

In modern era with an increase in globalization, supply chain system becoming more complex and competitive in order to satisfies the demands of the customers. The rigorous research over the span of time on supply chain has made supply chain not only trendy but also more complex. In the recent past years, the scholars have found various key trends like JIT (just in time), outsourcing, global sourcing, etc. These concepts have increased the efficiency of the supply chain but simultaneously made the supply chain more vulnerable to risk and disruption. In this paper, a recovery model for two-stage co-ordinated serial supply chain having a vendor and buyer has been presented. The objective is to determine the optimum numbers of orders when disruption occurs. There is need of production policy for the system at disruption state. The consideration of some fine at vendor level in order to recover original schedule in place of the disruption is necessary. The model is solved on LINGO. The behaviour of the system with various cost parameters is also analysed.

In the last years, the pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions considerably increased, mainly due to the new policies to achieve an energy transition, contributing to climate change mitigation and minimization of the damage caused by global warming. This ongoing energy transition accelerated the search for new clean forms of energy production, such as those using renewable sources. Regarding the transportation sector, many research works are being conducted toward the use of renewable hydrogen, which is the denomination for the hydrogen produced by renewable and/or clean resources without CO₂ emissions. Traditionally, hydrogen production is made from fossil fuels, mainly through natural gas reforming and coal gasification. However, the mastery and expansion of renewable sources technologies, and hence its cost reduction, have allowed their usage in the production of hydrogen through many different other processes, potentially contributing to a decarbonization of the global economy. Examples of such renewable sources are: renewable biomass and biofuels, solar photovoltaic, wind power energy, and hydroelectricity. This chapter aims to present an overview of the literature regarding the renewable hydrogen production routes, indicating: the different possible renewable sources and their respective participation in the production process, the most common method for producing renewable hydrogen and which route has become more affordable. Also, the current applications and possible markets for the hydrogen and its subproducts in the transportation sector are addressed. Finally, the important hurdles to produce renewable hydrogen and its derivatives, in addition to how they limit initiatives and investments in the technology, are discussed.

The present chapter has presented the root causes and contributing causes of the corrosion in the internal and external surfaces of the underground pipelines and their possible mitigation measures. External coating types, application methods, corrosion monitoring principles, and pipeline health assessment practices are discussed. The external surface is in contact with verities of terrain and corroding environment as it passes through long distances and is therefore vulnerable to greater challenges of pipeline surface corrosion. The internal corrosion rate is dependent on the corrosive properties of the crude oil, petroleum products, or gas being transported and the condition of the internal surface. The conditioning and preparation of the pipeline’s internal surface also help in reducing the drag. Any reduction in drag intern improves the flow rate of the service fluid in the pipeline.

Now a day’s the traffic all over world is a major concern toward mitigation of accidents, which is growing day by day. Hence, an effort has been made to examine the degree of technology that is at the heart of traffic management systems and can be acceptable. Therefore, for the proper utilization of advanced systems or technologies, it is indeed to explore all possibilities that can be incorporated into the systems align with public transportation rather than only considering the moving of people from point A to point B. So, the utilization of various forms of communication media provides an additional viable option for enhancing the administration of transportation systems. Hence, in this article an attempt has been made to compile the evolution of transportation system and need of advanced systems alongside the challenges encountered during development of advance transportation system. Furthermore, an effective discussion that provides the grounds for adoption and fulfills the strategic goals of the companies that facilitates the users at high level of contentment with its performance. At last, a comprehensive discussion on the challenges those are associated with public, logistics, goods transportation alongside the solutions that are required for the future possibilities with expansion and acceptance. The discussion is also indeed for high number of people who take advantage of public transit, the regular issues that crop up can be frustrating not only for commuters but also for the businesses that are responsible for providing these services.

Private vehicle ownership is rapidly increasing in the cities. The increase in the overall population of private vehicles/middle-range vehicles in the city is causing congestion on the roads as well as parking problems. The study is concerned with Vadodara city. Parking facilities in the city are inefficient. “On-street” parking is the norm in almost all the major parts of the city. Commercial plazas are emerging along major routes, but only a few of them have proper parking facilities. It ultimately leads to the illegal occupation of streets for parking, which leads to congestion. Public consensus is required to adopt a suitable parking policy. The work aims to identify and analyze the problems pertaining to parking faced by the public. We aim to understand how the public perceives the problem of urban parking. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey via Google forms of about a hundred residents of the city. The work will focus on identifying current parking planning problems and suggest new or improved parking management strategies.

As soil is the major component of highway transport system, it is essential to check the performance of soil for its strength and plasticity before design and develop any transport related infrastructure. Soft or weak soil faces many difficulties leading to collapse of structures. Soil stabilization is a technique used to maintain or improves the quality and stability of weak soils to achieve the required engineering goals. For enhanced effect of soil stabilization, industrial wastes have been proved promising as admixture. However, the exact content of particular admixture for clayey soil plays an important role in stabilizing and strengthening soil. In this research work, the authors are presenting the experimental results in evaluating the engineering performance of expansive subgrade soil stabilized with lime and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace iron Slag (GGBS). The work methodology includes the stabilization of the expansive soils with various percentages of lime and slag to determine the soil properties and to find their optimum content of stabilization. Extensive laboratory testing has been conducted to determine the soil properties such as consistency, compaction, swelling characteristics, unconfined compressive strength and bearing capacity to depict strength and deformation behavior of the subgrade material. The soil properties were found as increasing continuously up to 11% by the treatment with GGBS and with the addition of lime, the values were observed continuously increasing up to 7% and then decreasing.

This chapter x-rays the moribundity of the Nigerian rail system. It posits that despite the huge potential of and acknowledged substantial benefits attributable to rail transport, the Nigerian rail system struggles in operations and patronage dynamics terms. Thus, the country is not reaping the full benefits its rail system could have fetched had it been globally competitive. The chapter contends that most of the culprits behind the fiasco of the Nigerian railway system are largely peculiar. They include the self-serving colonial heritage, lack of coordination in the transport sector, poor financing (partly consequent upon the overconcentration on road infrastructure), low speed (attributable to moribund operations technologies and obsolete facilities), unsustainable ownership structure, inefficiency and systemic corruption, sabotage, encroachment and obstructive human activities, safety and security issues (including terrorism), equity issues, passé energy options, substance abuse among passengers, illegal passage (stowing-away and rooftop riding inclusive), and other irresponsible behaviours. The manifestations of these issues are vividly discussed along with their implications. The chapter contends that the problems have far-reaching consequences for the performance rating of the Nigerian railway system. Consequently, towards holistically fixing the problems and facilitating the repositioning of the Nigerian railway system to make it comply with the best global practices in contemporary railway system dynamics, a quadripartite approach consisting of structural, administrative, financial, and operational overhauling is proffered.

Single-span ropeways based on autonomous self-propelled wheeled chassis of high load capacity and cross-country capability are a promising type of mobile transport and overloading equipment for the rapid creation of logistics infrastructure for the sustainable development of hard-to-reach areas with complex natural terrain. They can also be effectively used for rapid deployment during transport operations in the foci of natural or man-made disasters. The chapter presents mathematical models and calculation methods that make it possible to perform the optimal layout of the main technological equipment on the bearing frame of wheeled chassis and ensure the selection of such optimal characteristics of the location of the end tower in the transport position, in which for self-propelled units, when they are moved to the place of operation, regulatory restrictions on the overall dimensions of vehicles for highways are observed. The methods of designing and calculating the placement of key elements of promising design options for the mechanism of installation and fixation of the end tower in its extreme positions on the wheeled chassis are also presented. The chapter will be of interest to researchers and production specialists in the field of design and operation of transport rope systems.

Rail infrastructure is very important for effective and economic mining transportation. Mining sectors are dependent on railway to transport their mining resources and mining technology. During transportation of coal, iron, and mining products by rail due to spread of dust, it effects environment and very hazardous for human health also. The pollution and waste is also impacts on climate change. So, sustainability in transportation policy is very vital for mining sectors. This study focuses to study and find the barriers of transportation of coal open supply chain and safety and sustainability challenges at all stages of the coal chain in India. Then, an effort is taken to find interrelation of these challenges by interpretive structural modelling (ISM).

The present paper consists of diverse comparative study of different types of artificial roughness constituents which are used to raise the coefficient of transfer of heat accounting small cost in friction factor. Experimental works carried out by various researchers have been reviewed on passive technique by the use of artificial roughness for enhancing the rate of heat transfer. The range of parameter of this study has been taken on the basis of experimental consideration and operating condition of the systems. The Reynolds number of the order of 3000 to 21,000, height of relative roughness 0.0181–0.0363 and relative pitch roughness of 4.0–9.5 been achieved. The correlation of transfer of heat and factor of friction that developed in unsmooth channel of solar air heater have been studied and conferred.

Public transport systems play a critical role in improving mobility and access to opportunities, which is crucial for the socio-economic growth and well-being of any society. A key component of the system is the actual transit network, which usually consists of interconnected nodes and links that enable people to access the system and to travel to their chosen destinations in a smooth and efficient manner. This chapter focuses on the transit network design problem (TNDP), which deals with finding efficient network routes among a set of alternatives that best satisfies the conflicting objectives of different network stakeholders including passengers and operators. The goal of solving this problem is to improve the operational efficiency of a network, thereby reducing costs incurred by the service operator and minimising commuting costs for the commuter. A general description of the problem investigated in this chapter is given, exploring key aspects of the problem and trends in the discipline over time. This is followed by a discussion of the evolution of TNDP solution techniques, namely older mathematical solutions, a more recent meta-heuristics solution framework as well as simulation-based solutions that seem to be gaining traction currently. The chapter rounds off with a look at the future of the problem against technological advancements in transportation and significant structural changes that are likely to occur going forward.

The limited fossil resources availability and their consumption for the production of plastics and other petroleum products have severe environmental impacts due to carbon emissions and incredibly long degradation time. 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)-based polyesters have the potential to supplant petroleum-based plastics, especially for packaging applications. Derived from biomass, FDCA-based polyesters are renewable and more environment friendly. This study provides an overview on synthesis methodologies, novel catalysts used and the properties of polyesters produced using different di-alcohols. The study focuses on the comparison between mechanical and thermal properties of each system, and in turn this provides an insight into tunable nature of FDCA-based polyesters which can then be optimized for its end application. A summary on the biodegradability studies performed gives a direction for the future research in this area to maximize the eco-friendliness of FDCA-based bio-plastics and make it as a viable option.

Platinum group metals (PGM) are used as a catalyst in the automotive catalytic converters to curb engine emissions. The modern catalytic converter (three-way) executes oxidation of CO and unburnt HC, and reduction of NO using its large active surfaces containing PGM, which are precious metals with high cost all over the world. Due to the high cost of the PGM, researchers are working on efficient methods for extracting and reusing these valuable metals from catalytic converters. Pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are the most common ways for the extraction of the PGMs among other methods. Alternative to platinum, materials like titanium dioxide and other metal-based oxides can be used for carrying out redox reactions of toxic vehicular emissions. The use of such alternative catalysts can help in reducing the increasing demands and cost of PGMs. This chapter focuses on the possibilities of recycling the PGMs from catalytic converters and also of reducing the ever-increasing requirement of PGMs in the manufacturing of autocatalysts in the catalytic converters. The chapter reports the recent global trends of PGM recycling and its demand for use as autocatalysts, alternative materials of to PGMs in catalytic converters and alternative methods for emission reduction. Further, the engine-related challenges and research on future directions of replacing PGM’s as autocatalysts has been performed; it includes some experimental results of direct decomposition of NOx using non-noble metal catalysts such as Cu-COK12, Cu-Nb₂O₅, Cu-YZeolite, and Cu-ZSM5. The article should also provide a quicker understanding of research on development of low-cost non-noble metal-based alternative autocatalysts.

The global crescent concern about climate change caused by automotive greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental destruction of natural resources is pushing world economies to adopt an innovative alternative fuel technology. Electric vehicles are being posed as a green and sustainable, innovative technology which has the potential to empower a streamlined transition to a low-carbon transportation system while preserving natural resources. Numerous nations have made extraordinary attempts to help the utilization of electric vehicles as of late; for instance, modern nations together with Norway and the Netherlands in Europe and the USA have strengthened individuals’ desire to utilize electric vehicles through appropriate appropriations and concealment of private vehicles. In Asia, Taiwan has been fostering the arrangement of supplanting fossil fuel-based traditional two-wheeler vehicles with two-wheeler electric vehicles (TWEVs) and reinforcing the approach by supplanting countless old TWEVs and sponsoring the acquisition of TWEVs. This study was conducted on college-going students, as they were the likely main category to purchase TWEVs. Their idea of natural manageability can be molded for developing vehicle use propensities. This study uses a survey form to investigate the factors influencing the purchase of traditional two-wheeler and factors that will prompt a college student to purchase a two-wheeler electric vehicle in the near future. Factor analysis is conducted on the Likert scale data obtained through a questionnaire survey to club the various variables into a few factors for more straightforward interpretation. This study used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to analyze factors. Later, a comparative assessment is carried out of the factors affecting the purchase intention of fossil fuel-based traditional two-wheeler and two-wheeler electric vehicles.

Transport has grown to be a crucial component of long-distance movement. Links along management, global supply chains, and communications are made possible by transportation. Future generations’ alternatives for arranging the supply, utilization, and dissemination of goods and services may be seriously limited by such rigid structures and systems. The inadequate focus has been devoted to learning and research on the connection between durability and mobility. In the industry, logistical factors have always been strategically important. Wholesale and retail businesses understand that location in proximity to marketplaces or supply chains is one of the most important variables in a company’s success, going beyond inventory control and shipping. Logistics among industries is concerned with issues as fundamental as plant site, input materials procurement, and service to clients. Companies of all sizes have recently been obliged to pay extra close attention to how this function interacts with others due to changes in the business environment. Federal regulations, the condition of the country's transport networks, energy constraints, and technology advancements are all crucial factors to take into account when developing a corporate plan.

Global climate change and local air quality concerns due to transport activities have led to several governmental interventions to accelerate the transition of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) powered transport sector to alternative powertrains such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). In today’s world, every county is aiming for sustainable development. There are questions about the sustainability of BEVs which need to be answered. There are three main pillars of sustainability: environment, economy, and social. This study reviews the comparison of BEVs and ICEVs based on the total cost of ownership (TCO), a tool for ensuring economic sustainability. TCO varies from country to country and their policies. This chapter reveals that for a BEV to be TCO-competitive without subsidies/incentives, the initial purchase price of the vehicle needs to be reduced substantially or the average annual distance travelled must be increased severalfold. Technological innovations and economies of scale will reduce the price of a BEV; however, this will take a long time to materialize. From a TCO perspective, a BEV can be  cost-competitve only in high mileage use cases, such as taxi fleet operators or ride-hailing companies, and it’s not competitive for most private car owners.